Skip to main content
Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Jun;33(6):698–706. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201812097

小切口技术在胸腰椎结核前路手术中的应用

Application of small incision approach in anterior surgery of thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis

Jiandang SHI 1,*, Jinwen He 2,, Ningkui NIU 1, Zongqiang YANG 1, Haifeng YUAN 1, Huiqiang DING 1
PMCID: PMC8355773  PMID: 31197996

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the value of small incision approach in the anterior surgery of thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis.

Methods

A clinical data of 65 patients with thoracic or lumbar spinal tuberculosis treated with posterior-anterior surgery between January 2015 and January 2018 was retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into small incision group (group A, 29 patients) and traditional incision group (group B, 36 patients) according to the length of anterior incision. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, disease duration, segment of lesion, American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) grading, preoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Cobb angle of spinal kyphosis between 2 groups (P>0.05). The length of anterior incision, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, postoperative hospitalization time, ESR, and CRP were recorded and compared. The VAS score was used to evaluate the pain after operation. The Cobb angles in patients with spinal kyphosis were measured and the loss of angle and correction rate of angle were calculated. The result of bone graft fusion was assessed according to the Bridwell standard.

Results

The length of anterior incision, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospitalization time of group A were all significantly less than those of group B (P<0.05). All patients in both groups were followed up 12-29 months (mean, 20 months). There were 4 cases (13.8%) and 14 cases (38.9%) of postoperative complications in groups A and B respectively, showing significant difference (χ2=5.050, P=0.025). The ESR and CRP in 2 groups all returned to normal at 6 months after operation, and there was no significant difference in ESR and CRP between 2 groups at 3 months, 6 months, and last follow-up (P>0.05). At last follow-up, the neurological function of patient with neurological symptoms was significantly better than that before operation, and there was no significant difference between 2 groups (Z=0.167, P=0.868). The VAS scores of 2 groups at each time point after operation were significantly lower than those before operation (P<0.05); the VAS score in group A was significantly lower than that in group B (t=−2.317,P=0.024) at 1 day after operation, but there was no significant difference between 2 groups (t=−0.862,P=0.392) at last follow-up. Among the patients with kyphosis, the Cobb angle was significantly decreased at 1 day after operation and last follow-up when compared with preoperative angle (P<0.05); but there was no significant difference between 1 day after operation and last follow-up (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in Cobb angle, loss of angle, and correction rate between 2 groups after operation (P>0.05). The bone graft healed well at last follow-up in 2 groups. There was no significant difference in bone graft fusion rate between 2 groups at 6 months after operation, 1 year after operation, and last follow-up (P>0.05). At last follow-up, all patients cured, and no recurrence occurred.

Conclusion

In the anterior surgery of thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis, the application of small incision approach can achieve the similar effectiveness as traditional incision surgery with the advantages of minimally invasive, less complications, and quick recovery.

Keywords: Thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis, anterior surgery, small incision, debridement, minimally invasive


脊柱结核是结核病菌全身感染的局部表现,约有 4% 的结核病累及骨与关节系统,脊柱结核占 50%~70%[1-2]。结核病灶累及脊柱常引起局部骨质破坏、脊柱失稳、后凸畸形、椎旁或椎管内脓肿形成,严重者甚至会造成截瘫,危害极大[3]。对骨质破坏重、椎旁脓肿范围大、脊柱后凸畸形严重、脊髓神经受压的患者需要手术干预[4]。手术方法包括病灶清除、椎管减压、植骨融合、器械内固定以及脊柱畸形矫正[5]。其中彻底清除病灶与重建脊柱稳定性至关重要,由于大部分结核病灶都位于椎体的前、中柱,因此选择从前路进行病灶清除,效果满意[6]。但传统前路手术切口长达 20~35 cm,手术创伤大、术后并发症多,而脊柱结核为消耗性疾病,患者大多体质较弱,部分患者难以耐受手术。

