Acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Marilou Peillex; Benjamin Marchandot; Kensuke Matsushita; Eric Prinz; Sebastien Hess; Antje Reydel; Marion Kibler; Adrien Carmona; Antonin Trimaille; Joe Heger; Hélène Petit-Eisenmann; Annie Trinh; Laurence Jesel; Patrick Ohlmann; Olivier Morel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255806

. 2021 Aug 10;16(8):e0255806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255806

Acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Marilou Peillex ¹, Benjamin Marchandot ¹, Kensuke Matsushita ^1,², Eric Prinz ³, Sebastien Hess ¹, Antje Reydel ¹, Marion Kibler ¹, Adrien Carmona ¹, Antonin Trimaille ¹, Joe Heger ¹, Hélène Petit-Eisenmann ¹, Annie Trinh ¹, Laurence Jesel ^1,², Patrick Ohlmann ¹, Olivier Morel ^1,^2,^*

Editor: Vincenzo Lionetti⁴

PMCID: PMC8354447 PMID: 34375346

Abstract

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a dismal prognosis in Transcatheter Aortic Valve replacement (TAVR). Acute kidney recovery (AKR), a phenomenon reverse to AKI has recently been associated with better outcomes.

Methods

Between November 2012 to May 2018, we explored consecutive patients referred to our Heart Valve Center for TAVR. AKI was defined according to the VARC-2 definition. Mirroring the VARC-2 definition of AKI, AKR was defined as a decrease in serum creatinine (≥50%) or ≥25% improvement in GFR up to 72 hours after TAVR.

Results

AKI and AKR were respectively observed in 8.3 and 15.7% of the 574 patients included. AKI and AKR patients were associated to more advanced kidney disease at baseline. At a median follow-up of 608 days (range 355–893), AKI and AKR patients experienced an increased cardiovascular mortality compared to unchanged renal function patients (14.6% and 17.8% respectively, vs. 8.1%, CI 95%, p<0.022). Chronic kidney disease, (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 1.7–9.2; p < 0.001) was the strongest independent factor associated with AKI similarly to baseline creatinine level (HR: 1; 95% CI 1 to 1.1 p < 0.001) for AKR. 72-hours post procedural AKR (HR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.14 to 4.88; p = 0.021) was the strongest independent predictor of CV mortality.

Conclusions

Both AKR and AKI negatively impact long term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing TAVR.

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and is associated with poor prognosis. The reported incidence of post TAVR AKI is 22.1% ± 11.2 based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) definition [1,2]. Several risk factors of post procedural AKI have been identified including impaired baseline renal function, hemodynamic instability, sustained pacing, use of contrast medium, length of procedure and post procedural complications such as severe bleeding [3].

Acute kidney recovery (AKR), a phenomenon reverse to AKI has recently been investigated [4–6]. Indeed, TAVR represents a unique therapeutic modality in allowing instant reduction of the trans-aortic gradient, normalization of the aortic valve area and normalization of altered post-stenotic blood flow. In a kidney’s perspective, rapid hemodynamic changes after TAVR including increased cardiac output, reduced left ventricular (LV) afterload and renal congestion may result in acute recovery of kidney function. So far, limited data exists on AKR and the entire spectrum of renal variations after TAVR including altered, unchanged or improved renal function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence, predictors and prognostic impact of AKI and AKR amongst TAVR patients in a high-volume French hospital.

Methods

Patients

584 patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and high or intermediate surgical risk according to Logistic EuroSCORE were enrolled for TAVR at our institution (Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University, France) from November 2012 to May 2018. 10 patients with end-stage renal disease and ongoing dialysis were excluded. All participants gave their informed written consent and agreed to the anonymous processing of their data (France 2 registry IRB Information 911262). The FRANCE-2 registry (French Aortic National Corevalve and Edwards) is conducted by the French Society of Cardiology and the French Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. The study was approved by the CNIL’s (Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés) committee (ethical code number 911262).

Definition of Acute kidney injury (AKI) and Acute kidney recovery (AKR)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the VARC-2 definition [1] as an absolute increase in serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL (≥26.4 mmol/L) OR ≥50% increase in serum creatinine up to 72 hours after TAVR.

As there is currently no consensual definition of AKR, we partially followed the definition proposed by Azarbal et al. [4] and mirroring the VARC-2 definition of AKI. Therefore AKR was defined 1) as an absolute decrease in serum creatinine to ≥50% (≥0,50 decrease compared with baseline) up to 72 hours after the procedure OR 2) a ≥25% improvement in eGFR over 72 hours after the procedure or 3) a decrease of ≥0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine over 72 hours after TAVR Patients with unchanged renal function were those who had neither AKI nor AKR post-TAVR.

Collection of data and outcomes

All baseline and follow-up variables were recorded and entered into a secure, ethics-approved database. Creatinine was systematically collected up to 72 hours in all patients after TAVR. Clinical endpoint including mortality, stroke, bleeding, access-related complications and conduction disturbances were assessed according to the definitions provided by the VARC-2 guidelines. All clinical events were adjudicated by an events validation committee.

The primary endpoint of the study was the incidence of AKI and AKR 72 hours after the procedure. The secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality; a composite endpoint defined by cardiovascular mortality (defined as any death with demonstrable cardiovascular cause or any death that was not clearly attributable to a non-cardiovascular cause), stroke, myocardial infarction and rehospitalization for heart failure (defined as any event requiring the administration of intravenous therapy); and finally bleeding complications assessed according to VARC-2 definition and red blood cell transfusion ⩾ 2 Units requirement. These endpoints were compared across 3 categories: patients with AKI, AKR and unchanged renal function patients.

All patients were contacted by phone and questioned by a standardized questionnaire about their health status, symptoms, medications and the occurrence of adverse events.

Statistical analysis

Quantitative variables were described according to AKI, AKR or unchanged renal function and expressed as means ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages. Categorical variables were compared with chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests. Continuous variables were compared with the use of parametric (ANOVA) or non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests as appropriate. To determine predictors of AKI and AKR regression analysis was performed. Variables with p < 0.05 in univariate analysis were entered into a stepwise ascending multivariate analysis. Only one variable relating to chronic impairment of renal function was entered into the multivariate analysis model. Owing to collinearity between impairment of renal function and other parameters such as for example: EuroSCORE, chronic kidney disease etc. multivariate analysis was performed with only one variable relating to chronic renal function impairment. Calculations were performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

A total of 574 TAVR patients (mean age 83.1±7.4, 43.6% male, LVEF 54% and EuroScore II 22.8±14.4%) were included in the analysis. Mean baseline serum creatinine concentration was 112±52 μmol.L and 17.3% of the global cohort had chronic kidney disease (CKD) as defined by baseline creatinine>150umol/L. Most patients showed baseline CKD stage 3 (46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (10.6% of the global cohort). Balloon and self-expandable devices were implanted in 352 (61.4%) and 222 (38.6%) patients respectively. No difference in contrast media volume administration was evidenced. Baseline, procedural and biological characteristics are summarized in Tables 1–3.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

