Abstract
目的
探讨带蒂大网膜瓣在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的临床应用。
方法
2013 年 5 月—2017 年 10 月,对 205 例乳腺癌患者行改良根治术联合带蒂大网膜瓣移植再造乳房。患者均为女性;年龄 26~58 岁,平均 34.9 岁。左侧 127 例、右侧 78 例;肿瘤直径 2~5 cm,平均 2.9 cm。乳腺癌分期:Ⅰ期 120 例,Ⅱ期 85 例。病理诊断:浸润性导管癌 126 例,浸润性小叶癌 79 例。病程 10~92 d,平均 38.5 d。肿物切除后遗留缺损范围为 9 cm×6 cm~18 cm×12 cm。带蒂大网膜瓣切取范围为 18 cm×10 cm~22 cm×16 cm。
结果
根据术中观察的组织特点,将大网膜分为 4 种类型,稀薄型(42 例,20.5%)、中间型(133 例,64.9%)、肥厚型(24 例,11.7%)、缺如型(6 例,2.9%)。术后带蒂大网膜瓣均成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间 6~74 个月,平均 24.5 个月;其中 83 例随访达 5 年以上。再造乳房外形可、弹性好,无挛缩变形。供区仅遗留线性瘢痕,腹部功能无影响。随访期间无乳腺癌复发。
结论
带蒂大网膜瓣切取安全可靠、质地优良,是乳腺癌术后乳房再造的理想方法之一。
Keywords: 乳腺癌, 带蒂大网膜瓣, 乳房再造
Abstract
Objective
To explore the clinical application of the pedicled omentum flap in breast reconstruction of breast cancer patients.
Methods
Between May 2013 and October 2017, 205 patients with breast cancer received modified mastectomy. The pedicled omentum flap was used to reconstruct breast at the same time. All patients were female with an average age of 34.9 years (mean, 26-58 years). The tumor located at left breast in 127 cases and right side in 78 cases. The diameter of the tumor was 2-5 cm (mean, 2.9 cm). The 120 cases of breast cancer were at stage Ⅰ and 85 cases were at stage Ⅱ; and 126 cases were invasive ductal carcinoma and 79 cases were invasive lobular carcinoma. The course of disease ranged from 10 to 92 days (mean, 38.5 days). The size of defect after tumor ablation ranged from 9 cm× 6 cm to 18 cm×12 cm; the size of pedicled omentum flap ranged from 18 cm×10 cm to 22 cm×16 cm.
Results
According to the anatomical basis, the omentum was divided into 4 types, including thin type (42 cases, 20.5%), medium type (133 cases, 64.9%), hypertrophy type (24 cases, 11.7%), and absence type (6 cases, 2.9%). All omentum flaps survived successfully and the incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-74 months (mean, 24.5 months); 83 cases were followed up more than 5 years. The shape, texture, and elasticity of the reconstructed breast were good and no flap contracture deformation happened. Only linear scar left at the donor sites, and the function of abdomen was not affected. No local recurrence happened.
Conclusion
The pedicled omentum flap can be harvested safely and reliable, which is the one of ideal option for breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients.
