Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the results of patients applied with arthroscopic full layer total layer rotator cuff repair made according to the shape and size of the tear.
The study included a total of 120 patients applied with arthroscopic full layer rotator cuff repair as single or double row repair. The patients were separated into 3 groups of 40 according to the shape of the tear, as Group A (crescent type), Group B (U type), and Group C (L type).
The mean age of the whole sample was 66.68 ± 6.86 years (range, 50–81 years). A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of constant murley (CM), American shoulder and elbow surgeons score (ASES), and University of California Los Angeles score (UCLA) scores (P < .05). The scores of Group A of all the scales were found to be higher than those of Group C (P < .05). In single row and double row repair of small and medium-sized tears of all shapes, no significant difference was determined in respect of the CM and UCLA scores (P > .05).
No significant difference was determined between single and double row repair of crescent type tears of all sizes. In large U-shaped tears, the CM, ASES, and UCLA scores were determined to be high in double row repair.
Keywords: arthroscopic surgery, rotator cuff repair, rotator cuff tears, shoulder pain
1. Introduction
Rotator cuff tears are commonly seen in adults aged over 45 years, and they continue to be a common source of pain in the adult population. Rotator cuff tears have been reported to be seen in 25% of the population aged 60 years and in 50% of those aged 80 years.[1]
In 1944, McLaughlin first described a rotator cuff tear classification according to the geometric shape, which forms the basis of the classification in use today. Surgeons currently separate rotator cuff tears into 4 groups as crescent, U-shaped, L-shaped, and massive contracture.[2,3]
A crescent type tear has shorter medial-lateral length than anterior-posterior width. It may be fixed directly to the bone and has medial-lateral movement. Compared to crescent type tears, U-shaped tears extend more medially. The vertex of the tear is more medial and is generally attached to the glenoid edge. These tears are long and narrow and have greater medial -lateral depth than anterior-posterior width. Before tendon bone repair, side-to-side suturing is necessary to reduce tension. L-shaped tears are similar to U-shaped tears, but 1 side of the tear has more movement than the other. The apex of the L is repaired and the longitudinal split is usually sutured side-to-side. The fourth type of tear defined is a massive, retracted immobile tear, which cannot be repaired because there is no medial-lateral movement. It is estimated that >90% of rotator cuff tears fall into the first 3 categories. Of these, the crescent type and U-type are the most common.[4,5]
Successful repair of the rotator cuff tendon depends on several factors. Extrinsic factors include successful resoration of the footprint contact area, the quality of the tendon and bone, and for successful healing there must be compression of the tendon to an equal degree with the footprint, and limited movement. The intrinsic factors are weak tendon feeding, hypoxia, tendon atrophy, and fatty filtration of the rotator cuff muscles.[6–8]
Postoperative healing of the repaired tendon is strongly correlated with the functional outcome of the patient. Most research includes strategies to increase tendon healing. If the tendon tubercle is detached from the majus, the surgeon should restore bone relationship with the rotator cuff tendon. For this reason, the contact area between tendon and bone should be maximum. The underlying principle is all about the contact area. In this way, the repaired tendon heals successfully in terms of strength and functionality.
The double-row repair is traditionally performed using 4 suture anchors – two are placed in the most medial aspect of the exposed humeral tuberosity footprint, forming the medial row; the other 2 anchors are placed at the superior or lateral aspect of the greater tuberosity, depending on the extent of exposed tuberosity. With the single-row (SR) supraspinatus repair, 2 anchors are placed at the lateral edge of the footprint of the tendon's insertion[9,10] (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Illustraions of Single-Double Row Repair.
The single row technique is used as standard in arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears. However, in several studies, re-rupture and deficient tendon healing have been reported following this type of repair. There are studies reporting that rotator footprint is not covered at the rate of 52.7% after single row repair. It is also thought that a natural footprint tendon relationship is not provided after single row repair and this results in incomplete anatomic healing.[11–14]
Double row repair has been recommended as a means of increasing the contact area between the natural bone bed and the tendon. Theoretically, it is aimed to increase the tendon-bone coverage area with the help of medial and lateral anchors in this technique.[15,16]
By providing a larger coverage area, the double row technique can increase the mechanical strength of the tendon and thereby accelerate tendon healing. Very good results have been reported in arthroscopic repairs made with the double row technique, and some studies have stated that the double row technique is more advantageous anatomically and biomechanically.[17–22]
Nevertheless, full consensus has not been reached in literature. There are studies stating that neither technique has superiority over the other. Clinical superiority of the double row technique has not been shown as yet. Previous studies have found no clinically significant difference between the results of repairs made with the single row or double row technique.[23–26]
Although comprehensive studies have been made of the results of rotator cuff repair, there are very few studies related to the effect of the tear pattern and size on the functional results.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of repair made according to the shape and size of the tear in patients applied with arthroscopic full layer rotator cuff repair. There are studies in literature related to repair options made according to the size of the tear.[27] However, the clinical effect on the results of single or double row repair made according to both the geometric shape and the size of the tear has not been fully understood. In this study, it was investigated whether or not the repair technique should be selected according to the shape and size of the tear. By comparing all the tear sizes and shapes separately with each other, the results were evaluated in respect of shoulder scores.