	Global Cohort	Unchanged	AKI	AKR	p value
	n = 574	n = 436	n = 48	n = 90	p value
Clinical parameters
Age—year	83.1±7.4	83.1±7.4	84.5±4.8	82.4±8.4	0.28
Male sex—no./total no. (%)	250(43.6%)	194(44.6%)	24(50%)	32(35.6%)	0.19
BMI–kg.m²	26.8±6.5	26.6±5.3	25.8±4.9	28±9.6	0.73
Hypertension	432 (75.3)	327 (75.7)	37 (77.1)	68 (75.6)	0.948
Diabetes mellitus	154 (26.8)	106 (24.3)	16 (33.3)	32 (35.6)	0.051
EuroSCORE (%)	22.8±14.4	22±14.1	25.6±15.6	25.2±14.8	0.2
COPD	93 (16.3%)	74(17.1%)	10(20.8%)	9(10%)	0.17
Stroke history	81 (14.1%)	58(13.3%)	8(16.7%)	15(16.7%)	0.62
AF history	238(41.5%)	170(39.1%)	26(54.2%)	42(46.7%)	0.07
NYHA II	234(40.8%)	185(42.5%)	17(35.4%)	32(35.6%)	0.34
NYHA III	281(48.9%)	211(48.3%)	25(52.1%)	45(50%)	0.86
NYHA IV	59(10.3%)	40(9.2%)	6(12.5%)	13(14.4%)	0.29
Baseline ECG
Sinus rhythm	421(73.5%)	317(72.9%)	37(77.1%)	67(74.4%)	0.8
Paced rhythm	40(7%)	31(7.1%)	4(8.3%)	5(5.6%)	0.81
AF	149(26%)	115(26.4%)	11(12.5%)	23(25.6%)	0.07
LBBB	101(17.6%)	74(17%)	10(20.8%)	17(18.9%)	0.76
RBBB	74(12.9%)	52(12%)	6(12.5%)	16(17.8%)	0.32
Baseline biological parameters
CKD (Creatinine>150umol/L)	99(17.3%)	52(12%)	22(45.8%)	25(27.8%)	<0.001
Creatinine level (μmol.L)	112±52	103±39	136±77	144±72	<0.001
eGRF Stage 1 -n (%)	63(11)	56 (12.9)	6(12.5)	1(1.1)	<0.001
eGRF Stage 2 -n (%)	187 (32.6)	163 (37.5)	9(18.8)	15 (16.7)
eGRF Stage 3A -n (%)	149 (26)	112 (25.7)	11 (22.9)	26 (28.9)
eGRF Stage 3B -n (%)	113 (19.7)	79 (18.2)	9 (18.8)	25 (27.8)
eGRF Stage 4 -n (%)	55 (9.6)	24 (5.5)	12 (25)	19 (21.1)
eGRF Stage 5 -n (%)	6 (1)	1 (0.2)	1 (2.1)	4 (4.4)
Hb (g/dL)	12.2±1.7	12.1±1.7	12.6±1.6	12.1±1.5	0.24
Platelets (10^9/L)	224±73	225±71	218±86	225±74	0.82
CT-ADP	192±77	191±77	180±74	200±78	0.36
Echocardiography
LEVF (%)	54±14	55±13	52±15	53±14	0.23
LV mass—g.m²	131±35	130±37	130±24	132±34	0.93
LVendDV (mm)	50±8	50±8	52±7	51±9	0.2
Mean Gradient (mmHg)	48±13	47±13	46±10	49±14	0.44
Pulmonary arterial pressure	40.7±14	40±13	41±13.5	42±16	0.62
CT-derived aortic valve calcification score	3388±1662	3348±1665	3392±1453	3580±1828	0.81

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Abbreviations: AF: Atrial Fibrillation; AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; APT: Antiplatelets therapy; BMI: Body Mass Index; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CT: Computed tomography;. CT-ADP: Closure time of adenosine diphosphate; ECG: Electrocardiogram; eGRF: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; Stage 1 with normal or high GFR (GFR > 90 mL/min); Stage 2 Mild CKD (GFR = 60–89 mL/min); Stage 3A Moderate CKD (GFR = 45–59 mL/min); Stage 3B Moderate CKD (GFR = 30-45mL/min); Stage 4 Severe CKD (GFR = 15–29 mL/min); Stage 5 End Stage CKD (GFR <15 mL/min); Hb: hemoglobin; LBBB: Left bundle branch block; LV: Left Ventricular; LVendDV: Left Ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; RBBB: Right bundle branch block; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Table 3. Biological parameters.

	Global Cohort	Unchanged	AKI	AKR	p value
	n = 574	n = 436	n = 48	n = 90	p value
Creatinine level (μmol.L)
Baseline	112±52	103±39	136±77	144±72	<0.001
Post TAVR - Day 1	104±54	95±37	168±103	115±63	<0.001
Post TAVR - Day 3	106±54	98±39	177±89	106±63	<0.001
Hb (g/dL)
Baseline	12.2±1.7	12.1±1.7	12.6±1.6	12.1±1.5	0.24
Post TAVR - Day 1	10.8±1.6	10.8±1.6	11.3±1.7	10.8±1.5	0.2
Platelets (10⁹/L)
Baseline	224±73	225±71	218±86	225±74	0.82
Post TAVR - Day 1	178±60	178±57	180±70	177±64	0.96
WBC Count (10⁹/L)
Baseline	7.6±3.3	7.5±2.9	8.8±6.4	7.6±2.3	0.08
Post TAVR - Day 1	9±3.4	9±3.5	8.8±3	9.2±3.3	0.77
CRP (mg/L)
Baseline	9.8±12.2	9.2±11.1	12.4±13.4	11.2±15.9	0.17
Post TAVR - Day 1	21.5±24.9	20.2±33.9	20.8±32.2	23.5±42.2	0.23

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Abbreviations: AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; CRP: C-reactive protein; Hb: haemoglobin; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement; WBC: white blood cell.

Table 2. Procedural characteristics.

	Global Cohort	Unchanged	AKI	AKR	p value
	n = 574	n = 436	n = 48	n = 90	p value
Balloon valvuloplasty before TAVR	39(6.8%)	27(6.2%)	2(4.2%)	10(11.1%)	0.18
Approach
Transfemoral - no./total no. (%)	512(89.5%)	396(91%)	38(80.9%)	78(86.7%)	0.061
Valve
Sapien - no./total no. (%)	352(61.4%)	276(63.4%)	26(54.2%)	50(55.6%)	0.21
Size Valve
23 mm - no./total no. (%)	170(29.7%)	131(30.1%)	13(27.1%)	26(28.9%)	0.89
26 mm - no./total no. (%)	196(34.2%)	153(35.2%)	15(31.3%)	28(31.1%)	0.68
29 mm - no./total no. (%)	177(30.9%)	132(30.3%)	14(29.2%)	31(34.4%)	0.72
31 mm - no./total no. (%)	21(3.7%)	13(3%)	5(10.4%)	3(3.3%)	0.034
34 mm - no./total no. (%)	8(1.4%)	5(1.1%)	1(2.1%)	2(2.2%)	0.67
Post Dilatation - no./total no. (%)	61(10;6%)	44(10.1%)	5(10.4%)	12(13.3%)	0.67
Procedure
Contrast Volume (mL)	159±56	157±54	177±62	159±56	0.11
Procedure time (min)	82±25	80±24	87±21	87±28	0.024

