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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Jun;33(6):676–680. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201901059

关节镜下复位固定盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤治疗难复性髋关节后脱位

Arthroscopic treatment of irreducible hip posterior dislocation caused by acetabular labrum bony Bankart lesions

Daohong ZHAO 1,*, Weiping HU 2, Bo ZHAO 3, Xinghai ZHAO 4, Yan LI 4, Jun ZHANG 1, Hong CHEN 5, Zhidan WU 1
PMCID: PMC8355771  PMID: 31197992

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic treatment for irreducible hip posterior dislocation caused by acetabular labrum bony Bankart lesions.

Methods

Between February 2008 and August 2016, 11 patients with irreducible hip posterior dislocation caused by acetabular labrum bony Bankart lesions, were treated with arthroscopic reduction and fixation of bony Bankart lesions. There were 7 males and 4 females, with an average age of 23.7 years (mean, 15-36 years). The injury was caused by traffic accident in 8 cases and falling from height in 3 cases. The interval between hip dislocation and the first manual reduction was 2-8 hours (mean, 5.3 hours) and between the first manual reduction and arthroscopic surgery was 6-31 days (mean, 12.8 days). The preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) was 5.2±0.9, the modified Harris score was 32±8, and the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was 30±5.

Results

The operative time was 90-150 minutes (mean, 120.9 minutes), with no hip arthroscopic surgery related complications. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 26-68 months (mean, 42.7 months). Postoperative X-ray films showed that all hip joints were reduction; CT showed that the reduction of posterior acetabular wall fracture was satisfactory. And all fractures healed at last follow-up with no avascular necrosis of the femoral head or osteoarthritis. At last follow-up, the VAS score was 0.5±0.5, the modified Harris score was 94±5, and the WOMAC score was 95±4. There were significant differences in those indexes between pre- and post-operation (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The irreducible hip posterior dislocation caused by acetabular labrum bony Bankart lesions is rare. Arthroscopic therapy has the advantages of less trauma, quick recovery, and less complications.

Keywords: Arthroscopy, hip dislocation, acetabular labrum lesion, bony Bankart lesion


创伤性髋关节后脱位常常由高能量损伤引起,多见于青壮年人群[1-3]。创伤可造成盂唇撕裂、关节囊破裂、圆韧带损伤等,上述损伤的骨块或软组织可能卡锁于关节腔,引起难复性髋关节后脱位[4-6]。其中,髋关节盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤导致的难复性髋关节后脱位临床罕见[7],由于骨块卡锁于关节腔常造成髋关节半脱位,处理不当极易造成髋关节创伤性骨关节炎。

随着关节镜的发展,该技术已逐渐用于创伤性髋关节脱位的治疗,与开放手术相比,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点。既往针对髋关节后脱位造成的盂唇损伤或骨块卡锁,以关节镜下清理为主,对盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤进行复位固定的临床报道较少。2008 年 2 月—2016 年 8 月,我们采用关节镜下复位固定盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤治疗 11 例难复性髋关节后脱位,获得较好的疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:髋关节后脱位患者,经手法复位后影像学检查证实有骨块卡锁于关节腔,造成髋关节半脱位,且骨块来源于髋臼后壁。排除标准:① 合并同侧其他部位骨折,无法行下肢牵引患者;② 有多发伤或全身状况不佳,不能耐受长时间手术者;③ 合并腹腔损伤,有关节镜手术并发症(如腹膜后外渗、腹腔积液等)风险者。本研究通过昆明医科大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

本组男 7 例,女 4 例;年龄 15~36 岁,平均 23.7 岁。左侧 7 例,右侧 4 例。致伤原因:交通事故伤 8 例,高处坠落伤 3 例。入院后患者均接受手法复位治疗,关节脱位至手法复位时间为 2~8 h,平均 5.3 h;复位后 X 线片检查提示髋关节半脱位,骨块卡锁于关节腔内;CT 检查显示骨块来源于髋臼后壁。患者均存在髋关节疼痛、功能受限症状。首次手法复位至关节镜手术时间为 6~31 d,平均 12.8 d。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(5.2±0.9)分,美国西部 Ontario 与 McMaster 大学骨关节炎指数评分(WOMAC)为(30±5)分,改良 Harris 评分为(32±8)分。患者术前一般资料详见表1

表 1.