2. Materials and methods
Ethical approval was obtained by T.R. Kayseri Erciyes University Ethics Committee 10/12/2019 No: 57. The study included a total of 120 patients applied with arthroscopic full layer rotator cuff repair as single or double row repair, comprising 69 (57.5%) females and 51 (42.5%) males, with a mean age of 66.68 ± 6.86 years (range, 50–81 years). All patients had severe shoulder pain and limited range of motion before the surgery.
Patients were excluded from the study if they had shoulder instability, degenerative arthritis in the glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicular pathology, tuberculum fracture, previous shoulder surgery because of a fracture, if arthroscopic repair was being applied again because of re-rupture after primary repair, massive contracture immobile tears, applied tenatomy or tenadosis due to biceps pathology, SLAP lesion and labrum tear, open rotator cuff repair, arthroscopic subscapularis repair, or cases with grade IV fatty degeneration according to the Goutallier classification. These patients were excluded from the study as they may affect the shoulder scores differently.
The patients were separated into 3 groups of 40 according to the shape of the tear. Group A comprised 11 small, 19 medium and 10 large crescent type tears, Group B comprised 10 small, 18 medium and 12 large U type tears, and Group C comprised 10 small, 20 medium and 10 large L type tears. In each group, repair was made with the single row technique to 20 patients and with the double row technique to 20. In all cases, acromial spurs determined during arthroscopy were lightly corrected with a burr.
On preoperative evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging and plain radiographs, the type of full layer rotator cuff tear was determined and the patients were prepared for surgery. Classification of the tear pattern (crescent, U, or L-shape) and size (small <1 cm, medium:1–3 cm, large:3–5 cm) was made from the operation report prepared as described previously by the surgeon. All the operation reports were examined by 2 orthopaedic surgeons. As very few reverse L-shaped and massive tears were determined, they were not included in the study.
The mean follow-up period of the whole study group was 24.2 months (range, 17–32 months). At the final follow-up examination, the patients were evaluated again with the constant murley (CM) score, the American shoulder and elbow surgeons score (ASES), the University of California Los Angeles score (UCLA) and the range of motion values. The range of motion values of flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation were measured with a goniometer. The muscle strength test was applied in anterior flexion using a manual muscle test device (Lafayette Muscle Test Device, USA). All the tests were applied by 2 orthopaedic surgeons at the final follow-up examination. Comparisons were made between the groups in respect of functional shoulder and pain scores.
2.1. Surgical technique
All the operations were performed under general anaesthesia with the patient in the beach-chair position. With entry first from the posterior portal, arthroscopic examination was made of the glenohumeral joint. Then, entering the subacromial space, the rotator cuff tear was visualized. Having determined the tear type, side-to-side sutures were used in U and L-shaped tears. The footprint was determined and the rotator cuff was compressed by applying a 4.5 mm titanium anchor (Arthrex , Smith & Nephew ) with SMC sliding knot, and single row repair was completed. In tears not fully closed, 2 medial anchors were used. In some cases, double row repair was made using a 4.5 mm pushLock anchor with the tension band method. Subacromial decompression was applied to all cases (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
(A) Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of full layer rotator cuff tear. (B) Arthroscopic view of lateral anchor application. (C) Arthroscopic view after repair.
The same postoperative patient follow-up protocol was applied to all the groups. Passive shoulder movements were started on postoperative day 1. For 6 weeks, an abduction-support shoulder-arm sling was applied and active shoulder movements were restricted. After 6 weeks, the sling was removed and a physical therapy program including active shoulder movements was applied to all the patients for 2 months. No complications were observed in any patient throughout the postoperative follow-up.
2.2. Statistical analysis
Data obtained in the study were analyzed statistically using NCSS 2007 software (Number Cruncher Statistical System, Kaysville, UT, USA). Using descriptive statistical methods in the evaluation of the data, results were stated as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, maximum values, number (n) and percentage (%). Conformity of quantitative data to normal distribution was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test and graphic evaluations. In the comparisons of ≥3 groups of quantitative data showing normal distribution, the One-way ANOVA test was applied, and in paired comparisons, the Bonferroni test. In the comparison of quantitative data not showing conformity to normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for 2 groups, and in the comparisons of ≥3 groups, the Kruskal–Wallis test was applied, and in paired comparisons, the Bonferroni–Dunn test. Qualitative data were compared using the Pearson Chi-Squared test. A value of P < .05 was accepted as statistically significant.
3. Results
Evaluation was made of a total of 120 patients as 40 (33.3%) in Group A with crescent-shaped tear, 40 (33.3%) in Group B with U-shaped tear, and 40 (33.3%) in Group C with L-shaped tear. The patients comprised 69 (57.5%) females and 51 (42.5%) males, with a mean age of 66.68 ± 6.86 years (range, 50–81 years). The operated side was right in 64 (53.3%) cases and left in 56 (46.7%) cases (Table 1).
Table 1.