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Abbreviations: AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Acute kidney injury, Acute kidney recovery and unchanged renal function

AKI was documented for 8.3%, AKR for 15.7% and unchanged renal function for 76% of the global cohort (Fig 1). Patients with AKI were associated with higher creatinine level at baseline (p<0.001) and more frequent chronic kidney disease as defined by serum creatinine level > 150umol/L (p<0.001) and history of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.07). No significant difference was noted according to the time of procedure (S1 Table). Post procedural bleeding, red blood cell transfusions and cardiovascular (CV) cause of death occurred more frequently in the AKI group. AKR patients experienced higher creatinine level at baseline. Similarly to AKI patients, the AKR group showed increased CV mortality rates compared to unchanged renal function patients. No significant differences in all-cause mortality nor other secondary MACE were evidenced between the three subsets of patients. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular events according according to renal function variations after TAVR are listed in Table 4.

Table 4. Impact of Acute kidney injury and recovery on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.

	Global Cohort	Unchanged	AKI	AKR	p value
	n = 574	n = 436	n = 48	n = 90	p value
Death from any cause	125(21.8%)	86(19.8%)	13(27.1%)	26(28.9%)	0.106
CV Death	58 (10.1%)	44(8.1%)	7(14.6%)	16(17.8%)	0.012
Non-CV Death	62(10.8%)	50(11.5%)	5(10.4%)	7(7.8%)	0.61
Rehospitalization for HF	103(18%)	70(16.1%)	11(22.9%)	22(24.7%)	0.101
Myocardial Infarction	14(2.4%)	7(1.6%)	3(6.3%)	4(4.5%)	0.056
Stroke	45(7.9%)	29(6.7%)	7(14.6%)	9(10.1%)	0.107
MACE (Cardiovascular death, Rehospitalisation for HF, Stroke and/or infarct)	186(32.4%)	132(30.3%)	17(35.4%)	37(41%)	0.125
Post procedural bleeding
Immediate all cause post procedural bleeding	170(29.7%)	113(26%)	24(50%)	33(36.7%)	0.001
Major and Life threating Bleeding	68(11.9%)	44(10.1%)	11(22.9%)	13(14.4%)	0.024
Life threating Bleeding	31(5.4%)	14(3.2%)	7(14.6%)	10(11.1%)	<0.001
Red blood cell transfusion >2Units	113(19.7%)	68(15.6%)	19(39.6%)	26(28.9%)	<0.001
Minor bleeding	71(12.4%)	55(12.6%)	6(12.5%)	10(11.1%)	0.93
Major and Life threating Bleeding during ICU stay	99(17.3%)	58(13.3%)	18(37.5%)	23(25.6%)	<0.001
Bleeding at any time after discharge	131(22.9%)	89(20.5%)	19(39.6%)	23(25.6%)	0.009

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Abbreviations: AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; CV: Cardiovascular; HF: Heart failure; ICU: intensive care unit; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

At a median follow-up of 608 days (range 355–893), AKI and AKR patients experienced an increased cardiovascular mortality compared to unchanged renal function patients (14.6% and 17.8% respectively, vs. 8.1%, CI 95%, p<0.022) (Fig 2). No difference regarding all-cause mortality, non-CV death and MACE could be evidenced between the three subsets of patients (Fig 3A-3C).

Fig 2 — Kaplan–Meier analysis for the probability of survival free from cardiovascular (CV) death after TAVR according to renal variations including altered (AKI), unchanged or improved (AKR) renal function. At a median follow-up of 608 days (range 355–893), AKI and AKR patients experienced an increased cardiovascular mortality compared to unchanged renal function patients (14,6% and 17,8% respectively, vs. 8,1%, CI 95%, p<0.022). **Abbreviations**: AKI = Acute Kidney Injury. AKR = Acute Kidney Recovery. CV = Cardiovascular. TAVR = Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Kaplan–Meier analysis for the probability of survival free overall death death (Fig 3A), non-cardiovascular death (Fig 3B) and MACE (Fig 3C) after TAVR according to renal variations including altered (AKI) and unchanged or improved (AKR) renal function. Abbreviations: AKI = Acute Kidney Injury. AKR = Acute Kidney Recovery. CV = Cardiovascular. TAVR = Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Predictors of AKI, AKR and cardiovascular mortality following TAVR

By univariate Cox analysis, EuroSCORE, chronic kidney disease (as defined by creatinine level>150μmol/L), baseline creatinine level, contrast volume, bleeding (both immediate and major/life-threatening bleeding) were significant predictors of AKI (Table 5). In multivariate analysis, chronic kidney disease, (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 1.7–9.2; p < 0.001) remained the strongest independent factor associated with AKI.

Table 5. Predictors of AKI after TAVR.

Predictors of AKI
	Univariate	p value	Multivariate
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)
Baseline Characteristics
Age	1.033 (0.987–1.082)	0.17
Male sex	1.317 (0.729–2.380)	0.361
BMI	0.97(0.83–1.1)	0.69
EuroSCORE	1.021 (1.004–1.039)	0.015
Chronic Kidney disease KD (Cr >150μmol.L)	4.934 (2.662–9.145)	<0.001	3.9(1.7–9.2)
Baseline Cr Level	1(1–1.1)	0.002
Baseline LEVF	0.29 (0.3–2.4)	0.24
Baseline Mean Aortic Gradient	0.99 (0.97–1)	0.45
Procedural Characteristics
Balloon Predilatation prior to TAVR procedure (emergency procedure)	0.57 (0.12–2.4)	0.45
Transfemoral Approach	0.453 (0.207–0.991)	0.047	1(0.28–4.3)
Contrast volume	1.1 (1–1.1)	0.039	1.2(0.3–4.7)
Duration of procedure	1.1 (0.9–1.1)	0.13
Post procedural events
Immediate bleeding	2.6 (1.4–4.7)	0.002
Major and life-threatening bleeding post TAVR	3.3(1.7–6.2)	0.016

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Abbreviations: AKI Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; Cr: Creatinine; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Only one variable relating to chronic impairment of renal function was entered into the multivariate analysis model.

By univariate Cox analysis, baseline creatinine level, procedure duration and major/ life- threatening bleeding were significant predictors of AKR (Table 6). In multivariate analysis, baseline creatinine level (HR: 1; 95% CI 1 to 1.1 p < 0.001) remained the sole independent predictor of AKR.

Table 6. Predictors of AKR after TAVR.

