Table 4.
Provision of KMC to both trial arms, with measures of intervention adherence.
| Standard care (N = 141) | Early KMC (N = 138) | |
|---|---|---|
| Received KMC at any time during admission, No (%) | 109 (77) | 136 (99) |
| Age at starting KMC (h), median (IQR) | 104·5 (73·4 – 166·1) | 15·2 (10·7 – 22·0) |
| Started KMC within 24 h of admission, No (%) | 0 (0) | 119 (86) |
| Time from admission to first KMC (h), median (IQR) | 101·1 (71.·8 – 165·1) | 12 (7·4 – 17·9) |
| First person to provide KMC, No (%) | ||
| Mother | 98/109 (90) | 73/136 (54) |
| Aunt | 5/109 (5) | 33/136 (24) |
| Grandmother | 6/109 (6) | 24/136 (18) |
| Other | 0/109 (0) | 6/136 (4) |
| Day 1: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0 (0 – 0) | 8.9 (5·4 – 11·7) |
| Day 2: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0 (0 – 0) | 7·4 (4·2 – 10·6) |
| Day 3: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0 (0 – 0·1) | 7·3 (2·6 – 10·5) |
| Day 4: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0 (0 – 1·1) | 6·8 (3·0 – 10·0) |
| Day 5: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0 (0 – 3·0) | 6·8 (1·8 – 9·5) |
| Day 6: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 0·7 (0 – 3·5) | 5·8 (1·4 – 9·6) |
| Day 7: Duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 1·8 (0 – 6·0) | 4·0 (0 – 9·2) |
| Total duration in KMC position (h), median (IQR) | 21·6 (1·4 – 63·8) | 66·8 (33·9 – 125·5) |
| Duration in KMC/day of enrolment (h), median (IQR)a | 2·1 (0·2 – 3·7) | 6·7 (4·3 – 8·5) |
| Days that ≥1 h of KMC provided, median (IQR) | 5 (1 – 10) | 9.5 (5 – 16) |
| Proportion discontinuing intervention, No (%) | NA | 46 (33·3) |
| Reason for discontinuation of intervention, No (%) | ||
| Severely unstableb | NA | 16/46 (35) |
| Isolated apnoea needing resuscitation | NA | 10/46 (22) |
| Severe jaundice | NA | 8/46 (17) |
| Recurrent hypoglycaemia | NA | 2/46 (4) |
| Severe abdominal distension | NA | 2/46 (4) |
| Otherc | NA | 8/46 (17) |
| Age at stopping intervention (days), median (IQR) | NA | 3·7 (1·6 – 6·2) |
| Proportion re-starting KMC once stability criteria met | 22/46 (48) | |
a. 11% (15/138) of the intervention arm and 0.7% (1/141) of the control arm spent >10 h/d in KMC position from enrolment to discharge or last study visit if admitted beyond 28d of age.
a. Severe instability defined as per protocol criteria18 and in Fig. 1.
b. Other reasons for discontinuation of the intervention were: seizures; omphalitis; neonatal skin infection; maternal skin infection; blood transfusion; non-severe presentation of infection; aspiration of milk; died (n = 1 each).
Abbreviations: CI = confidence intervals; h = hours; IQR = Interquartile range; KMC = kangaroo mother care; NA = Not available.