Clinical data of the patients

患者临床资料

病例
Case
性别
Gender
年龄(岁)
Age (years)
损伤部位
Lesion
关节脱位至手法
复位时间(h)
The interval between hip
dislocation and the manual
reduction (hours)
首次手法复位至关节镜
手术时间(d)
The interval between the first
manual reduction and
arthroscopic surgery (days)
使用锚钉数量
Number of the anchors
手术时间(min)
Operative time (minutes)
1 18 6 10 3 120
2 15 5 12 4 115
3 21 5 6 3 135
4 19 6 15 3 100
5 25 8 31 3 150
6 29 2 8 3 90
7 36 4 10 4 100
8 24 4 12 3 120
9 26 6 8 3 130
10 20 5 9 4 130
11 28 7 20 3 140

1.2. 手术方法

所有手术均由同一高年资医生完成。全麻下,患者取仰卧位,常规患肢牵引,髋关节适当内收、内旋,牵引质量以关节腔牵开 8~10 mm 为佳,足部用厚棉垫保护以防压疮。C 臂 X 线机定位穿刺点,首先建立外侧及前外侧入路,置入 30° 关节镜(Smith&Nephew 公司,美国)。关节镜下,首先横形切开前外侧及后外侧关节囊,探查关节腔,清理滑膜,探查股骨及髋臼侧软骨,去除不稳定骨软骨块;本组 11 例患者均有圆韧带损伤,行清理术。探查卡锁于关节腔内的骨性盂唇,如骨块翻转需将其复位,复位困难时可适当增加牵引质量,复位后可见骨块均来源于髋臼后壁缺损。将骨面新鲜化后,分别于骨床两侧拧入 2.8 mm 或 3.5 mm 锚钉各 1 枚,利用锚钉缝合线将骨块连同盂唇一并缝合固定,单纯盂唇损伤以单排锚钉缝合固定。术中使用锚钉 3 枚 8 例、4 枚 3 例。探查骨块固定可靠后,清理关节腔,确保关节腔内无组织残留。放松牵引,探查并清理关节外周室。

1.3. 术后处理

术后第 1 天开始行踝泵练习,第 1 周开始行髋关节各方向主、被动功能练习,术后 3 个月内患肢避免负重。6 个月后影像学复查示骨块已愈合及无明显骨缺血性坏死等并发症后,可开始正常生活及运动。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS22.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

本组手术时间 90~150 min,平均 120.9 min;无坐骨神经损伤、腹腔积液等髋关节镜手术并发症发生。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间 26~68 个月,平均 42.7 个月。术后 X 线片复查示患者髋关节均完全复位,CT 提示髋臼后壁骨块复位良好;末次随访时骨块已完全愈合,无股骨头缺血性坏死及骨关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时,VAS 评分为(0.5±0.5)分,疼痛较术前明显减轻,差异有统计学意义(t=−25.733,P=0.000)。改良 Harris 评分为(94±5)分,WOMAC 评分为(95±4)分,均较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(t=−44.043,P=0.000;t=−56.369,P=0.000)。见表 1图 1

图 1.