Keywords: Breast cancer, pedicled omentum flap, breast reconstruction
大网膜瓣是临床应用最早的游离组织瓣之一,早期主要用于腹腔内外的修复重建[1]。1963 年,Kiricuta 采用带蒂大网膜瓣对 10 位乳腺癌患者行乳房再造,获得满意疗效。之后,大网膜瓣广泛应用于头颈缺损修复[2-3]、体表大面积缺损修复[4]和乳房再造[5-6]等领域。放疗会导致乳腺癌患者胸部皮肤组织性状不佳,而大网膜有丰富的血供,可以保证在其表面植皮能顺利成活,而且血运丰富且易塑形,是乳房再造的理想组织。但是目前未见大网膜组织量特点的系统解剖报道,缺少用于术前预评估大网膜组织量的技术手段,因此临床手术中对大网膜结构特点的记录和总结具有重要意义。2013 年 5 月—2017 年 10 月,湖南省肿瘤医院对 205 例乳腺癌患者采用带蒂大网膜瓣行肿瘤切除术后即刻乳房再造,现对术中观察的大网膜组织解剖结构以及乳房重建术疗效进行归纳总结,以供临床医师参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组患者均为女性;年龄 26~58 岁,平均 34.9 岁。肿瘤均为单侧,左侧 127 例、右侧 78 例;直径 2~5 cm,平均 2.9 cm。乳腺癌分期:Ⅰ期 120 例,Ⅱ期 85 例。病理诊断:浸润性导管癌 126 例,浸润性小叶癌 79 例。病程 10~92 d,平均 38.5 d。
1.2. 手术方法
本组均行乳腺改良根治术联合带蒂大网膜瓣乳房再造。全麻下,患者取仰卧位。先行乳腺改良根治术,乳房表面皮肤、皮下组织尽量保留,乳头基底组织送快速病理检查确定无肿瘤侵犯后,进一步行腋窝淋巴结清扫术。肿物切除后遗留缺损范围为 9 cm×6 cm~18 cm×12 cm。术前根据患者身高及体质量评估网膜大小,术中根据受区缺损面积设计带蒂大网膜瓣。取上腹部正中切口,切开皮肤、皮下组织腹白线,将大网膜拖出足够长度之后,沿途结扎胃短动脉分支,直至大网膜仅以左、右胃网膜动脉与供区相连。为延长大网膜瓣血管蒂长度,结扎离断一侧胃网膜动脉,以另一侧胃网膜动脉为蒂制备大网膜瓣。本组患者均仅重建一侧乳房,以右胃网膜动脉为蒂,将大网膜和胃大弯游离。带蒂大网膜瓣切取范围为 18 cm×10 cm~22 cm×16 cm。进一步通过下外切口进行皮下乳腺切除术,通过剖腹切口、腹直肌前鞘单独切口或者邻近受区肋骨间切口,形成一个皮下隧道。大网膜瓣通过该皮下隧道移位至受区,移位过程中注意避免损伤扭曲蒂部和十二指肠或胃窦。将大网膜瓣展开形成扇形,衬在皮肤内面。检查蒂部有无扭转。确定大网膜瓣范围和位置适当之后,在受区接近隧道部位固定大网膜瓣。本组采用单纯大网膜瓣(148 例)或者大网膜瓣结合乳房假体(57 例)再造乳房。留置引流管 2 根,乳房皮缘美容分层缝合。腹部切口分层缝合,在大网膜瓣蒂部通过切口上方留 1 个小裂口,避免卡压血管蒂。切口用弹力绷带覆盖。
1.3. 术后处理
术后 6~8 周避免行重体力活动。腹部绷带常规保留 4 周。术后 7 d 内不穿胸罩,以免压迫血管蒂。术后根据肿瘤病理检查结果确定进一步综合治疗方案,其中 94 例行放疗和化疗,74 例仅行化疗。所有患者接受规律随访,随访内容包括乳腺癌术后常规复查项目、双乳 MRI 检查、腹部常规超声检查。
2. 结果
根据术中观察的组织特点,将大网膜分为 4 种类型(图 1)。稀薄型:脂肪含量稀少而透明呈网状(42 例,20.5%);中间型:脂肪含量稍多呈半透明状(133 例,64.9%);肥厚型:脂肪含量丰富呈板状(24 例,11.7%);缺如型:网膜量稀少(6 例,2.9%)。
图 1.
Types of omentum flap
大网膜分型
a. 稀薄型;b. 中间型;c. 肥厚型;d. 缺如型
a. Thin type; b. Medium type; c. Hypertrophy type; d. Absence type
术后带蒂大网膜瓣均成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合,无肠粘连、肠梗阻、腹壁切口疝形成等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间 6~74 个月,平均 24.5 个月;其中 83 例随访达 5 年以上。再造乳房外形可、弹性好,无挛缩变形。供区仅遗留线性瘢痕,腹部功能无影响。随访期间无乳腺癌复发。见图 2、3。
图 2.