如何减小前路手术创伤,学者们进行了不同方向的探索[7-8]。由于脊柱结核累及单节段多见,其次是连续 2 个节段[9],受益于斜外侧椎间融合术(oblique lateral interbody fusion,OLIF)[10]的启发,我科对传统手术切口进行改良,提出前路手术小切口技术,切口长度仅为传统切口的 1/4(6~10 cm),明显减小了手术创伤以及术中损伤毗邻结构的风险。现回顾分析自 2015 年采用前路小切口手术治疗的胸腰椎结核患者临床资料,以传统切口手术作为对照,探讨小切口技术在胸腰椎结核前路手术中的应用价值。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 胸腰椎结核,采用后前路联合手术治疗;② 结核病灶主要位于椎体前、中柱,椎弓根及附件无破坏,评估可以从后路植钉;③ 结核病灶累及单节段或连续 2 个节段,不超过连续 3 个椎体;④ 合并椎旁脓肿、腰大肌脓肿,且脓肿比较局限;⑤ 脓肿或死骨主要位于椎管前方,压迫脊髓或神经根,需行前路减压。排除标准:① 一般情况差,术前合并其他系统严重并发症,对后前路联合手术耐受差者;② 病灶累及范围广,椎旁流注脓肿范围大,小切口难以彻底清除者;③ 活动期脊柱结核严重后凸畸形,需要截骨矫形者;④ 有胸、腹部手术史致手术入路瘢痕、粘连严重者;⑤ 合并严重骨质疏松症者。

2015 年 1 月—2018 年 1 月共 65 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,根据选择的前路手术切口将患者分为小切口手术组(A 组 29 例)和传统切口手术组(B 组 36 例)。本研究经宁夏医科大学总医院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均知情同意。

1.2. 一般资料

A 组:男 12 例,女 17 例;年龄 14~77 岁,平均 48.6 岁。病程 0.5~20.0 个月,平均 6.2 个月。病变节段:单节段 26 例,包括胸椎 5 例、腰椎 17 例、胸腰段(T12、L1)4 例;双节段 3 例,均为胸椎结核。脊髓神经功能按美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级:C 级 1 例,D 级 11 例,E 级 17 例。合并脊柱后凸畸形 11 例。

B 组:男 17 例,女 19 例;年龄 18~81 岁,平均 48.4 岁。病程 0.5~24.0 个月,平均 7.9 个月。病变节段:单节段 32 例,包括胸椎 7 例、腰椎 16 例、胸腰段(T12、L1)6 例、腰骶段(L5、S1)3 例;双节段 4 例,包括胸椎 3 例、腰骶段(L4~S1)1 例。脊髓神经功能按 ASIA 分级:A 级 1 例,C 级 3 例,D 级 13 例,E 级 19 例。合并脊柱后凸畸形 16 例。

两组患者性别、年龄、病程、病变节段、脊髓神经功能 ASIA 分级及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C 反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、脊柱后凸 Cobb 角等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 14

表 1.

Comparison of ESR between the two groups at pre- and post-operation (mm/1 h, Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点 ESR 比较(mm/1 h, Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
术前
Preoperative
术后 3 个月
Three months after operation
术后 6 个月
Six months after operation
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05,与术后 6 个月比较 P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 3 months, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 6 months, P<0.05
A 29 37.79±14.84# 14.17±9.00* 10.20±8.26*# 6.96±4.67*# F= 6.615
P= 0.002
B 36 39.55±21.14# 15.91±9.77* 11.58±6.87*# 7.55±3.14*# F=12.362
P= 0.000
统计值
Statistic
t=–0.380
P= 0.706
t=–0.740
P= 0.462
t=–0.733
P= 0.466
t=–0.606
P= 0.546

表 4.

Comparison of Cobb angles between the two groups at pre- and post-operation ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点病变椎体 Cobb 角比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
Cobb 角(°)
Cobb angle (°)
角度丢失(°)
Loss of angle (°)
矫正率(%)
Correction rate (%)
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 d
One day after operation
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 1 d 比较 P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 day, P<0.05
A 11 22.10±3.91# 10.75±1.55* 12.91±1.45* F=60.353
P= 0.000
2.16±0.27 50.91±3.83
B 16 23.85±5.46# 11.38±1.94* 13.71±1.80* F=57.159
P= 0.000
2.32±0.57 51.63±3.87
统计值
Statistic
t=–0.912
P= 0.371
t=–0.896
P= 0.379
t=–1.220
P= 0.234
t=–1.014
P= 0.321
χ2=0.020
P=0.887

1.3. 术前准备

术前口服四联抗结核药物异烟肼 0.3 g/d、利福平 0.45 g/d、吡嗪酰胺 0.75 g/d、乙胺丁醇 0.75 g/d 治疗 2~4 周,评估患者 ESR、CRP 呈下降趋势,肝肾功能无明显异常后手术。完善影像学检查,包括 X 线片、CT、增强 MRI 等。