Predictors of AKI
	Univariate	p value	Multivariate	p value
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Baseline characteristics
Age	0.99 (0.96–1)	0.424
Male sex	0.66 (0.42–1.1)	0.085
BMI	1.03 (0.948–1.13)	0.445
EuroSCORE	1 (0.99–1)	0.24
Chronic Kidney disease KD (Cr >150μmol.L)	2.16 (1.29–3.63)	0.003
Baseline Cr Level	1 (1–1.1)	0.002	1 (1–1.1)	<0.001
Baseline LEVF	0.43 (0.089–2.1)	0.3
Baseline Mean Aortic Gradient	1 (0.99–1)	0.3
Procedural characteristics
Balloon Predilatation prior to TAVR procedure (emergency procedure)	1.87(0.88–3.99)	0.1
Transfemoral Approach	0.75(0.38–1.48)	0.41
Contrast volume	1 (0.99–1)	0.96
Duration of procedure	1 (1–1.1)	0.037	1 (0.99–1)	0.37
Post procedural event
Immediate bleeding	1.54 (0.97–2.45)	0.067
Major life bleeding post TAVR	2.63(1.19–5.79)	0.016	2.2(0.83–6)	0.109

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Abbreviations: AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; Cr: Creatinine; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Only one variable relating to chronic impairment of renal function was entered into the multivariate analysis model.

By univariate Cox analysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), post procedural CRP level, and 72-hours post procedural AKR were significant predictors of CV mortality (Table 7). In multivariate analysis, COPD (HR: 2.4; 95% CI 1.17–4.95; p = 0.017) and 72-hours post procedural AKR (HR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.14 to 4.88; p = 0.021) remained strong independent of predictor of CV mortality.

Table 7. Predictors of cardiovascular mortality.

Predictors of AKI
	Univariate	p value	Multivariate	p value
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Baseline characteristics
Age	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	0.066
Male sex	1.25 (0.74–2.09)	0.39
BMI	0.92 (0.73–1.15)	0.45
COPD	1.8(1–3.25)	0.049	2.4(1.17–4.95)	0.017
EuroSCORE	1(0.98–1.02)	0.81
CKD (Cr level >150μmol.L)	2.44(1.41–4.19)	0.001
AF	1.3(0.74–2.31)	0.35
Procedural characteristics
Transfemoral Approach	0.49 (0.25–0.96)	0.04	0.53(0.23–1.2)	0.13
Post procedural characteristics
Hemoglobin	0.95(0.79–1.14)	0.6
WBC count	1.04(0.97–1.13)	0.27
CRP	1 (1.01–1.04)	0.016	1.02(1.01–1.04)	0.063
DAPT	0.58(0.35–0.98)	0.04	0.55(0.29–1.03)	0.06
Mean Aortic Gradient at one-month	0.95(0.89–1)	0.12
Aortic regurgitation >1/4 at one-month	1.7(0.94–3.28)	0.07
Post procedural event
Immediate bleeding	0.81(0.45–1.45)	0.48
AKI 72 hours	1.79(0.81–3.95)	0.14
AKR 72 hours	1.82(1.02–3.25)	0.04	2.36(1.14–4.88)	0.021

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Abbreviations: AF: Atrial Fibrillation; AKI: Acute Kidney Injury. AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery. CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease. COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cr: Creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; DAPT: Dual Antiplatelet Therapy; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement; WBC: White Blood Cell.

Only one variable relating to chronic impairment of renal function was entered into the multivariate analysis model.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting a possible detrimental effect of post-TAVR acute kidney recovery. The salient results of the present study are as follows: (i) AKI was documented for 8.3% and AKR occurred in 15,7% of patients based upon Creatinine and/or eGFR assessment and definitions, (ii) Both AKI and AKR had a dismal impact on CV mortality, (iii) baseline creatinine level was a strong and independent predictor associated to both AKI and AKR and finally (iv) 72-hours post procedural AKR was a strongest independent predictor of CV mortality.

Acute kidney injury

Based on the VARC-2 definition [1], the reported incidence of post TAVR AKI is 22.1% ± 11.2 [2]. With 8,3% of AKI, our results are consistent with current existing evidence. Development of AKI after TAVR was associated with altered baseline renal function and worse outcomes. Our findings regarding AKI are consistent with prior findings and reports suggesting a strong relationship between red blood cell transfusion, bleedings and vascular complications [7,8]. Conversely, our study did not support a strong relationship between contrast volume nor aortic severity (LVEF, mean aortic gradient) and the development of AKI.

Acute kidney recovery: Conflicting results with regards to earlier studies

Despite very limited data existing on AKR after TAVR, our intriguing results with increased CV mortality linked to AKR challenge the current evidences supporting a beneficial impact of AKR after TAVR. Based on 1) a 25% improvement in eGFR over 48 hours after the procedure or 2) a decrease of ≥0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine over 48 hours after TAVR, Azarbal et al [4] demonstrated that AKR occurred in sizeable proportion (32,5%) of TAVR patients with male sex, lack of chronic beta-blocker utilization and baseline CKD as sole independent predictors of AKR. Nijenhuis et al [5] referred to AKR as a post to pre-TAVR ratio of serum creatinine of ≤0.80. AKR was associated with a protective effect on two-year mortality (HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.30–0.93). Independent predictors of AKR were female gender, a preserved kidney function, absence of atrial fibrillation and hemoglobin level. Both studies have stressed the importance of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the adaptive response to hemodynamic changes after TAVR that hint AKR. Indeed, in AS patients: volume overload, low systemic pressures combined with increased central venous and pulmonary artery pressures can compromise renal perfusion and result in type 2 cardiorenal syndrome [9,10].

As TAVR procedure represents a unique therapeutic modality in allowing instant reduction of the trans-aortic gradient, normalization of the aortic valve area and swift reduction of LV overload such interventional procedure offers a unique opportunity to monitor the cardio-renal interactions. We face that the rapid hemodynamic changes that offer TAVR such as correction of diastolic dysfunction, potential improved LVEF and/or cardiac output [11,12] are key determinants paving the way to the pathophysiological explanation of improved renal function in the AKR subgroup. Altogether, the present data identify AKR as a reversible cardiorenal syndrome with a detrimental effect of cardiorenal syndrome widely acknowledged [13,14]. Challenging the initial paradigm of a protective condition of AKR in TAVR, our insights have emphasized the potential noxious impact on CV death of renal reversal changes after TAVR.

Acute kidney recovery: A kidney perspective of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage?

A new staging for the extent of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage in aortic stenosis was recently proposed by Généreux et al. [15]. This original staging consisted of four stage: Stage 0: no extravalvular cardiac damage; Stage 1: left ventricular damage; Stage 2: left atrial or mitral valve damage; Stage 3: pulmonary vasculature damage or significant tricuspid regurgitation and stage 4: right ventricular damage.