Evaluation of the descriptive characteristics of the groups.
| Total (n = 120) | Group A (n = 40) | Group B (n = 40) | Group C (n = 40) | P | |
| Age (yr) | |||||
| Min-Max (Median) | 50–81 (66) | 50–81 (63) | 50–81 (67) | 57–81 (70) | a.001∗∗ |
| Mean ± SD | 66.68 ± 6.86 | 64.23 ± 5.84 | 66.05 ± 6.06 | 69.75 ± 7.52 | |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 69 (57.5) | 24 (60) | 27 (67.5) | 18 (45) | d.135 |
| Male | 51 (42.5) | 16 (40) | 13 (32.5) | 22 (55) | |
| Side | |||||
| Right | 64 (53.3) | 25 (62.5) | 16 (40) | 23 (57.5) | d.118 |
| Left | 56 (46.7) | 15 (37.5) | 24 (60) | 17 (42.5) | |
| Repair type | |||||
| Single row | 60 (50) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | d1.000 |
| Double row | 60 (50) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | |
| Size of tear | |||||
| Small | 31 (25.8) | 11 (27.5) | 10 (25) | 10 (25) | d.989 |
| Medium | 57 (47.5) | 19 (47.5) | 18 (45) | 20 (50) | |
| Large | 32 (26.7) | 10 (25) | 12 (30) | 10 (25) |
3.1. Evaluations related to the constant murley scores
3.1.1. Inter-group evaluations
Single row repair; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .017; P < .05). In the paired comparisons to determine the origin of the difference, the Group A scores were found to be higher than those of Group B (P = .046) and Group C (P = .034) (P < .05).
Double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .169; P > .05).
All cases; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .016; P < .05). In the paired comparisons to determine the origin of the difference, the Group A scores were found to be higher than those of Group C (P = .013, P < .05).
Small tears applied with single-double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .973; P > .05 and P = .968; P > 05).
All cases with small tears; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .957; P > .05).
Medium tears applied with single-double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .507; P > .05 and P = .991; P > .05).
All cases with medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .676; P > .05).
Cases with large tears applied with single row repair; the CM scores of Group A were found to be higher than those of Group B (P = .026) and Group C (P = .041) (P < .05).
Cases with large tears applied with double row repair; the CM scores of Group A (P = .032) and Group B (P = .040) were found to be higher than those of Group C (P < .05).
All cases with large tears; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the CM scores (P = .001; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine the origin of the difference, the Group A scores were found to be higher than those of Group C (P = .001, P < .01) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Evaluations related to the constant murley score.
| All cases | Group A | Group B | Group C | |||
| Constant murley score | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | P | Post hoc |
| All cases | ||||||
| Single row | 81.82 ± 2.80 (80) | 83.25 ± 3.27 (83) | 81.15 ± 2.37 (80) | 81.05 ± 2.19 (80) | a.017∗ | A>B, C |
| Double row | 82.63 ± 3.43 (83) | 83.25 ± 3.16 (83) | 83.20 ± 3.07 (83) | 81.45 ± 3.87 (82) | a.169 | – |
| c P | .082 | .967 | .022∗ | .610 | ||
| Total | 82.23 ± 3.15 (82) | 83.25 ± 3.18 (83) | 82.18 ± 2.90 (82) | 81.25 ± 3.11 (80) | a.016∗ | A>C |
| Small tear | ||||||
| 1Single row (n = 16) | 82.00 ± 2.61 (82) | 82.50 ± 3.94 (82) | 81.80 ± 1.79 (82) | 81.60 ± 1.52 (82) | b.973 | – |
| 2Double row (n = 15) | 83.27 ± 3.43 (83) | 83.40 ± 3.71 (84) | 83.20 ± 3.70 (83) | 83.20 ± 3.70 (83) | b.968 | – |
| cP | .245 | .507 | .588 | .445 | ||
| Small tear total | 82.61 ± 3.05 (83) | 82.91 ± 3.67 (84) | 82.50 ± 2.84 (83) | 82.40 ± 2.80 (83) | b.957 | – |
| Medium tear | ||||||
| 3Single row (n = 27) | 82.30 ± 2.73 (83) | 83.22 ± 2.73 (83) | 82.13 ± 2.90 (82) | 81.60 ± 2.63 (80) | b.507 | – |
| 4Double row (n = 30) | 82.87 ± 2.73 (83) | 82.80 ± 2.90 (83) | 82.90 ± 2.81 (83) | 82.90 ± 2.77 (82) | b.991 | – |
| cP | .580 | .701 | .720 | .338 | ||
| Medium tear total | 82.60 ± 2.72 (83) | 83.00 ± 2.75 (83) | 82.56 ± 2.79 (83) | 82.25 ± 2.71 (82) | b.676 | – |
| Large tear | ||||||
| 5Single row (n = 17) | 80.88 ± 3.02 (80) | 84.20 ± 3.83 (87) | 79.57 ± 1.13 (79) | 79.40 ± 0.55 (79) | b.018∗ | A>B, C |
| 6Double row (n = 15) | 81.53 ± 4.55 (80) | 84.00 ± 3.67 (86) | 83.80 ± 3.56 (85) | 75.80 ± 2.05 (76) | b.015∗ | A, B>C |
| cP | .560 | .729 | .014∗ | .047∗ | ||
| Large tear total | 81.19 ± 3.76 (80) | 84.10 ± 3.54 (87) | 81.33 ± 3.17 (80) | 78.10 ± 1.97 (79) | b.001∗∗ | A>C |
| Small – Medium tear | ||||||
| cp(1–3) | 0,701 | 0.720 | 0.881 | 0.799 | ||
| cp(1–4) | 0,430 | 0.912 | 0.573 | 0.487 | ||
| cp(2–3) | 0,340 | 0.733 | 0.654 | 0.375 | ||
| cp(2–4) | 0,492 | 0.533 | 0.802 | 0.756 | ||
| Small – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(1–5) | 0,058 | 0.350 | 0.017∗ | 0.021∗ | ||
| cp(1–6) | 0,762 | 0.354 | 0.331 | 0.014∗ | ||
| cp(2–5) | 0,006∗∗ | 0.742 | 0.014∗ | 0.022∗ | ||
| cp(2–6) | 0,277 | 0.745 | 0.746 | 0.014∗ | ||
| Medium – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(3–5) | 0,037∗ | 0.783 | 0.049∗ | 0.071 | ||