1.4. 手术方法

两组手术均由同一术者完成。一期行后路单纯内固定术,待患者身体条件恢复良好后(2 周以上),二期行前路病灶清除、植骨融合术。

1.4.1. 后路单纯内固定术

两组患者后路手术操作一致。于全麻下取俯卧位,以病变节段为中心行后正中纵切口,依次切开皮肤、皮下、筋膜,在棘突旁锐性剥离椎旁肌,显露病变节段椎体棘突、椎板、关节突及横突。定位椎弓钉进针点,依次钻孔、探壁,拧入椎弓根螺钉,透视螺钉位置满意。根据病灶破坏特点,选择单节段、短节段或长节段固定。选用 2 根合适长度固定棒,塑形、植入并撑开复位固定,后凸畸形矫正。置入引流管 2 根并固定,逐层关闭手术切口。

1.4.2. 前路病灶清除、植骨融合术

A 组:取病变严重侧入路。透视下定位病灶,精准选择入路。① 胸椎结核:上段胸椎(T4~T8)结核采用肋间隙入路,肋间隙定位比病变中心胸椎提高 1 个肋骨平面,切口长 7~10 cm。下段胸椎(T9~T11)结核采用肋骨切除入路,以病变椎体为中心提高 2 个肋骨平面,于椎旁约 8 cm 处斜形切开,作一长 7~10 cm 的切口。② 胸腰段(T12、L1)结核:采用前外侧第 11 肋切除入路,自第 11 肋骨角至肋骨尖,切口长 8~10 cm。以 T12、L1 椎间隙作为参考,病灶靠上(本组 2 例)切除部分肋骨,胸膜外入路,病灶靠下(本组 2 例)则切开腹壁 3 层肌肉。③ 腰椎结核:L1、L2 采用前外侧第 12 肋切除入路,自第 12 肋骨角至肋骨尖,长约 8 cm,经腹膜外显露腰大肌。L2~L4 取倒“八”字切口,长 6~8 cm。如有腰大肌脓肿(本组 9 例),先沿腰大肌脓肿切开,显露病变椎体及椎间盘。本组使用 Synframe 拉钩系统辅助显露 17 例,克氏针阻挡技术辅助显露 5 例,改良克氏针阻挡拉钩系统辅助显露 5 例,传统前路手术使用拉钩辅助显露 1 例,类似于极外侧椎间融合(extreme lateral interbody fusion,XLIF)或 OLIF 技术中的通道辅助显露 1 例。见图 1

图 1.

The five instruments used in the small incision approach in group A

A 组术中使用的 5 种小切口辅助显露工具

a. Synframe 拉钩系统;b. 克氏针阻挡技术;c. 改良克氏针阻挡拉钩系统;d. 传统前路手术使用拉钩;e. 类似于 OLIF 或 XLIF 技术中的通道

a. Synframe system; b. Kirschner wires which was used to block peripheral tissues; c. A modified retractor based on Kirschner wire; d. Traditional anterior retractor; e. A channel similar to that in oblique lateral interbody fusion or extreme lateral interbody fusion

图 1

B 组:采用传统切口、常规器械操作。① 胸椎结核(T4~T11):患者取侧卧位,采用经胸入路;以病变为中心,切除肋骨开胸,切口长 20~35 cm,清理并缝扎病变部位节段血管,显露病变椎体及椎间盘。② 胸腰段(T12、L1)结核:患者取侧卧位,胸腹联合入路,切口长 20~35 cm,切除第 12 肋,将胸膜推开,切开腹壁 3 层肌肉,胸膜及腹膜外显露病椎。③ 腰椎结核:患者取侧卧位,上腰椎(L1、L2)采用肾切口,下腰椎(L3~L5)采用倒“八”字切口腹膜外入路,切口长 20~30 cm,分离腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横肌纤维,向内侧钝性分离后腹膜,显露病灶组织。

两组病灶清除、植骨融合操作相同。术中探查椎旁脓肿,空针穿刺有无脓液流出,依次处理相应节段血管。根据术前三维重建 CT 计划的切除范围,切除病变椎间盘组织、椎体病灶至创面有新鲜渗血,刮除椎管后壁空洞病灶,清理椎管内结核肉芽及脓液。取切口同侧髂嵴弧形切口长 5 cm,根据之前测量的植骨窗骨缺损大小凿取相应长度髂骨块。将取下的髂骨块修剪后严实打压植于骨缺损处,探查硬膜囊无压迫,植骨块无松动。留置引流管,关闭切口。

