Table 2.

Bile salt sequestration by polysaccharides of different food origins.

Charge	Names	Polysaccharide Content Range	Bile Salt	Bile Salt Content Range	Food Origin	Sequestration	Ref.
Non-charged	β-glucans	0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM	Oat	32% *	[77]
		0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM	Barley	32% *	[77]
		0.5 mg/mL	CA (35%), DCA (35%), GCA (15%), and TCA (15%)	1.4 μmol/L	Mushroom (commercial)	75.1% *	[14]
		2.5 mg/mL	CA	1 mg/mL	Mushroom (irradiated)	17.4–48.7%	[78]
		0.083%, 0.42%, 0.83% and 1.7% w/v	TCDCA	20 mM	Barley (commercial)	Non-quantitative	[79]
		5 mg/mL	CA (35%), DCA (35%), GCA (15%) and TCA (15%)	0.14 μmol/mL	Oat	18.9–24.3%	[62]
	Arabinoxylans	25 mg/mL	GCA, GDCA and GCDCA	0.5 mM	Wheat	GCA: 0.96–1.21 GCDA: 1.08–1.41 GCDCA: 1.14–1.4 μmol BS/100 mg fiber	[80]
		0.083%, 0.42%, 0.83% and 1.7% w/v	TCDCA	20 mM	Wheat (commercial)	Non-quantitative	[79]
	Arabinogalactans/Galactomannans	6–18 mg/mL	GDCA	50 mM	coffee	9–46%	[81]
	Galactomannans	0.5 mg/mL	CA (35%), DCA (35%), GCA (15%) and TCA (15%)	1.4 μmol/L	Guar Gum	80% *	[14]
		4 mg/mL	TCA and TDCA	5 mM		TDCA: 31–38% TCA: 32–36%	[10]
		0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM		25% *	[77]
		25 mg	CA	2 mg/mL		50% *	[82]
		16.5 mg/mL	CA and CDCA	133 µM/mL	Psyllium	CA: 1.2 mg/g; CDCA: 0.8 mg/g	[83]
		25 mg	CA	2 mg/mL	Locust bean gum (Commercial)	54% *	[82]
		0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM		17% *	[77]
Positively charged	Chitosan	5, 10 and 50 mg/mL	CA, CDCA, DCA and TCA	2 mM	Losbter	Chitosan: CA: 9–17%: CDCA: 17–29%; DCA: 23–32%; TCA: 24–35%. Chitooligosaccharides: CA: 5–7%; CDCA: 2–10%; DCA: 1–6%; TCA: 1–4%	[13]
		12 mg/mL	TCA	10 mM	Sea Crab	Precipitation of 133–652 mg of cholesterol/g	[50]
		17 mg/mL	CA, DCA and CDCA	400 μmol/L	Commercial	CA: 0.2–0.6 μmol/g; DCA: 0.4–1.6 μmol/g; CDCA: 0.6–1.6 μmol/g	[64]
Negatively charged	Pectin	30 mM	GCDCA, GCA, GDCA, TDCA, TCDCA and TCA	1 mM (0.33 mM of each glyco- or tauro-conjugates)	Commercial, sugar-beet, grapefruit, oranges, lemon and lime	GCDCA: 8–15%; GCA: 6–13%; GDCA: 7–15%	[84]
		0.1 and 0.5%	TCA	2.5% w/v	Commercial	Non-quantitative	[85]
		0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM	Commercial	5.5% (low-methoxy) and 9.6% (high-methoxy) of cationic resin *	[77]
		10 mg/mL	CA, DCA and CDCA	12.5 mM	Olive pomace	CA: 11–39%; DCA: 21–44%; CDCA: 17–48% of cationic resin *	[86]
	Fucoidan	1, 25 mg/mL	CA, DCA and TCA	500 μmol/L	Laminariajaponica	CA: 29–38%; GCA: 22–82%; TCA: 49–162% *	[12]
	Carrageenan	0.25% (w/v)	TCA	2.5–20 mM	Commercial	9.2% (ι-carragenan) and 10.7% (κ-carragenan) *	[77]
		0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%	TCA (46.87%), GCA (30.82%), TCDA (9.45%), GDCA (5.95%), TCDCA (2.37%), GCDCA (1.67%) and CA (0.08%)	2, 4 and 8 mM	Chondrus armatus (κ-carrageenan), Tichocarpus crinitus (κ/β-carrageenan), Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis (ι/κ-carrageenan)	κ-carrageenan: 51–66%, κ/β-carrageenan:70-74%; ι/κ-carrageenan: 33–35% *	[87]

* Percentage of relative sequestration compared to a cationic resin.