Dicrotic Pulse Revisited in the Pandemic Context

In 1902, Mackenzie described the dicrotic pulse as an abnormal central pulse seen in typhoid fever, where there were two palpable pulsations [1]. Wood found it a good sign of vascular relaxation in patients with infectious or toxic conditions [2]. The COVID pandemic has given us reason to revisit this clinical sign.

The dicrotic notch is the nadir point that occurs immediately after the closure of the aortic valve marking the beginning of the dicrotic wave [3]. Dicrotic notch is usually seen one-third of the way down the descending limb of the pressure wave (Fig. 1a). The secondary dicrotic wave occurs as the elastic recoil of the arterial tree clamps down against a closed aortic valve causing a secondary pressure increase [3]. The aortic valve closure occurs when aortic pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure. In presence of marked vasodilatation, this pressure gradient occurs later in the cardiac cycle, pushing the dicrotic notch down [3]. The resultant dicrotic pulse has a low systolic pressure, low diastolic pressure, and widened pulse pressure. The single systolic wave, low dicrotic notch, and the large dicrotic wave produce a characteristic “M” pattern [3] (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1.

a Normal pulse wave, b Dicrotic pulse wave

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought in its train a new syndrome which has been called MIS-C in the USA [4]. This may present with multi-organ failure and cardiogenic or vasoplegic shock requiring inotropic support [4, 5]. Vasoplegic shock would need vasopressors which may be detrimental in cardiogenic shock. Vasoplegic shock is the typical situation where dicrotic pulse occurs. Feinberg and Lax demonstrated marked difference between the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the dicrotic wave—the former exaggerating and the latter abolishing it—showing the role of the arterial tone in generating the distinctive wave pattern [6] and giving us a clue to the management of vasoplegic shock.

A thirteen-year-old boy presented to us with high-grade fever and raised inflammatory markers suggestive of MIS-C. The arterial pressure trace and the SPO2 pulse trace (supplementary material A) clearly showed a dicrotic pulse. Few hours after recording this, the child went into hypotension and was revived with vasopressin infusion and fluids. The pulse trace now normalized with the dicrotic notch moving upward (supplementary material B).

The current report suggests that demonstration of a dicrotic pulse would suggest vasoplegia as the cause of shock in MIS-C. Early institution of vasoconstrictor therapy is likely to prevent clinical deterioration in such cases.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in the case reported.

Informed Consent

There is informed consent from the parents for publishing the data of the case reported. The report does not involve research on humans or animals.