| cp(3–6) | 0,698 | 0.837 | 0.204 | 0.009∗∗ | ||
| cp(4–5) | 0,003∗∗ | 0.571 | 0.006∗∗ | 0.010∗ | ||
| cp(4–6) | 0,222 | 0.617 | 0.709 | 0.004∗∗ |
3.1.2. Intra-group evaluations:
All cases; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .082; P > .05).
All cases with small tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .245; P > .05).
All cases with medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .580; P > .05).
All cases with large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .560; P > .05).
All cases in Group A with small, medium and large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .967; P > .05).
All cases in Group B; the scores of the group applied with single row repair were determined to be statistically significantly lower than those of the group applied with double row repair (P = .022; P < .05).
Cases in Group B with small and medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .588; P > .05, and P = .720, P > .05).
Cases in Group B with large tears; the scores of the group applied with single row repair were determined to be statistically significantly lower than those of the group applied with double row repair (P = .014; P < .05).
All cases in Group C; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .610; P > .05).
All cases in Group C with small and medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the CM scores according to repair type (P = .445; P > .05, and P = .338, P > .05).
All cases in Group C with large tears; the scores of the group applied with double row repair were determined to be statistically significantly lower than those of the group applied with single row repair (P = .047; P < .05).
3.2. Intra-group evaluations of small, medium, and large tears
In the evaluation of small and medium tears, no statistically significant difference was determined between the scores of cases with small tears applied with single row or double row repair and cases with medium tears applied with single row or double row repair (P > .05).
In the evaluation of small and large tears, the scores of cases with small tears applied with double row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P = .006, P < .01). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
In the evaluation of medium and large tears, the scores of cases with medium tears applied with single row repair (P = .37) and medium tears applied with double row repair (P = .003) were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
When the results above are examined, the CM scores showed a difference according to the type of repair, and this difference was seen to originate from the large tear group. The scores of the large tear group were found to be lower than those of the small tear group and the medium tear group. As seen in Figure 3, the lowest result was obtained in the Group C cases with a large tear applied with double row repair (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Distribution of the Constant Murley scores.
3.3. Evaluations related to the American shoulder and elbow surgeons score
3.3.1. Inter-group evaluations
All cases applied with single row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .088; P > .05).
All cases applied with double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .200; P > .05).
All cases; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .028; P < .05). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the Group A scores were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P = .023; P < .05).
Cases with small tear applied with single row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .018; P > .05). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the Group A scores were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group B (P = .046) and Group C (P = .046) (P < .05).
Cases with small tear applied with double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .969; P > .05).
All cases with small tears; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .217; P > .05).
Cases with medium tear applied with single-double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .103; P > .05, and P = .999; P > .05).
All cases with medium tear; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .296; P > .05).
Cases with large tear applied with single row repair; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .005; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the Group A scores were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group B (P = .012) and Group C (P = .013) (P < .05).
Cases with large tear applied with double row repair; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .008; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A (P = .024) and Group B (P = .020) were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P < .05).
All cases with large tear; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the ASES scores (P = .001; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A (P = .001) and Group B (P = .024) were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P < .05) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Evaluations related to the ASES score.