Each increment in stage was independently (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.27–1.67, P < 0.0001) associated with increased mortality after aortic valve replacement (AVR). Our study surprisingly found that AKR was associated with increased CV mortality. To date, this novel approach of extra-valvular cardiac damage staging did not include hemodynamic parameters and cardiorenal interactions in particular. Given the interplay between worsening aortic stenosis and kidney function in cardiorenal syndrome, post TAVR AKR is likely to reflect a reversible cardiorenal syndrome and an “extra-cardiac damage” of AS. Importantly in the study by Généreux et al. [15], the extent of cardiac damage was the strongest predictor of adverse outcomes: normalization of the aortic valve area and hemodynamics instantly occur but the detrimental impact of extravalvular consequences of AS may persist despite AVR [16]. Aortic stenosis may contribute to cardiorenal syndrome that improves with TAVR, but our observation suggests that reversible post TAVR cardiorenal syndrome patients still have increased mortality. The role of extra-valvular cardiac damage staging in aortic valve stenosis management is becoming a topic of interest [17]. Future research may determine the benefit of early TAVR in asymptomatic patients with cardiorenal syndrome [18]. Further studies are also needed to test the incremental value of additional imaging parameters (e.g. intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography [19]), renal and systemic hemodynamic parameters as well as blood biomarkers (e.g. serum Cystatin C) to build an extra cardiac damage staging schemes in the field of TAVR.

Study limitations

Several limitations should be taken into account in the interpretation of the data. Consensus on the definition of acute kidney recovery is still lacking and standardization of AKR definition would aid communication across the field. We did not challenge the association of acute kidney recovery with cardiac output improvement, and/or LV function recovery. Therefore, we cannot exclude the role of potential confounders, and in particular hemodynamic parameters, that were not accounted for in our model. The limited sample size in each e-GRF subgroup and the relative inhomogeneity in e-GRF subgroups add uncertainty to cardiovascular and renal endpoints, particularly because the pathophysiology of AKI/AKR may differ between groups. Finally, it is a single-centre study with all inherent limitations due to the design of such study.

Conclusion

Both AKR and AKI negatively impact long term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Both AKI and AKR patients experienced significantly higher cardiovascular mortality than those without a change in renal function. Pre-TAVR CKD was the strongest independent predictor of post-TAVR AKI while seventy-two hours AKR was the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality”.

Supporting information

S1 Table. AKI. AKR and unchanged renal function according to the time of procedure.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(13.9KB, docx)}

Abbreviations

ACE inhibitor: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
AF: Atrial Fibrillation
AKI: Acute Kidney Injury
AKR: Acute Kidney Recovery
APT: Antiplatelet Therapy
ARBs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
AS: Aortic stenosis
AVR: Aortic Valve Replacement
BMI: Body Mass Index
CAD: Coronary Artery Disease
CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease
COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CRP: C-protein reactive
DAPT: Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
ECG: Electrocardiogram
EuroSCORE: Logistic EuroSCORE predicted risk of mortality at 30 days
GRF: Glomerular Filtration Rate
Hb: Haemoglobin Level
HF: Heart Failure
LV: Left Ventricle
LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
MACE: Major Adverse Cardiac Events
NOACs: Novel Oral Anticoagulant
TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
TTE: Transthoracic Echocardiography
VARC-2: Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus

Data Availability

The data underlying the results presented in the study are the property of the Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. Furthermore, currently, we do not have authorization to share any personal data with third external parties as the French legislation (Jardé law) does not allow a free sharing of human research participant data. Patients could be potentially identified based their age, sex, type of outcomes etc. in a single center study. Data could be made available upon request by submitting an email to President of the Scientific Board - Committee for Scientific Research of Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l’hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex. Email: emmanuel.andres@chrustrasbourg.fr.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by GERCA (Groupe pour l’Enseignement, la Recherche cardiologique en Alsace).

References

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255806.r001

Decision Letter 0

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PONE-D-21-00837

Acute kidney injury and Acute kidney recovery following Transcatether aortic valve replacement

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Reviewer #1: This single center retrospective study on acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following transcatether aortic valve replacement is a very interesting study which has several points of strength but also many limitations. The number of patients studied is high, data reported have been almost well presented and the discussion section focuses on interesting hypothesis on the cardiorenal relationship and the global outcomes after correcting aortic stenosis.

Major criticisms

1. Patients of this study are elderly (mean age 83.1±7.4 years) and most of them at baseline show CKD stage 3 (about 46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (about 10% of the global cohort). Age and CKD stage are an independent risk factor for post-surgical AKI and CV mortality. This should be highlighted and not only resumed in a supplementary table. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is not described in the baseline characterization of the population studied, and also those factors are independent factors for post-surgical AKI and CV mortality. It would be very interesting to analyze the post TAVR data on serum creatinine and CV risk in those subgroups of patients.

2. Although the definition of acute kidney recovery is not widely accepted and has not been standardized, it could represent an interesting focus in this kind of procedure, in which global hemodynamics change immediately after the surgical procedure, involving heart, vessels and kidneys. However, the main limitation of this study is that there are no data on renal haemodynamics before and after TAVR, thus weakening the results and therefore the discussion section. The renal microcirculation status before and after TAVR has not been studied (for example with colorDoppler evaluation of renal resistance indexes). In renal artery stenosis, if renal microcirculation is compromised independently of CKD stage, the surgical correction with angioplasty does not improve renal perfusion. On the contrary, angioplasty may determine in those cases a reperfusion damage, thus worsening kidney function and increasing CV risk. Moreover, serum creatinine levels vary depending also on systemic blood pressure and hydration status, and no data on these factors before and after TAVR have been reported. This could influence the evaluation of AKI and/or AKR after TAVR.

Patients of this study are more likely to have a compromised renal microcirculation due to age, CKD and systemic damage related to aortic stenosis, so it is pivotal to evaluate it for a correct interpretation of the data reported.

Minor criticisms:

1. In the brief summary the acronym TAVR has been cited without the extended form.

2. In the “definition of AKR” section it is stated that patients with unchanged renal function were those who had neither AKI nor AKR post-TAVR. 12% of them have CKD (as reported in table 1). It would be interesting to analyze this subset of patients and their outcome based on CKD stage.

3. The last sentence before the “study limitation” section is not clear (Following Généreux’ staging precept, AKR is likely to reflect an “extra-cardiac damage”. Still reversible. Hence, some will argue that fixed cardiorenal syndrome patients after TAVR should have a worse outcome compared to reversal counterparts. As fixed cardiorenal syndrome patients are part of “unchanged renal function”, their worse prognosis is likely to be soften. Moreover, the underlying process is complex and the cardiorenal syndrome is difficult to define and identify because it encompasses complex multifactorial facets) is not very clear.

4. In table 1 (biological parameters), what CT-ADP stands for?

Reviewer #2: The authors wrote an interesting research on the incidence of AKI and ARK in a population of patients undergoing TAVR procedure.

The results are very interesting and deserving of disclosure but the manuscript presents multiple problems so it should be revised.

First of all, the multiplicity of subparagraphs is a distraction for the reader, it would be better to combine some of them in order to make the reading less jagged.

Starting from the abstract the conclusions are telegraphic, please review.

Highlight: Add a highlight on Aki which should become the first point.

In the introduction we pass directly from bibliography 2 to 4, the number 3 has been lost, therefore useful revision of the numbering of the bibliography.

Methods:

Compared to the purposes stated in the introduction, different primary endpoints are then declared in the collection of data paragraph, the latter therefore should all become secondary endpoints.

