Abstract
With the continuous development of kidney transplantation technique, the survival time after kidney transplantation is gradually prolonged. Thus, the malignant tumor has been the important influencing factor on the long-term survival for kidney transplantation patients. Renal cell carcinoma is a relatively common tumor after kidney transplantation. Besides, clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma are the relatively common pathological types for renal cell carcinoma following kidney transplantation. However, bilateral renal cell carcinoma following kidney transplantation is comparatively rare. In this article, we presented a case of bilateral papillary renal cell carcinoma, which occurred after kidney transplantation. And the diagnosis and treatment were introduced in detail. The patient was 37 years old, and he underwent kidney transplantation 13 years ago in our hospital, because of kidney failure. After kidney transplantation, he had regular medical check-up every year. In this year, his urological ultrasound results indicated bilateral renal tumors. And then, he received abdominal and pelvic computed tomography, and the result also showed bilateral renal tumors, which were likely to be malignant tumors. After adequate consultation, the patient chose surgical treatment. The patient received long-term immunosuppressive therapy, because of kidney transplantation. Considering this, the surgeon decided to choose a staging surgical treatment, in order to reduce the bad influence of one-stage surgery. Then, the patient first underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for right renal tumor in our hospital, and he had no complications after operation. The pathological results showed papillary renal cell carcinoma. He was discharged successfully. He underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for left renal tumor in our hospital one month later, and he had no complications after operation. The pathological results also showed papillary renal cell carcinoma. He was discharged successfully two days after surgery. In the 3-month follow-up, the patient was recovering well. To sum up, the incidence of bilateral renal cell carcinoma following kidney transplantation is relatively rare, and bilateral radical nephrectomy is effective and safe treatment. Above all, it is the patient's condition that determines the choice of staging surgery or simultaneous surgery.
Keywords: Kidney transplantation, Bilateral renal cell carcinoma, Papillary renal cell carcinoma, Surgical treatment
肾移植是目前终末期肾病患者最佳的治疗方式,随着肾移植技术的不断进步和免疫抑制药物研发的不断发展,肾移植术后患者的生存期也有所延长。但是同时,肾移植患者术后的远期并发症也逐渐引起重视,当前恶性肿瘤已成为继心血管疾病和感染后造成肾移植患者死亡的第三大原因[1]。
相关研究显示肾移植患者发生肿瘤的风险较正常人高3~5倍,且发病年龄较早[2],其中肾癌的发生风险相对较高,约为正常人的3~15倍[3]。透明细胞肾癌和乳头状肾癌是肾移植术后较常见的两种肾癌类型。北京大学第三医院2020年收治了1例肾移植术后双侧肾乳头状肾癌患者,现报告如下。