| All cases | Group A | Group B | Group C | |||
| ASES score | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | P | Post hoc |
| All cases | ||||||
| Single row | 81.28 ± 3.78 (82) | 82.80 ± 3.02 (82) | 80.50 ± 4.05 (81) | 80.55 ± 3.91 (81) | a.088 | – |
| Double row | 82.23 ± 3.95 (82) | 83.00 ± 2.77 (83) | 83.05 ± 2.80 (83) | 80.65 ± 5.39 (82) | a.200 | – |
| cP | .135 | .712 | .061 | .860 | ||
| Total | 81.76 ± 3.88 (82) | 82.90 ± 2.86 (82) | 81.78 ± 3.67 (82) | 80.60 ± 4.65 (82) | a.028∗ | A>C |
| Small tear | ||||||
| 1Single row (n = 16) | 82.75 ± 3.55 (83) | 86.00 ± 2.61 (86) | 80.80 ± 2.59 (80) | 80.80 ± 2.59 (80) | b.018∗ | A>B, C |
| 2Double row (n = 15) | 86.53 ± 2.00 (86) | 86.40 ± 2.30 (86) | 86.60 ± 2.07 (86) | 86.60 ± 2.07 (86) | b.969 | – |
| cP | .001∗∗ | .712 | .009∗∗ | .009∗∗ | ||
| Small tear total | 84.58 ± 3.44 (85) | 86.18 ± 2.36 (86) | 83.70 ± 3.77 (85) | 83.70 ± 3.77 (85) | b.217 | – |
| Medium tear | ||||||
| 3Single row (n = 27) | 82.74 ± 2.77 (82) | 81.44 ± 2.13 (82) | 84.13 ± 2.23 (84) | 82.80 ± 3.29 (84) | b.103 | – |
| 4Double row (n = 30) | 81.63 ± 1.94 (82) | 81.70 ± 2.11 (82) | 81.60 ± 1.96 (82) | 81.60 ± 1.96 (82) | b.999 | – |
| cP | 0.099 | 0.604 | 0.027∗ | 0.221 | ||
| Medium tear total | 82.16 ± 2.41 (82) | 81.58 ± 2.06 (82) | 82.72 ± 2.40 (83) | 82.20 ± 2.71 (82) | b.296 | – |
| Large tear | ||||||
| 5Single row (n = 17) | 77.59 ± 2.87 (76) | 81.40 ± 1.95 (80) | 76.14 ± 1.35 (76) | 75.80 ± 0.84 (76) | b.005∗∗ | A>B, C |
| 6Double row (n = 15) | 79.13 ± 4.82 (81) | 82.20 ± 1.30 (82) | 82.40 ± 1.67 (82) | 72.80 ± 1.30 (73) | b.008∗∗ | A, B>C |
| cP | .305 | .337 | .004∗∗ | .008∗∗ | ||
| Large tear total | 78.31 ± 3.92 (78) | 81.80 ± 1.62 (82) | 78.75 ± 3.52 (78) | 74.30 ± 1.89 (75) | b.001∗∗ | A, B>C |
| Small – Medium tear | ||||||
| cp(1–3) | 0,929 | 0.003∗∗ | 0.047∗ | 0.175 | ||
| cp(1–4) | 0,186 | 0.004∗∗ | 0.619 | 0.619 | ||
| cp(2–3) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.004∗∗ | 0.065 | 0.019∗ | ||
| cp(2–4) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.004∗∗ | 0.002∗∗ | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| Small – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(1–5) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.016∗ | 0.008∗∗ | 0.009∗∗ | ||
| cp(1–6) | 0,068 | 0.017∗ | 0.293 | 0.009∗∗ | ||
| cp(2–5) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.011∗ | 0.004∗∗ | 0.008∗∗ | ||
| cp(2–6) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.012∗ | 0.015∗ | 0.009∗∗ | ||
| Medium – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(3–5) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.783 | 0.001∗ | 0.005∗∗ | ||
| cp(3–6) | 0,018∗ | 0.577 | 0.160 | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| cp(4–5) | 0,001∗∗ | 0.661 | 0.001∗∗ | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| cp(4–6) | 0,144 | 0.802 | 0.706 | 0.002∗∗ |
3.3.2. Intra-group evaluations
All cases; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .135; P > .05).
All cases with small tears; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .001; P < .01).
All cases with medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .099; P > .05).
All cases with large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .305; P > .05).
All cases in Group A with small, medium and large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .712; P > .05).
All cases in Group B; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .061; P > .05).
All Group B cases with small tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .009; P < .01).
All Group B cases with medium tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .027; P < .05).
All Group B cases with large tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .004; P < .01).
All Group C cases; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .860; P > .05).
All Group C cases with small tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .009; P < .01).
All Group C cases with medium tear; no statistically significant difference was determined in the ASES scores according to repair type (P = .221; P > .05).
All Group C cases with large tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .008; P < .01) (Table 3).
3.3.3. Intra-group evaluations of small, medium, and large tears
In the evaluation of small and medium tears, the scores of cases with small tears applied with double row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with medium tears applied with single row repair (P = .001) and medium tears applied with double row repair (P = .001) (P < .01). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
In the evaluation of small and large tears, the scores of cases with small tears applied with single row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P = .001, P < .01). The scores of cases with small tears applied with double row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P = .001) and large tears applied with double row repair (P = .001) (P < .01). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
In the evaluation of medium and large tears, the scores of cases with medium tears applied with single row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P = .001) and large tears with double row repair (P = .018) (P < .05). The scores of cases with medium tears applied with double row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P < .001, P < .01). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
When the results above are examined, the ASES scores showed a difference according to the type of repair, and generally this difference was seen to originate from the large tear group. The scores of the large tear group were found to be lower than those of the small tear group and the medium tear group. As seen in Figure 4, the lowest result was obtained in the Group C cases with a large tear applied with double row repair (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Distribution of the ASES scores.