Results: still too many sub-paragraphs, the basal characteristics are well reported in tables 1 and 2 but poorly commented in the results paragraph where instead the main result of the study is immediately reported.

In fact, this result is not a baseline characteristic of the patient and should be reported later in Impact of AKI ...., also moving the table 3

In the paragraph Impact of Aki ... the subdivision of patients into 3 groups appears, a subdivision not mentioned before, it should therefore be explained in the methods as well as in the results.

Discussion: Also in this paragraph the number of subparagraphs should be reduced.

In the sub-paragraph AKI we talk about complications such as the number of transfusions without having mentioned them in methods or results but they are shown only in the table

Tables 1, 3,4 show p values but it is not easy to understand which groups they refer to, as the table lacks asterisks or symbols that serve as a reference.

The figure chosen as central represents the patient selection flowchart that would go among the results as fig. 1

Again the conclution are telegraphic.

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PLoS One. 2021 Aug 10;16(8):e0255806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255806.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

20 Jun 2021

The third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought tough challenges to Strasbourg’s Cardiology Team. As these difficult times required more time for us to complete our response, we could not return our paper in a timely manner. We would like to apologize to both the PLOS one editorial board and Reviewers.

Sincerely yours,

Olivier Morel MD, PhD

Point-by-point response to the editorial board

We thank the editorial board for the constructive suggestions. All line numbers and pages mentioned in the upcoming responses refer to the tracked changes made effective in the revisited manuscript.

On behalf of all authors,

Olivier Morel

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The French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards (FRANCE 2) Registry was established under the French Societies of Cardiology and of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. All patients provided written informed consent before undergoing the procedure, including consent for anonymous processing of their data. The registry was approved by the institutional review board of the French Ministry of Health. Full Protocol available : Gilard M, Eltchaninoff H, Iung B, et al. Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2012

It is now clearly stated in the method section

All participants gave their informed written consent and agreed to the anonymous processing of their data (France 2 registry IRB Information 911262).

All TAVR patients included in this study are part of the global TAVR cohort performed in France, as listed in the FRANCE 2 registry, and were prospectively included in the study. Patients were enrolled at 34 centers including ours, Strasbourg University Hospital

It is now clearly stated in the method section

All participants gave their informed written consent and agreed to the anonymous processing of their data (France 2 registry IRB Information 911262).

The typo error regarding the retrospective nature of the study has been modified.

Furthermore, in your Methods section, please provide a justification for the sample size used in your study, including any relevant power calculations (if applicable).

-As disclosed in the manuscript; follow-up variables were recorded and entered into a database. All patients were contacted by phone and questioned by a standardized questionnaire about their health status, symptoms, medications, the occurrence of adverse events, and the treatment about adverse events according to the FRANCE 2 protocol (Full Protocol available : Gilard M, Eltchaninoff H, Iung B, et al. Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2012)

-No sample size/power calculation is applicable to this observational cohort study

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[This work was supported by GERCA (Groupe pour l’Enseignement, la Recherche Cardiologique en Alsace).]

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https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/905/htm (Introduction, paragraph 1; Methods) https://www.dovepress.com/acute-kidney-injury-after-transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement-in-th-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article- CIA (Acute Kidney Recovery: Conflicting results with regards to earlier studies, paragraph 1, sentence 2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109719353987?via%3Dihub (Acute Kidney Recovery: a kidney perspective of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage?, paragraph 1)

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We thank the editorial board for bringing this point to our attention. As noted, text overlap between this submission and previous works are related to previous papers published by our research team, including

(i) A former paper published by our team in JCM (Peillex M et al. Bedside Renal Doppler Ultrasonography and Acute Kidney Injury after TAVR. J Clin Med. 2020). The first paragraph of the introduction has been edited to dismiss any conflicts between the two papers, despite same authorship.

(ii) A poster presentation submitted to the French Society of Cardiology Congress earlier this year (M. Peillex et al. Acute kidney injury and Acute kidney recovery following TAVR: Conflicting results with regards to earlier studies, Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 2021)

(iii) The discussion has been re-edited according to both reviewer 1&2 concerns and accurate copyright updated

Point-by-point response to the comments of Reviewer #1

We thank the reviewer for her/his constructive suggestions and improved manuscript as a result. All line numbers and pages mentioned in the upcoming responses refer to the tracked changes made effective in the revisited manuscript.

On behalf of all authors,

Olivier Morel

Reviewer #1: This single center retrospective study on acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a very interesting study which has several points of strength but also many limitations. The number of patients studied is high, data reported have been almost well presented and the discussion section focuses on interesting hypothesis on the cardiorenal relationship and the global outcomes after correcting aortic stenosis.

Major criticisms

1. Patients of this study are elderly (mean age 83.1±7.4 years) and most of them at baseline show CKD stage 3 (about 46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (about 10% of the global cohort). Age and CKD stage are an independent risk factor for post- surgical AKI and CV mortality. This should be highlighted and not only resumed in a supplementary table. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is not described in the baseline characterization of the population studied, and also those factors are independent factors for post-surgical AKI and CV mortality. It would be very interesting to analyze the post TAVR data on serum creatinine and CV risk in those subgroups of patients.

We thank the reviewer because these points are useful to clarify missing practical information regarding baseline characteristics of our cohort. First, diabetes and hypertension status at baseline are missing in the proposed manuscript. Therefore, we followed the reviewer’s request and disclose these two missing variables in table 1. These clinical characteristics do not appear to significantly differ between groups and thus were not included in a multivariate analysis. Moreover, age, diabetes on insulin etc.. are already part of the EUROSCORE composite score; and in order to avoid overfitting in the model, hypertension, hypertension (p=0.948) and diabetes (p=0.051) were not chosen for multivariable analysis

Second, AKI and AKR according to baseline renal function are now reported in table 1. As noted by the reviewer, most patients showed baseline CKD stage 3 (46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (10.6% of the global cohort). Indeed, (i) the observational nature of our study, (ii) the “limited” sample size in each e-GRF subgroup and (iii) the relative inhomogeneity in e-GRF subgroups add uncertainty to CV and renal endpoints, particularly because the pathophysiology of AKI/AKR may differ between groups. To acknowledge these facts, we added a statement to the limitation section.

Changes

To accommodate both reviewer 1&2, an extensive editing of the results and limitations section was performed

(i) Results section:

A total of 574 TAVR patients (mean age 83.1±7.4, 43.6% male, LVEF 54% and EuroScore II 22.8±14.4%) were included in the analysis. Mean baseline serum creatinine concentration was 112±52 µmol.L and 17.3% of the global cohort had chronic kidney disease (CKD) as defined by baseline creatinine>150umol/L. Most patients showed baseline CKD stage 3 (46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (10.6% of the global cohort). Balloon and self-expandable devices were implanted in 352 (61.4%) and 222 (38.6%) patients respectively. No difference in contrast media volume administration was evidenced. Baseline, procedural and biological characteristics are summarized in Table 1, 2 and 3.

(ii) Table 1

Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, AKI and AKR according to baseline renal function are now reported in table 1.