A 28-year-old male patient with the left irreducible hip posterior dislocation

患者,男,28 岁,左侧难复性髋关节脱位

a. 复位前 X 线片; b. 手法复位后 X 线片;c. 手法复位后 CT 示关节腔内有游离骨块;d. 手法复位后三维 CT 示骨块来源于髋臼后壁;e. 关节镜下见盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤;f. 关节镜下盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤复位并固定后;g. 术后 2 d 切口外观;h. 术后 3 d X 线片;i. 术后 3 d 三维 CT 示骨块解剖复位;j. 术后 2 年 X 线片;k. 术后 2 年关节功能

a. X-ray film before manual reduction; b. X-ray film after manual reduction; c. CT showed that a bone fragment was in joint after manual reduction; d. Three-dimensional CT confirmed the bone fragment from the posterior acetabular wall; e. The labrum bony Bankart lesion was showed under arthroscopy; f. The arthroscopic image of labrum bony Bankart lesion after reduction and fixation; g. The incision at 2 days after operation; h. X-ray film at 3 days after operation; i. Three-dimensional CT showed the anatomical reduction of labrum bony Bankart lesion at 3 days after operation; j. X-ray film at 2 years after operation; k. Joint function at 2 years after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤引起的难复性髋关节后脱位罕见,其发生机制类似于肩关节脱位引起的肩盂骨性 Bankart 损伤。髋关节脱位后造成髋臼盂唇损伤,髋关节复位过程中,脱位的股骨头将损伤的盂唇挤压到关节腔内造成难复性髋关节脱位。Chun 等[7]报道 1 例儿童髋臼盂唇损伤引起的难复性髋关节后脱位,术中切除盂唇后发现其附带髋臼骨软骨块。之后陆续有文献报道将关节镜用于治疗髋关节脱位病例,术中发现关节腔内有类似游离体[8-12]。既往报道的类似病例大多选择切除损伤的盂唇(包括盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤),术后髋关节也能获得良好复位[13-14]。但随着对髋臼盂唇研究的不断深入,越来越多学者认识到盂唇的重要性,因此主张对损伤的盂唇行缝合修补或重建。有报道如后壁缺损超过 25%~30% 会明显影响髋臼稳定性,因此需要重建髋臼后壁,恢复其完整性[15]

大量研究表明,髋关节镜下盂唇修补术可获得良好疗效。Ilizaliturri 等[16]对 17 例髋关节脱位后顽固疼痛患者实施关节镜手术,术中见患者均有不同程度盂唇损伤,通过修补或部分切除损伤盂唇,均获得了良好效果。Cross 等[17]于 2010 年报道 1 例髋关节脱位导致的髋臼前后盂唇损伤,关节镜下行盂唇缝合修补术,也获得了良好效果。但目前关节镜应用于难复性髋关节后脱位的报道很少。Svoboda 等[18]于 2003 年报道 1 例髋关节后脱位后关节腔内残留骨块的患者,行关节镜下骨块取出术,获得了良好效果。因此,他们认为髋关节镜是一个安全且有效的技术。对于盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤导致的难复性髋关节后脱位,有学者报道行后入路切开关节复位并骨块复位固定术,效果满意。但该术式创伤较大,发生股骨头缺血性坏死风险高[19-21]。关节镜下盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤复位并缝合固定的相关报道极少,经查询仅 Stabile 等[22]于 2014 年报道 1 例患者,该患者为髋关节后脱位导致的带骨块的髋臼盂唇桶柄样撕裂,经关节镜下髋臼盂唇复位固定术治疗恢复满意关节功能。

本组均于关节镜下复位固定盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤,术后髋关节及骨块均复位良好;末次随访时患者髋关节功能均明显改善,骨折完全愈合,无股骨头缺血性坏死或骨关节炎等并发症发生,说明该技术可行有效。我们认为手术过程中需注意以下事项:① 骨块复位时需加大牵引质量,充分牵开关节腔;② 采用双排锚钉捆扎技术固定骨块,单排锚钉无法实现解剖复位及可靠固定。

综上述,盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤导致的难复性髋关节后脱位临床少见,关节镜下复位固定盂唇骨性 Bankart 损伤,创伤小、恢复快、并发症少,疗效满意。但本组患者较少,随访时间较短,而且未与骨块切除治疗患者进行比较研究。因此需增加病例数及延长随访时间,明确该技术远期疗效。同时,还需对锚钉固定的生物力学进行基础研究,以支持临床应用。

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