1.5. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后根据患者术中出血量、术后生命体征、麻醉复苏情况,决定是否转重症监护病房加强治疗。术后观察患者双下肢感觉和运动状况。3 周后可佩戴支具下地,支具佩戴 2~3 个月。术后继续口服抗结核药物至少 6 个月,用药期间定期复查 ESR、CRP、肝肾功能以及病变部位 X 线片、CT、MRI,根据门诊复查情况调整药物化疗方案。

记录并比较两组前路手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症发生情况;术前及术后 3、6 个月和末次随访时的 ESR、CRP。术前、术后 1 d、末次随访时采用 VAS 评分评价疼痛恢复情况;测量脊柱后凸患者病变椎体 Cobb 角,并计算 Cobb 角角度丢失及矫正率,其中角度丢失为末次随访与术后 1 d 的 Cobb 角差值,矫正率=(术前 Cobb 角−末次随访时 Cobb 角)/术前 Cobb 角×100%。术后 6 个月、1 年及末次随访时根据 Bridwell 植骨融合标准[11]评定植骨融合情况。末次随访采用 ASIA 分级评价神经功能恢复情况。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS22.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,组内各时间点间比较采用重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用 LSD-t 检验;计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用 χ2检验;等级资料组间比较采用秩和检验。检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

A 组患者的前路手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间均显著小于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 5。两组患者均获随访,随访时间 12~29 个月,平均 20 个月。A 组 4 例(13.8%)患者出现术后并发症,其中肺部感染 3 例次,胸腔积液 4 例次,肺不张 3 例次,气胸 1 例次。B 组 14 例(38.9%)患者出现术后并发症,其中肺部感染 6 例次,胸腔积液 6 例次,肺不张 4 例次,切口感染或切口脂肪液化 4 例次,气胸 1 例次,尿路感染 1 例次,切口感染并发脓毒症、血培养阳性 2 例次。两组术后并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.050,P=0.025)。

表 5.

Comparison of length of incision, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospitalization time of anterior approach surgery between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者前路手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
切口长度(cm)
Length of incision (cm)
手术时间(h)
Operation time (hours)
术中出血量(mL)
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
住院时间(d)
Hospitalization time (days)
A 29 8.12±1.90 2.03±0.54 243.10±139.33 7.93±2.85
B 36 29.02±5.83 2.45±0.46 369.44±165.30 14.47±6.97
统计值
Statistic
t=–20.206
P= 0.000
t=–3.355
P= 0.001
t=–3.281
P= 0.002
t=–5.118
P= 0.000

两组术后 6 个月时 ESR 和 CRP 均降至正常范围,两组术后各时间点 ESR 和 CRP 与术前比较以及术后各时间点间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后各时间点两组间 ESR 和 CRP 比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 12

表 2.

Comparison of CRP between the two groups at pre- and post-operation (mg/L, Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点 CRP 比较(mg/L, Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
术前
Preoperative
术后 3 个月
Three months after operation
术后 6 个月
Six months after operation
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05,与术后 6 个月比较 P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 3 months, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 6 months, P<0.05
A 29 20.88±15.47# 2.41±1.05* 1.54±0.76*# 1.16±0.77*# F=15.481
P= 0.000
B 36 22.06±23.59# 2.77±1.31* 1.84±0.62*# 1.35±0.63*# F=22.415
P= 0.000
统计值
Statistic
t=–0.232
P= 0.818
t=–1.210
P= 0.231
t=–1.731
P= 0.088
t=–1.137
P= 0.260

两组患者末次随访时神经功能均明显恢复,A 组 1 例术前 ASIA 分级为 C 级者恢复至 D 级,11 例术前 D 级恢复至 E 级;B 组 1 例术前 A 级恢复至 C 级,2 例术前 C 级恢复至 D 级,1 例术前 C 级恢复至 E 级,13 例术前 D 级恢复至 E 级。两组末次随访时神经恢复情况比较差异无统计学意义(Z=0.167,P=0.868)。两组术后 1 d 和末次随访时 VAS 评分均较术前下降,末次随访时较术后 1 d 下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A 组术后 1 d VAS 评分显著低于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(t=−2.317,P=0.024),但末次随访时两组 VAS 评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=−0.862,P=0.392)。见表 3

表 3.