3.4. Evaluations related to the University of California Los Angeles scores
3.4.1. Inter-group evaluations
All cases applied with single row repair; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .024; P < .05). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group B (P = .031; P < .05).
All cases applied with double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .206; P > .05).
All cases; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .021; P < .05). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P = .027; P < .05).
All cases with small tear applied with single row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .993; P > .05, P = .943; P > .05).
All cases with small tear; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .977; P > .05).
All cases with medium tear applied with single-double row repair; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .588; P > 0.05, P = .984, P > .05).
All cases with medium tear; no statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .713; P > .05).
All cases with large tear applied with single row repair; A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .003; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group B (P = .015) and Group C (P = .005) P < .05).
All cases with large tear applied with double row repair; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .008; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A (P = .022) and Group B (P = .022) were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P < .05).
All cases with large tear; a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the UCLA scores (P = .001; P < .01). In the paired comparisons to determine from which group the difference originated, the scores of Group A (P = .001) and Group B (P = .022) were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of Group C (P < .05) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Evaluations related to the UCLA score.
| All cases | Group A | Group B | Group C | |||
| UCLA score | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median) | Mean ± SD (Median)) | Mean ± SD (Median) | P | Post hoc |
| All cases | ||||||
| Single row | 28.33 ± 2.31 (29) | 29.45 ± 1.93 (29) | 27.60 ± 2.30 (27) | 27.95 ± 2.35 (28) | a.024∗ | A>B |
| Double row | 28.87 ± 2.72 (29) | 29.40 ± 1.96 (29) | 29.40 ± 2.04 (29) | 27.80 ± 3.64 (28) | a.206 | – |
| cp | 0.126 | 0.890 | 0.010 ∗ | 0.946 | ||
| Total | 28.60 ± 2.53 (29) | 29.43 ± 1.92 (29) | 28.50 ± 2.33 (29) | 27.88 ± 3.02 (28) | a.021∗ | A>C |
| Small tear | ||||||
| 1Single row (n = 16) | 28.94 ± 2.02 (29) | 29.50 ± 3.21 (28) | 28.60 ± 0.89 (29) | 28.60 ± 0.89 (29) | b.993 | – |
| 2Double row (n = 15) | 28.60 ± 1.40 (29) | 28.40 ± 1.34 (29) | 28.60 ± 1.67 (29) | 28.80 ± 1.48 (29) | b.943 | – |
| cP | .881 | .847 | .905 | 1.000 | ||
| Small tear total | 28.77 ± 1.73 (29) | 29.00 ± 2.49 (29) | 28.60 ± 1.26 (29) | 28.70 ± 1.16 (29) | b0.977 | – |
| Medium tear | ||||||
| 3Single row (n = 27) | 29.11 ± 1.97 (29) | 29.33 ± 1.41 (29) | 28.88 ± 2.47 (28) | 29.10 ± 2.13 (29) | b.588 | – |
| 4Double row (n = 30) | 29.93 ± 2.30 (29) | 30.00 ± 2.31 (29) | 29.90 ± 2.42 (29) | 29.90 ± 2.42 (29) | b.984 | – |
| cP | .162 | .735 | .222 | .421 | ||
| Medium tear total | 29.54 ± 2.17 (29) | 29.68 ± 1.92 (29) | 29.44 ± 2.43 (29) | 29.50 ± 2.26 (29) | .713 | – |
| Large tear | ||||||
| 5Single row (n = 17) | 26.53 ± 2.18 (25) | 29.60 ± 0.89 (29) | 25.43 ± 0.79 (25) | 25.00 ± 0.71 (25) | b.003∗∗ | A>B, C |
| 6Double row (n = 15) | 27.00 ± 3.46 (29) | 29.20 ± 1.48 (29) | 29.20 ± 1.48 (29) | 22.60 ± 1.14 (23) | b.008∗∗ | A, B>C |
| cP | .592 | .736 | .004∗∗ | .011∗ | ||
| Large tear total | 26.75 ± 2.82 (27) | 29.40 ± 1.17 (29) | 27.00 ± 2.22 (27) | 23.80 ± 1.55 (24) | b.001∗∗ | A, B>C |
| Small – Medium tear | ||||||
| cp(1–3) | 0.786 | 0.590 | 0.760 | 0.850 | ||
| cp(1–4) | 0.276 | 0.441 | 0.567 | 0.567 | ||
| cp(2–3) | 0.537 | 0.336 | 1.000 | 0.950 | ||
| cp(2–4) | 0.105 | 0.261 | 0.350 | 0.492 | ||
| Small – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(1–5) | 0.004∗∗ | 0.509 | 0.003∗∗ | 0.006∗∗ | ||
| cp(1–6) | 0.385 | 0.777 | 0.345 | 0.007∗∗ | ||
| cp(2–5) | 0.006∗∗ | 0.178 | 0.005∗∗ | 0.008∗∗ | ||
| cp(2–6) | 0.431 | 0.381 | 0.511 | 0.009∗∗ | ||
| Medium – Large tear | ||||||
| cp(3–5) | 0.001∗∗ | 0.485 | 0.002∗∗ | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| cp(3–6) | 0.148 | 0.945 | 0.597 | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| cp(4–5) | 0.001∗∗ | 0.753 | 0.001∗∗ | 0.002∗∗ | ||
| cp(4–6) | 0.032∗ | 0.755 | 0.804 | 0.002∗∗ |
3.4.2. Intra-group evaluations
All cases; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .126; P > .05).