Of note no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to AKI/AKR/unchanged renal function was observed for the hypertensive status, though there was a trend towards a statistical significance regarding diabetes status.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics

Global Cohort Unchanged AKI AKR p value

n=574 n=436 n=48 n=90

Clinical parameters

Hypertension 432 (75.3) 327 (75.7) 37 (77.1) 68 (75.6) 0.948

Diabetes mellitus 154 (26.8) 106 (24.3) 16 (33.3) 32 (35.6) 0.051

Table 1. Baseline characteristics

Global Cohort Unchanged AKI AKR p value

n=574 n=436 n=48 n=90

Baseline biological parameters

CKD (Creatinine>150umol/L) 99(17.3%) 52(12%) 22(45.8%) 25(27.8%) <0.001

Creatinine level (µmol.L) 112±52 103±39 136±77 144±72 <0.001

eGRF Stage 1 -n (%) 63(11) 56 (12.9) 6(12.5) 1(1.1)

<0.001

eGRF Stage 2 -n (%) 187 (32.6) 163 (37.5) 9(18.8) 15 (16.7)

eGRF Stage 3A -n (%) 149 (26) 112 (25.7) 11 (22.9) 26 (28.9)

eGRF Stage 3B -n (%) 113 (19.7) 79 (18.2) 9 (18.8) 25 (27.8)

eGRF Stage 4 -n (%) 55 (9.6) 24 (5.5) 12 (25) 19 (21.1)

eGRF Stage 5 -n (%) 6 (1) 1 (0.2) 1 (2.1) 4 (4.4)

(iii) Study limitations section:

“The limited sample size in each e-GRF subgroup and the relative inhomogeneity in e-GRF subgroups add uncertainty to cardiovascular and renal endpoints, particularly because the pathophysiology of AKI/AKR may differ between groups”

We fully agree with the questions and limitations raised by the reviewer.

First, we fully agree that the lack of standardization with regard to the definition of AKR is a major issue and presents confusion and difficulty in inter-cohort comparisons, hindering widespread adoption of AKR a dedicated post TAVR endpoint in upcoming trials and studies.

Second, we recently aimed to elucidate the association of renal resistance index (RRI) and cardio-renal hemodynamics with acute kidney injury (AKI) after TAVR (Peillex et al. J Clin Med). This pilot study showed that higher post-procedural RRI represents an important and independent predictive factor of AKI. TAVR patients exhibited higher baseline RRI values (0,76±0,7) compared to normal known and accepted values: 0.60 ± 0.10 in adults due to arterial stiffness and RRI was the result of a complex interaction between intrarenal circulation and systemic hemodynamics. Albeit limited to a small sample size, we provided data suggesting that higher RRI is linked to transient higher valvuloarterial impedance (Zva) and total arterial load (TAL) one day after TAVR.

Changes: To take into account the Reviewer’s comment, the discussion has been revised and the pivotal role of post TAVR cardiorenal hemodynamics mentioned in the manuscript as part of future applications.

Changes

Discussion section

Acute Kidney Recovery: a kidney perspective of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage?

Recently, Généreux et al. (15) proposed a new staging for the extent of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage in AS: no extravalvular cardiac damage (Stage 0), left ventricular damage (Stage 1), left atrial or mitral valve damage (Stage 2), pulmonary vasculature damage or significant tricuspid regurgitation (Stage 3), or right ventricular damage (Stage 4). The extent of cardiac damage was independently (HR 1.46 per each increment in stage, 95% CI 1.27–1.67, P < 0.0001) associated with increased mortality after aortic valve replacement (AVR). Our study surprisingly found that AKR was associated with increased CV mortality. To date, this novel approach of extra-valvular cardiac damage staging did not include hemodynamic parameters and cardiorenal interactions in particular. Given the interplay between worsening aortic stenosis and kidney function in cardiorenal syndrome, post TAVR AKR is likely to reflect a reversible cardiorenal syndrome and an “extra-cardiac damage” of AS. Importantly in the study by Généreux et al. (15), the extent of cardiac damage was the strongest predictor of adverse outcomes: normalization of the aortic valve area and hemodynamics instantly occur but the detrimental impact of extravalvular consequences of AS may persist despite AVR.

Aortic stenosis may contribute to cardiorenal syndrome that improves with TAVR, but our observation suggests that reversible post TAVR cardiorenal syndrome patients still have increased mortality. The role of extra-valvular cardiac damage staging in aortic valve stenosis management is becoming a topic of interest (16). Future research may determine the benefit of early TAVR in asymptomatic patients with cardiorenal syndrome (17). Further studies are also needed to test the incremental value of additional imaging parameters (e.g. intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (18)), renal and systemic hemodynamic parameters as well as blood biomarkers (e.g. serum Cystatin C) to build an extra cardiac damage staging schemes in the field of TAVR

Minor criticisms:

1. In the brief summary the acronym TAVR has been cited without the extended form.

Change has been made according to the reviewer’s request

We fully agree with this comment and thank the reviewer for bringing this critical point to our attention. Investigating incidence, predictors, and outcomes of AKR following TAVR is interesting from a clinical perspective because we often observe impressive improvements in chronically impaired renal function after this procedure, but this phenomenon is inconsistent and unpredictable across patients. More likely as shown in our study and acknowledged by the reviewer in CKD stage 3 patients. However, a limitation of focusing only on “unchanged renal function” patients in the present additional analysis proposed by the reviewer is that this group may exhibit both acute improvements in renal function and a "masked" concomitant transient contrast-induced AKI… Indeed, we first sought to make the present statistical analysis proposed by the reviewer while writing the present paper, but we felt that any conclusions made out such analysis may be too tricky to interpreted do to several issues :

Small sample size : 12% with CKD out of the subgroup unchanged renal function group

Unchanged group : not change at all OR improved renal function masked by a concomitant transient contrast-induced AKI..

Therefore, we faced that conducting such analysis may be very confusing and “too much”hypothesis-generating.

We would like to thank the Reviewer for her/his comment. To accommodate the Reviewer comment, the discussion has been revised (as follow):

Changes

Discussion section

Acute Kidney Recovery: a kidney perspective of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage?

4. In table 1 (biological parameters), what CT-ADP stands for?

We thank the reviewer for bringing this point to our attention. CT-ADP indicates closure time of adenosine diphosphate; and it is now clearly stated in the abbreviation section of table 1. Our group has recently demonstrated that CT-ADP > 180 sec, a surrogate marker of HMW-VWF defect, as measured during the time course of the procedure allows an accurate identification of PVL in patients undergoing TAVR and is a major predictor of early and late bleeding (Kibler et al. JACC; Matsushita et al. Thromb Haemost) No difference regarding CT-ADP was observed between the 3 subsets of patients (AKI, AKR, unchanged renal function) in the present study.

Point-by-point response to the comments of Reviewer #2

On behalf of all authors,

Olivier Morel

Reviewer #2: The authors wrote an interesting research on the incidence of AKI and ARK in a population of patients undergoing TAVR procedure. The results are very interesting and deserving of disclosure but the manuscript presents multiple problems so it should be revised.