A 41-year-old female patient with invasive ductal carcinoma of right breast who was received modified mastectomy and breast reconstruction with pedicled omentum flap transfer
患者,女,41 岁,因右乳浸润性导管癌行乳腺改良根治术联合带蒂大网膜瓣乳房再造
a. 术前乳房及供区外观;b. 术中制备带蒂大网膜瓣;c. 改良根治术后遗留缺损;d. 术后 7 d 乳房及供区外观;e. 术后 6 个月乳房及供区外观;f. 术后 24 个月乳房及供区外观
a. Preoperative views of breast and donor site; b. Intraoperative pedicled omentum flap preparation; c. Intraoperative breast defect after mastectomy; d. The views of breast and donor site at 7 days after operation; e. The views of breast and donor site at 6 months after operation; f. The views of breast and donor site at 24 months after operation
图 3.
A 41-year-old female patient with invasive ductal carcinoma of right breast who was received modified mastectomy and breast reconstruction with pedicled omentum flap transfer
患者,女,41 岁,因右乳浸润性导管癌行乳腺改良根治术联合带蒂大网膜瓣及假体植入再造乳房
a. 术前乳房及供区外观;b. 术中制备带蒂大网膜瓣;c. 改良根治术后遗留缺损;d. 术后 7 d 乳房及供区外观;e. 术后 6 个月乳房及供区外观;f. 术后 24 个月乳房及供区外观
a. Preoperative views of breast and donor site; b. Intraoperative pedicled omentum flap preparation; c. Intraoperative breast defect after mastectomy; d. The views of breast and donor site at 7 days after operation; e. The views of breast and donor site at 6 months after operation; f. The views of breast and donor site at 24 months after operation
3. 讨论
临床乳腺癌术后部分乳房缺损的乳房再造技术有很多[7-13],自体组织瓣移植是主要方法之一。其中,大网膜瓣再造乳房具有手术操作简便、无需吻合血管、组织柔软易塑形的优点[14-15];术前无法估计组织量,存在乳房再造时组织量不足是其最大缺点,因此临床上越来越多应用大网膜瓣联合假体植入一期乳房再造[10-12]。
3.1. 大网膜解剖基础
大网膜起源于胃背系膜,有两个主要血管(左、右胃网膜动脉)营养,它们分别由胃十二指肠和脾动脉发出,沿着胃大弯走行,形成胃网膜弓。胃网膜弓发出右、中、左胃网膜动脉和很多细小的网膜血管。在网膜内彼此依赖,每一胃网膜动脉都参与另一血管弓的形成,因此可以将网膜瓣分成两部分。右胃网膜动脉来自胃十二指肠动脉,穿过胃大弯并向网膜发出 4 支主要分支,向胃发出多支较短的胃动脉分支,最后与左胃网膜动脉吻合[2]。左胃网膜动脉从脾动脉发出,穿过胃大弯与右胃网膜动脉吻合。大网膜瓣静脉回流主要为右胃网膜静脉,右胃网膜静脉回流进入肠系膜上静脉,从左向右沿胃大弯走行,方向与右胃网膜动脉平行。动、静脉管径相近,但静脉管壁较薄,增加了血管吻合难度[16]。次要静脉回流为左胃网膜静脉,左胃网膜静脉从右向左沿胃大弯走行,平行于左胃网膜动脉,汇入脾静脉。大网膜瓣没有运动神经和感觉神经支配。据报道即使最小的大网膜其面积也能达 19.0 cm×20.4 cm,足够覆盖双侧乳房[17-18]。