Comparison of VAS scores between the two groups at pre- and post-operation ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点 VAS 评分比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 d
One day after operation
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 1 d 比较 P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 day, P<0.05
A 29 6.31±1.16# 4.55±0.73* 1.24±0.87*# F=216.050
P= 0.000
B 36 6.22±1.09# 4.94±0.63* 1.44±0.99*# F=254.145
P= 0.000
统计值
Statistic
t= 0.313
P= 0.756
t=–2.317
P= 0.024
t=–0.862
P= 0.392

两组脊柱后凸畸形患者术后 Cobb 角均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后 1 d 与末次随访比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后各时间点 Cobb 角以及角度丢失和矫正率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 4。两组患者末次随访时植骨全部达骨性融合,术后各时间点两组间植骨融合率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 6。末次随访时两组患者结核病灶均治愈,无复发。见图 23

表 6.

Comparison of bone graft fusion rates between the two groups at different time points after operation (%)

两组患者术后各时间点植骨融合率比较(%)

组别
Group
例数
n
术后 6 个月
Six months after
operation
术后 1 年
One year after
operation
末次随访
Last follow-up
A 29 23(79.3) 27(93.1) 29(100)
B 36 29(80.6) 33(91.7) 36(100)
统计值
Statistic
χ2=0.016
P=0.901
χ2=0.000
P=1.000
χ2=0.000
P=1.000

图 2.

A 53-year-old female patient with T10, 11 tuberculosis in group A

A 组患者,女,53 岁,T1011 椎体结核

a~c. 术前 X 线片、CT、MRI 示 T1011 椎间隙狭窄、椎体骨质破坏,周围软组织增厚,椎旁寒性脓肿形成;d、e. 前路手术切口长度为 7 cm;f、g. 术后即刻 X 线片、CT 示病灶彻底清除,植骨块位置良好;h~j. 术后 1 年 X 线片、CT、MRI 示内固定物位置良好,椎间植骨融合,结核病灶治愈

a-c. Preoperative X-ray film, CT, and MRI showed narrow intervertebral space at T10, 11, bone destruction of the vertebrae, swelling in paravertebral soft tissues, and paravertebral abscess; d, e. The length of incision was 7 cm; f, g. X-ray film and CT at immediate after operation showed radical debridement of the lesion, and the satisfied position of bone graft; h-j. X-ray film, CT, and MRI at 1 year after operation showed the good internal fixation position, interbody fusion, and tuberculosis healing

图 2

图 3.

A 24-year-old male patient with L3, 4 tuberculosis in group A

A 组患者,男,24 岁,L34 椎体结核

a~c. 术前 X 线、CT、MRI 示 L3 椎体形态异常,边缘毛糙,骨质破坏,L34 椎间隙狭窄;d、e. 前路手术切口长度为 7.5 cm;f、g. 术后即刻 CT、MRI 示病灶完全清除,植骨块位置良好;h、i. 术后 6 个月 CT、MRI 示椎间植骨基本达骨性融合,椎体信号接近正常;j. 术后 2 年 X 线片示椎间植骨达骨性融合

a-c. Preoperative X-ray film, CT, and MRI showed abnormal shape of L3, the rough margin of vertebrae that was the sign of bone destruction, stenosis at L3, 4 intervertebral space, and formation of paravertebral abscess; d, e. The length of incision was 7.5 cm; f, g. X-ray film, CT, and MRI at immediate after operation showed radical debridement of lesion, the good position of bone graft; h, i. CT and MRI at 6 months after operation showed that the intervertebral bone graft almost achieved fusion, and the signal of vertebral body was closed to normal; j. X-ray film at 2 years after operation showed that the intervertebral bone graft achieved fusion

图 3

3. 讨论

脊柱结核的手术治疗已趋成熟,加之抗结核药物的应用,大多数患者能够取得满意疗效[12]。脊柱结核手术入路有前路、后路、后前路联合等[13]。前路手术能够直接显露椎体及椎旁病灶,因此从前路进行病灶清除、植骨融合的疗效是其他入路无法比拟的。前路也可完成器械内固定,但内固定强度逊于后路[6]。后路手术内固定比较牢靠,经后路也可以到达椎间隙和椎体的前外侧柱[14],但较难完全清除椎体前方的病灶组织,也较难重建脊柱的前柱。后前路联合手术是先行后路内固定,再行前路病灶清除、支撑植骨术,结合了后路和前路手术各自的优点。对合并轻度后凸畸形的患者,也可以通过后方椎弓根钉棒系统撑开固定和前中柱支撑植骨,达到满意的矫形效果,因此后前路联合手术的适应证十分广泛[13]。但其不足在于需要两次手术,创伤大,术后并发症多。