All cases with small tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .881; P > .05).
All cases with medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .162; P > .05).
All cases with large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .592; P > .05).
All cases in Group A with small, medium and large tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .890; P > .05).
All Group B cases; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .010; P < .05).
All Group B cases with small and medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .905; P > .05, and P = .222, P > .05).
All Group B cases with large tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly lower than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .004; P < .01).
All Group C cases; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = .946; P > .05).
All Group C cases with small and medium tears; no statistically significant difference was determined in the UCLA scores according to repair type (P = 1.000; P > .05, and P = .421, P > .05).
All Group C cases with large tear; the scores of the single row repair group were determined to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of the double row repair group (P = .011; P < .05) (Table 4).
3.5. Intra-group evaluations of small, medium, and large tears
In the evaluation of small and medium tears, no statistically significant difference was determined between the scores of cases with small tears applied with single or double row repair and cases with medium tears applied with single or double row repair (P > .05).
In the evaluation of small and large tears, the scores of cases with small tears applied with single row repair (P = .004) and small tears applied with double row repair (P = .006) were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P < .01). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
In the evaluation of medium and large tears, the scores of cases with medium tears applied with single row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P < .001; P < .01)
The scores of cases with medium tears applied with double row repair were statistically significantly higher than those of cases with large tears applied with single row repair (P = .001) and large tears applied with double row repair (P = .032) (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was determined in the other comparisons (P > .05).
When the results above are examined, the UCLA scores showed a difference according to the type of repair, and this difference was seen to originate from the large tear group. The scores of the large tear group were found to be lower than those of the small tear group and the medium tear group. As seen in Figure 5, the lowest result was obtained in the Group C cases with a large tear applied with double row repair (Fig. 5).
Figure 5.
Distribution of the UCLA scores.
4. Discussion
To obtain effective repair in rotator cuff tears, biomechanical conditions must be provided. In various biomechanical studies, the double row repair technique has been observed to better reproduce the natural footprint, but the study results remain controversial.[28–30] In studies that have examined tear size irrespective of shape, the double row technique has been recommended for tears >3 cm.[31,32] Carbonel et al evaluated 160 patients with a 2-year follow-up period, and it was concluded that the UCLA, ASES, and CM scores of cases with tears >3 cm were more successful in double row repair.[27] In another study that evaluated single row and double row repair, lower rates of re-rupture were observed in double row repair.[33]
There are also studies in literature that have found no significant clinical difference between single row and double row rotator cuff repair. In a meta-analysis by Ying et al, 11 studies were evaluated and no significant clinical difference was found between single and double row repair of tears smaller and larger than 3 cm.[34] Thus, no consensus has been reached as yet on single row and double row repair techniques. Although there have been studies in recent years recommending double row repair in tears >3 cm, the treatment type according to both the shape and size of the tear has not been compared in those studies.[31,32]
The most important difference in the current study is that it was aimed to determine the best and worst results by comparing all the sub groups of crescent, U, and L-shape, small, medium and large sizes according to single row and double row repair. In which size and shape of tear the highest and lowest shoulder functional scores were obtained and with what type of repair, were investigated in this study. In a study by Scott Watson et al, in contrast to the hypothesis that there would be better results in crescent-shaped tears than in U and L-shaped tears, no significant difference was found between the tear shapes after repair. In the first year, single row repair was found to be better than double row repair only in L-shaped tears. In the current study, the results of both single row and double row repair in large crescent type tears were found to be higher compared to U and L-shaped tears. No significant difference was determined for medium and large tears. The reason that the single row repair results of L-shaped large tears were found to be better than those of double row repair in the current study was similar to that of the previously mentioned study.[35]
In meta-analyses conducted related to tear size, the shoulder scores have been reported to be higher in double row repair in tears >3 cm and the rate of re-rupture has been seen to be lower.[36,37] However, the current study was more comprehensive as each tear was compared in respect of both size and shape.
The study results showed that whatever the size of the tear, when crescent type tears were repaired with single row or double row, no significant difference was determined between the CM, ASES and UCLA scores (P > .05).
For small and medium-sized U-shaped tears, no significant difference was determined between single and double row repair in respect of CM and UCLA scores. In the large-sized, U-shaped tears, all the scores were higher in double row repair than in single row repair (Tables 2 and 4). In respect of the ASES scores, although double row repair results were higher in small tears, the single row repair scores were found to be higher in medium-sized tears (P = .027, P < .05). In small and large U-shaped tears, the double row repair ASES scores were higher than those of single row repair, and the single row repair scores were interestingly higher in medium-sized tears, but this was not considered to be clinically significant (Table 3).