First of all, the multiplicity of subparagraphs is a distraction for the reader, it would be better to combine some of them in order to make the reading less jagged.

We thank the reviewer for bringing this critical point to our attention. To accommodate the reviewer, an extensive editing of the manuscript was performed

Starting from the abstract the conclusions are telegraphic, please review.

Change has been made according to reviewer’s request

Changes

Abstract section

“Both AKR and AKI negatively impact long term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing TAVR”

Conclusion section

“Both AKR and AKI negatively impact long term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Both AKI and AKR patients experienced significantly higher cardiovascular mortality than those without a change in renal function. Pre-TAVR CKD was the strongest independent predictor of post-TAVR AKI while seventy-two hours AKR was the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality.”

Highlight: Add a highlight on Aki which should become the first point.

Change has been made according to the reviewer’s request

Changes: Highlights section

- AKI occurred in 8.3% of 574 TAVR patients

- AKR occurred in 15.7%

- AKI and AKR patients experienced increased cardiovascular mortality

- Baseline creatinine level was the strongest predictor of AKR.

- The prognostic value of acute kidney recovery (AKR) remains under debate

In the introduction we pass directly from bibliography 2 to 4, the number 3 has been lost, therefore useful revision of the numbering of the bibliography.

We thank the reviewer for bringing this critical point to our attention. The typo error has been corrected.

Changes: Introduction section

Line 10. Depicting the scope of AKI in the field of TAVR relies on a variety of factors from impaired baseline renal function, hemodynamic instability during pacing, use of contrast medium to post procedural complications such as bleeding (3).

Methods:

Compared to the purposes stated in the introduction, different primary endpoints are then declared in the collection of data paragraph, the latter therefore should all become secondary endpoints.

We thank the reviewer for bringing this critical point to our attention. To accommodate the Reviewer comment, the methods has been revised (as follow):

Changes: Methods section - Collection of Data and Outcomes

Collection of Data and Outcomes

The primary endpoint of the study was the overall all-cause mortality after TAVR. The secondary endpoints were a composite endpoint defined by cardiovascular mortality (defined as any death with demonstrable cardiovascular cause or any death that was not clearly attributable to a non-cardiovascular cause), stroke and rehospitalization for heart failure (defined as any event requiring the administration of intravenous therapy).

All patients were contacted by phone and questioned by a standardized questionnaire about their health status, symptoms, medications and the occurrence of adverse events.

Changes: Tables section. The tittle of table 4 has been rephrased

Table 4. Impact of Acute Kidney injury and Recovery on All-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events

In fact, this result is not a baseline characteristic of the patient and should be reported later in Impact of AKI ...., also moving the table 3

To accommodate the reviewer

- The headline “baseline Characteristics” has been removed

- Several sub-paragraphs headlines have been removed

- To accommodate both reviewer 1&2, an extensive editing of the results section was performed

Changes

(i) Results section:

A total of 574 TAVR patients (mean age 83.1±7.4, 43.6% male, LVEF 54% and EuroScore II 22.8±14.4%) were included in the analysis. Mean baseline serum creatinine concentration was 112±52 µmol.L and 17.3% of the global cohort had chronic kidney disease (CKD) as defined by baseline creatinine>150umol/L. Most patients showed baseline CKD stage 3 (46% of the global cohort) and stage 4/5 (10.6% of the global cohort). Balloon and self-expandable devices were implanted in 352 (61.4%) and 222 (38.6%) patients respectively. No difference in contrast media volume administration was evidenced. Baseline, procedural and biological characteristics are summarized in Table 1, 2 and 3.

In the paragraph Impact of Aki ... the subdivision of patients into 3 groups appears, a subdivision not mentioned before, it should therefore be explained in the methods as well as in the results.

Changes: To take into account the Reviewer’s comment, the methods section has been extensively edited and one specific sentence regarding the subdivision in 3 groups added to the manuscript

Changes

(i) Methods section:

These endpoints were compared across 3 categories: patients with AKI, AKR and unchanged renal function patients.

Definitions of AKI, AKR and unchanged renal function patients are given in the methods section and results for each group disclosed in the results section

Discussion: Also, in this paragraph the number of subparagraphs should be reduced.

In the sub-paragraph AKI we talk about complications such as the number of transfusions without having mentioned them in methods or results, but they are shown only in the table

Following the reviewers’ request, details of bleedings endpoints definition and RBC requirements are now clearly stated in the methods sections and one sentence has been added to the results section.

(i) Methods section:

“and finally bleeding complications assessed according to VARC-2 definition and red blood cell transfusion ⩾ 2 Units requirement”

(i) Results section:

Post procedural bleeding, red blood cell transfusions and cardiovascular (CV) cause of death occurred more frequently in the AKI group

The figure chosen as central represents the patient selection flowchart that would go among the results as fig. 1

Change has been made according to the reviewer’s request

Again the conclution are telegraphic.

Change has been made according to reviewer’s request

Changes

Abstract section

“Both AKR and AKI negatively impact long term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing TAVR”

Conclusion section

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255806.r003

Decision Letter 1

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26 Jul 2021

Acute kidney injury and Acute kidney recovery following Transcatether aortic valve replacement

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255806.r004

Acceptance letter

Vincenzo Lionetti

29 Jul 2021

PONE-D-21-00837R1

Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Kidney Recovery Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

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S1 Table. AKI. AKR and unchanged renal function according to the time of procedure.

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Data Availability Statement

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PERMALINK

Acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Marilou Peillex

Benjamin Marchandot

Kensuke Matsushita

Eric Prinz

Sebastien Hess

Antje Reydel

Marion Kibler

Adrien Carmona

Antonin Trimaille

Joe Heger

Hélène Petit-Eisenmann

Annie Trinh

Laurence Jesel

Patrick Ohlmann

Olivier Morel

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Methods

Patients

Definition of Acute kidney injury (AKI) and Acute kidney recovery (AKR)

Collection of data and outcomes

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

Table 3. Biological parameters.

Table 2. Procedural characteristics.

Acute kidney injury, Acute kidney recovery and unchanged renal function

Fig 1. Flow chart of the study.

Table 4. Impact of Acute kidney injury and recovery on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.

Fig 2. Impact of Acute kidney injury (AKI), Acute kidney recovery (AKR) and unchanged renal function after TAVR on cardiovascular death.

Fig 3. Impact of Acute kidney injury (AKI), Acute kidney recovery (AKR) and unchanged renal function after TAVR on overall death, non-cardiovascular death and MACE.

Predictors of AKI, AKR and cardiovascular mortality following TAVR

Table 5. Predictors of AKI after TAVR.

Table 6. Predictors of AKR after TAVR.

Table 7. Predictors of cardiovascular mortality.

Discussion

Acute kidney injury

Acute kidney recovery: Conflicting results with regards to earlier studies

Acute kidney recovery: A kidney perspective of extra-aortic valve cardiac damage?

Study limitations

Conclusion

Supporting information

Abbreviations

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Vincenzo Lionetti

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Vincenzo Lionetti

Roles

Acceptance letter

Vincenzo Lionetti

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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