使用病椎间固定可以显著减少后路手术的创伤[15],但前路手术的创伤较大。在传统前路手术中,因考虑术中显露不够充分,病灶清除不够彻底,仍然采用较长的手术切口,这也受限于手术技术和工具。目前通过各种工具辅助的“小切口技术”在胸腰椎退变性疾病的前路手术中已有应用[16]。基于对彻底病灶清除术的研究,我们认为将单节段和连续 2 个节段的脊柱结核纳入小切口手术可行。小切口下进行病灶清除和植骨融合,视野小,操作空间小,对术者技术有一定要求,国内已有相关报道[17-18]。但主要不足在于研究纳入病例相对较少,鲜有临床对照研究,也缺乏对胸、腰椎结核的系统性研究。鉴于此,我们进行了前路小切口手术的研究。

本研究进一步验证了单节段或连续 2 个节段的胸腰椎结核采用前路小切口显露的可行性、有效性。本组前路开胸手术切口长度为 7~10 cm,经腹膜外腰椎前路手术切口长度为 6~8 cm,手术创伤明显减小。小切口下操作空间相对较小,难以像传统切口那样方便地进行结扎止血,如果术中小切口下止血困难,需要适当延长切口。目前小切口技术的关键在于病灶的显露,传统切口中使用的显露工具包括 S 钩、压肠板、肋骨撑开器、深部拉钩等,这些工具也可在小切口下使用,辅助撑开工具与拉钩的应用可显著减小术野显露难度。

本研究中用到的小切口辅助显露系统有:① Synframe 拉钩系统:该拉钩系统由 Aebi 等[19]在 2000 年研发并报道,可以进行腰椎、胸椎甚至颈椎手术,在胸腰椎前路手术中应用广泛[20-21]。本研究中发现应用 Synframe 拉钩系统可以达到对胸腰椎结核前路病灶的满意显露,节省了人力并提高了手术效率。② 克氏针阻挡技术:将克氏针插在病灶上下缘的正常椎体上,可以起到阻挡周围软组织的作用,尤其是腹膜外入路。但单枚克氏针较细,阻挡效果有限。③ 改良克氏针阻挡拉钩系统:该系统在克氏针基础上增加 1 个宽约 2 cm 的深部拉钩,可以增加阻挡的强度和面积。后期我们拟对该拉钩系统进行改良,采用类似 Synframe 拉钩系统中的圆环将其连接。④ 传统前路手术使用拉钩:传统手术中应用的窄压肠板、小 S 钩、腹壁拉钩、肋骨撑开器、深部拉钩等也可以辅助显露,但传统拉钩体积较大,占据了一定的工作通道,切口需要适当延长。⑤ 类似于 XLIF[22]或 OLIF[23]技术中的通道:该通道自带光源,可以满足小切口下操作的条件,我们尝试采用该通道进行前路植骨操作,但因为通道孔径较小,实际应用效果有限。

我们认为前路小切口技术的适应证是病灶累及范围比较小(T4~L4 水平,累及连续 1~2 个运动单元,脓肿范围相对局限者),不适用于结核病变累及超过 2 个运动单元、椎旁脓肿范围大、小切口完全显露困难者,而过度肥胖、术前有胸腹部手术史致瘢痕粘连的患者则属于相对禁忌。小切口技术的要点在于精确定位病灶,合理选择手术切口,直达病变部位,在满意显露病灶的同时尽量缩短手术切口长度。需要注意的是,“小切口”不代表“微创”,如果单纯追求减小手术切口,术野显露困难,拉钩力度增大,出血难以有效控制,手术难度增大,反而增加了手术创伤。因此可以应用辅助撑开工具与拉钩系统。