3.2. 大网膜瓣优缺点及适应证
优点[3, 19]:① 可以游离移植,也可以带蒂切取;② 组织较薄且柔软,可塑性好,再造乳房手感佳;③ 表面积大,可修复较大面积缺损;④ 血管蒂长;⑤ 具有血管生成和免疫特性;⑥ 切取简便,手术时间短;⑦ 血运丰富;⑧ 供区损伤小;⑨ 接受过腹部皮瓣移植者仍然可以选择大网膜瓣;⑩ 乳房再造后大网膜自我塑形功能好,受站立体位重力影响,大网膜会调整分布,使之形态与健侧乳房保持一致。缺点:① 需要开腹切取;② 术前无法评估大网膜瓣大小和组织量。
上腹部小切口收集大网膜简单、安全,只要注意术中细节处理,术后一般不会发生不良反应或并发症,一般 1~2 d 后患者恢复进食,开始下床活动时间及其他处理均与单纯乳腺改良根治术后无差别。术后可能发生的并发症包括肠粘连、肠梗阻、腹壁切口疝形成。本组术后无相关并发症发生。大网膜瓣乳房再造适应证包括Ⅱ期内的乳腺癌,乳房中等大小、无下垂,无上腹部手术史和腹膜炎病史,同时患者有乳房再造意愿。
3.3. 注意事项
术前可根据患者身高和体质量估计大网膜面积,值得注意的是,有腹腔手术史患者可能存在大网膜粘连,虽然可以通过解剖游离制备大网膜瓣,但是增加了预测大网膜面积的难度[2, 20]。术中操作注意事项:① 以上腹部正中切口探查腹腔,评估大网膜面积、组织量和血管蒂长度,从横结肠切取,在胃网膜弓上调整转移并塑形。② 采用钝性分离和针式双极止血,较大的分支必须以钛夹或缝线结扎。③ 沿途结扎离断短的胃动脉分支,外侧的脾脏间隔组织予以小心分离,最后以左或右胃网膜动脉为蒂。④ 避免在转移大网膜瓣时卡压扭转血管蒂。⑤ 右胃网膜动脉管径通常比左侧大,因而切取大网膜瓣通常以右侧为血管蒂。⑥ 广泛分离左胃网膜血管容易损伤脾脏。⑦ 胃网膜弓有 4 支主要分支:附属胃网膜动脉、右胃网膜动脉、中胃网膜动脉和左胃网膜动脉。中胃网膜动脉和左、右胃网膜动脉相吻合,当需要将大网膜瓣延长或者制作成分叶网膜瓣时,该解剖结构非常重要。⑧ 切取游离大网膜瓣后,注意避免肠扭转的发生。采用标准内镜手术供区闭合技术修复腹部术区切口,供区一般不需留置引流。⑨ 切取带蒂大网膜瓣时,腹部筋膜层需要留一较小缺口,以便血管蒂通过,虽然会造成腹壁疝,但一般不需特别手术干预。⑩ 大网膜瓣相关并发症大多容易处理,例如暂时性胃肠梗阻、部分大网膜或皮肤移植物分离或坏死、感染复发。
任何经腹腔操作均存在粘连性肠梗阻风险,有报道 1 例患者行带蒂大网膜瓣行胸壁重建后发生网膜粘连导致盲肠扭转,最后患者死亡[21]。因此,选择带蒂大网膜再造乳房要求术者有丰富的临床经验和外科技术。此外,对于乳腺癌患者,该方法再造乳房后存在肿瘤经大网膜向腹腔转移的可能性,本组随访期间尚未见相关并发症发生。本组 83 例患者达随访 5 年以上,再造乳房形态、大小、手感及皮肤水肿改变均趋于稳定,乳房大小没有随体质量变化而改变。综上述,带蒂大网膜瓣是乳腺癌术后乳房再造的理想方法之一。
作者贡献:万能斌负责研究具体实施;刘德权、卢伶俐、何潇、彭文、柳泽洋负责数据收集及统计;宋达疆负责文章撰写;李赞、周晓负责研究方案制定及设计。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道。
机构伦理问题:研究方案经湖南省肿瘤医院医学伦理委员会批准(201701)。
Funding Statement
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目(2018JJ2241、2018JJ2242);湖南省自然科学基金科卫联合项目(2018JJ6028);湖南省肿瘤整形外科临床医学研究中心平台建设专项资助(2013TP4087)
Hunan Provincial Science Foundation Grants (2018JJ2241, 2018JJ2242); Hunan Provincial Science and Health Planning Project (2018JJ6028); Hunan Provincial Oncologic Plastic Surgery Clinical Research Center Platform Construction Project (2013TP4087)
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