In general, in U-shaped tears, double row repair provided higher functional results if the tear was large, whereas no significant difference was found between single and double row repair in small and medium sized tears.
For small and medium L-shaped tears, there was no difference between single and double row repair in respect of CM and UCLA scores. However, the ASES score was seen to be higher in small tears with double row repair compared to single row repair, and in medium-sized tears no difference was determined between single and double row repair. It was interesting that the ASES scores were higher in small L type tears repaired with double row compared to single row repair, but this was not thought to be clinically significant (Table 3). In large L type tears, all the scores were found to be higher with single row repair than double row repair, and the lowest scores were seen in large L type scores repaired with the double row technique compared to all the other groups (Figs. 1–3). It was thought that all the scores were low in the double row repair of L type tears because of excessive tension formed in the tendon.
In a previous study by Park et al, large rotator cuff tears were compared as crescent, U type and L type, and no significant difference was determined in respect of clinical score and re-rupture.[38] Similarly, Wonyong Lee et al compared a group formed of small and medium-sized tears with crescent-shaped tears, and no significant difference was found. However, in that study all the tears were repaired with the single row repair technique.[39] In the current study, a more comprehensive evaluation was made as the scores were examined according to crescent, U, and L types.
In the small tears, there was no significant difference in the CM and UCLA scores in respect of the shape of the tear when repaired with single or double row (P > .05). Whatever the shape, a small tear can be repaired with the single row or double row technique. While there was no significant difference in the ASES score between those repaired with the double row technique, in the single row repair group, the ASES score was higher in the crescent-shaped tears.
In the medium tears, whatever the shape of the tear, there was no difference in all the scores of those with single row repair or double row repair.
In the large tears, all the scores of the crescent tears with single row repair were higher than those of the U and L-shaped tears (P < .05). So, if single row repair is to be applied to a large tear it should be to the patient group with crescent-shaped tears. In double row repair, there was no difference between the CM and UCLA scores of the crescent and U-shaped tears and these were higher than those of L-shaped tears. The ASES scores of the crescent -shaped tears in both single and double row repair were higher than those of the U and L-shaped tears.
In this study the ideal protocol was investigated according to the size and shape of each tear, and the functional results were compared of all the groups. No complications or side effects were observed in any patient group throughout the postoperative follow-up. Nevertheless, there were some limitations to the study, primarily the low numbers of the subgroups, sizes of acromial spurs, surgery time, excess bursitis tissue, additional choronic disease, postoperative adaptation to rehabilitation and the effect on the results was not evaluated of the number of anchors and side-to-side sutures used.
5. Conclusion
Whatever the shape of the tear, no difference was determined between single row and double row repair of small and medium tears in respect of the CM and UCLA scores. In crescent-shaped large tears, there was no difference between single and double row repair in all the scores. The CM, ASES and UCLA scores were found to be higher in U-shaped large tears repaired with the double row technique. However, in large L-shaped tears the results of single row repair were found to be higher than for double row repair.
Of all the large tears applied with single row repair, the highest scores were seen in the crescent tears. Of the large tears applied with double row repair, there was no difference in the CM and UCLA scores between the crescent and U-shaped tears, whereas all the scores of the L-shaped large tears were lower than those of the crescent and U type.
Author contributions
Data curation: Ozgun Karakus, Ahmet Sinan Sari.
Formal analysis: Ozgun Karakus.
Funding acquisition: Ahmet Sinan Sari.
Investigation: Ozgun Karakus.
Methodology: Ozgur Karaman, Baransel Saygi.
Project administration: Ahmet Sinan Sari.
Resources: Ozgur Karaman, Ahmet Sinan Sari.
Supervision: Baransel Saygi.
Validation: Baransel Saygi.
Visualization: Baransel Saygi.
Writing – original draft: Ozgun Karakus.
Writing – review & editing: Ozgur Karaman, Baransel Saygi.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: ASES = American shoulder and elbow surgeons score, CM = constant murley score, UCLA = University of California Los Angeles score.
How to cite this article: Karakus O, Karaman O, Sari AS, Saygi B. Difference in the results of repair made with single or double rows according to the shape and size of the tear in arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery. Medicine. 2021;100:32(e26791).
Ethical approval was obtained by T.R. Kayseri Erciyes University Ethics Committee 10/12/2019 No: 57.
Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and/or clinical images was obtained from the patient. A copy of the consent form is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
The authors have no funding and conflicts of interests to disclose.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from a third party, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the third party.
One-way ANOVA Test.
Pearson Chi-Squared Test.
P < .05.
P < .01.
One-way ANOVA Test.
Kruskal–Wallis Test.
Mann Whitney U Test.
P < .05.
P < .01.
One-way ANOVA Test.
Kruskal–Wallis Test.
Mann–Whitney U Test.
P < 0.05.
P < 0.01.
One-way ANOVA Test.
Kruskal–Wallis Test.
Mann–Whitney U Test.
P < .05.
P < .01.
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