综上述,前路小切口技术是对减小胸腰椎结核前路手术创伤的有益探索,相比传统前路开放手术,前路小切口手术可以达到相对“微创”的效果。严格把握手术适应证,前路小切口手术能够达到和传统切口手术相似的治疗效果,并且手术创伤明显减小,术后疼痛轻,并发症少,恢复快。但本研究也存在一定局限性,属于回顾性病例对照、单中心、小样本研究。因此,需要在扩充病例资料的基础上进行前瞻性、随机对照研究,使结论更具有说服力。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金资助项目(81760399)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81760399)

References

  • 1.Moon MS Tuberculosis of spine: current views in diagnosis and management. Asian Spine J. 2014;8(1):97–111. doi: 10.4184/asj.2014.8.1.97. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Dunn RN, Ben Husien M Spinal tuberculosis: review of current management. Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B(4):425–431. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-1040.R1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Zhang Z, Luo F, Zhou Q, et al The outcomes of chemotherapy only treatment on mild spinal tuberculosis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13018-016-0385-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Tang MX, Zhang HQ, Wang YX, et al Treatment of spinal tuberculosis by debridement, interbody fusion and internal fixation via posterior approach only. Orthop Surg. 2016;8(1):89–93. doi: 10.1111/os.12228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Yang P, Zang Q, Kang J, et al Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety among three surgical approaches for the treatment of spinal tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(12):3862–3874. doi: 10.1007/s00586-016-4546-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Shi JD, Wang Q, Wang ZL Primary issues in the selection of surgical procedures for thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis. Orthop Surg. 2014;6(4):259–268. doi: 10.1111/os.12140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.彭兴剑, 柯珍勇, 汪洋, 等 脊柱结核微创治疗进展. 中国矫形外科杂志. 2017;25(5):448–451. [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Verdu-Lopez F, Vanaclocha-Vanaclocha V, Gozalbes-Esterelles L, et al Minimally invasive spine surgery in spinal infections. J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(2):45–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Jain AK Tuberculosis of the spine: a fresh look at an old disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2010;92(7):905–913. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.92B7.24668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Mehren C, Korge A Minimally invasive anterior oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) Eur Spine J. 2016;25(Suppl 4):471–472. doi: 10.1007/s00586-016-4465-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, McEnery KW, et al Anterior fresh frozen structural allografts in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Do they work if combined with posterior fusion and instrumentation in adult patients with kyphosis or anterior column defects? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20(12):1410–1418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.高永建, 欧云生, 权正学, 等 胸腰椎脊柱结核外科治疗的研究进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志. 2018;33(1):112–117. [Google Scholar]
  • 13.王自立, 施建党 胸、腰椎脊柱结核手术方式选择的基本问题. 中华骨科杂志. 2014;34(2):232–239. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2014.02.021. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Shi JD, Wang ZL, Geng GQ, et al Intervertebral focal surgery for the treatment of non-contiguous multifocal spinal tuberculosis. Int Orthop. 2012;36(7):1423–1427. doi: 10.1007/s00264-011-1478-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.施建党, 刘园园, 王骞, 等 病椎固定治疗胸、腰椎结核的疗效分析. 中华骨科杂志. 2016;36(11):681–690. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2016.11.005. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Mayer HM A new microsurgical technique for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22(6):691–699. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199703150-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.应小樟, 郑琦, 石仕元, 等 前路小切口病灶清除联合后路内固定治疗腰椎结核. 中国骨伤. 2016;29(6):517–521. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0034.2016.06.008. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.费骏, 胡金平, 胡胜平, 等 经第 11 肋腹膜外改良小切口治疗腰椎 1~2 结核的疗效分析. 中国防痨杂志. 2017;39(4):370–377. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2017.04.012. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Aebi M, Steffen T Synframe: a preliminary report. Eur Spine J. 2000;9 Suppl 1:S44–S50. doi: 10.1007/PL00010021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Karn NK, Rao BS, Prabhakar MM Minimal invasive anterior decompression in tuberculosis of thoracolumbar junction of the spine—experience with SynFrame. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2009;48(175):262–264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.赵凤东, 苏优乐图, 倪东亮, 等 小切口经腹膜外前路腰椎椎间融合术治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症. 中华骨科杂志. 2014;34(3):258–264. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2014.03.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ozgur BM, Aryan HE, Pimenta L, et al Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine J. 2006;6(4):435–443. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2005.08.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Xu DS, Walker CT, Godzik J, et al Minimally invasive anterior, lateral, and oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(6):104. doi: 10.21037/atm. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

RESOURCES