1. 病例资料
患者男性,37岁,2007年10月曾于北京大学第三医院行肾移植手术,术后规律服用免疫抑制剂,定期复查。患者2020年10月复查B超发现右肾区占位性病变,考虑肾癌可能。患者平素无腰痛、血尿等症状,肌酐值为136 μmol/L,遂进一步复查腹盆腔CT(图 1),显示右肾下极可见不均匀密度占位,约47 mm×46 mm,边界尚清,左肾下极见混杂密度结节,直径约16 mm。双侧尿路未见积水扩张,未见异常密度影,淋巴结未见肿大。考虑双原肾萎缩、占位。鉴于患者为肾移植术后,肌酐升高,向患者交代病情,遂未进一步行泌尿系增强CT检查,直接行手术治疗。
图 1.
双肾肾癌CT图
CT of bilateral renal cell carcinoma
患者于2020年10月25日在北京大学第三医院行后腹腔镜右肾根治性切除术,手术时间为70 min,术中失血量为5 mL,术后留置肾周引流2 d,引流出液体较少,术后第2天拔引流管出院。术后组织病理学诊断为右肾乳头状肾细胞癌(Ⅰ型),WHO/ISUP(International Society of Urological Patho-logy)核分级Ⅱ级,肿瘤大小5 mm×3.5 mm×2.5 cm,未见侵犯肾窦、肾盂及肾周脂肪组织,未见明确脉管内癌栓及神经侵犯; 输尿管断端及血管断端未见癌细胞。免疫组化显示:CK7(+),P504S(+),CD10(+),CyclinD1(个别细胞+),TFE3(-),MiTF(-)。术后1个月CT复查,右肾切除术后改变,原右肾区未见明显占位,左肾下极见低密度,约18 mm,CT值约1 HU(Hounsfield),考虑“右肾切除术后,左肾低密度结节”。复查肌酐151 μmol/L。患者于2020年11月25日在北京大学第三医院行后腹腔镜左肾根治性切除术,手术时间为97 min,术中失血量为10 mL,术后1 d拔出肾周引流,术后第2天出院,术后组织病理学诊断发现肾皮质中可见乳头型肾细胞癌灶,最大径约0.3 cm,肾盂肾窦未见受累,输尿管及血管未见显著病变。
2. 讨论
相对于正常人而言,肾移植患者术后发生肿瘤的风险较高[4-5]。在我国最常见的恶性肿瘤是泌尿系统肿瘤[6],其中,肾癌发生的风险较高,约为正常人的3~15倍[3]。Karami等[7]研究认为,非裔美国人、男性、移植前长期透析治疗、多囊性肾病、高血压性肾病及血管性疾病均是肾移植后肾癌的诱因。此外,研究发现肾移植术后肾癌的患病率是呈现双向性变化的[5, 7],患者术后2.5年内肾癌发生的风险是逐渐下降的,2.5年后逐步回升。
对于肾移植术后肾癌发生的原因,目前尚不十分明确,肾移植术后肾癌的发生可能是多种因素相互作用的结果。首先,肾移植患者长期使用大量的免疫抑制剂,会使机体处在免疫抑制状态,导致免疫监视功能下降,降低了对肿瘤细胞等异常细胞的监测和清除功能,导致肿瘤发生的风险增加。有大样本研究显示免疫抑制状态的患者发生肿瘤的风险为正常人的3~8倍,且某些特殊类型肿瘤的发生风险高达100倍[2, 8]。其次,肾移植患者使用的免疫抑制药物也可能促进肿瘤的发生,如他克莫司和环孢素已被证实具有致癌并促进癌细胞转移的作用。再者,长期的透析治疗也与肾癌的发生存在关联,对于终末期肾病患者,随着透析时间延长其发生获得性囊性肾病的风险会增加[9],而获得性囊性肾病又是肾癌发生的独立危险因素[10]。第四,马兜铃酸类药物的使用也会增加移植后肾癌的发生风险,有学者研究发现服用马兜铃酸类药物的肾移植患者,原肾肾癌的风险增大[6]。
对于肾移植患者,原肾通常是留在腹腔未做处理。大部分肾移植术后肾癌均发生在原肾[11],这可能是由于原肾长期不分泌尿液,致使代谢产物在尿路内持续刺激移行上皮,从而产生癌变。有研究显示长期透析治疗与肾癌发生的风险增高相关[12],这也从侧面提示长期的尿毒性物质刺激会导致肾癌变。透明细胞型肾癌是最常见的肾癌病理类型,但在肾移植患者中,乳头状肾细胞癌发生的比例有所升高,有研究显示肾移植术后乳头状肾癌的发生率高达30%[13-14],这可能与终末期肾病和免疫抑制状态有关[14]。整体上,肾移植患者出现肾肿瘤的年龄相对较早, 肿瘤的分期和分级均较低[13],预后也相对较好。在治疗方面,移植术后原肾肾癌以手术治疗为主,可选择开放或微创的方式进行肾根治性切除术。
双肾肾癌是一种特殊的肾癌,其发病率较低,约占肾癌的1%~5%[15]。根据不同的划分标准,可分为遗传性肾癌和散发性肾癌、同时性肾癌和异时性肾癌等。散发性双肾肾癌的主要病理类型为透明细胞癌,其次为乳头状肾癌。大部分散发性双肾肾癌的双侧肿瘤病理类型是一致的[16]。散发性双肾肾癌的发病机制和遗传性双肾肾癌存在一定差异,目前对其发生机制尚无定论。
双肾肾癌的治疗以手术为主,合理的手术干预对预后具有重要的意义。手术治疗的目的是完整切除肿瘤,延长患者预期寿命,同时尽可能地保留肾功能。双肾肾癌的治疗方法包括肾根治性切除术、肾部分切除术和物理消融术。肾部分切除术在控制肿瘤和保护肾功能方面具有重要的意义,目前为双肾肾癌治疗的首选方式。多项研究显示患者肾部分切除术后可获得较满意的生存率及生活质量[17]。双侧肾根治性切除的患者术后需行肾替代治疗,患者生存质量差,病死率高[18],所以双侧肾根治性切除术一般不作为首选,但根据患者的实际病情也可一侧行肾部分切除术,另一侧行肾根治性切除术。对于合并症较多或者预期寿命较短的患者,可以采用主动监测的方式进行管理。双肾癌的手术可以分期或同期进行,同期手术优点在于减少麻醉次数及相关并发症、缩短患者住院时间、减少花费,分期手术时,并发症发生的风险相对增大,但是手术打击小,一侧手术的病理结果可以为对侧治疗提供参考。Becker等[17]认为分期手术对肾功能损伤小,推荐分期手术。目前关于两种方式的选择仍无明确结论,笔者认为双肾癌手术治疗时,应结合患者的具体病情和患者的个人意愿进行选择。
本病例患者为肾移植术后患者,双原肾已无功能,遂考虑行双侧肾根治切除术。由于患者长期服用免疫抑制剂,为减少手术打击,遂选择分期手术治疗。术后患者病理诊断为肾乳头状细胞癌。目前患者术后3月余,恢复良好。
综上所述,肾移植患者术后存在原肾肾癌的风险,术后建议每年复查腹部超声,及时发现,尽早治疗。对于肾移植患者原肾肾癌一般采用肾根治性切除术进行治疗,若双侧原肾同时存在肾肿瘤时,根据患者具体情况选择同期手术或分期手术治疗。
Funding Statement
北京大学第三医院临床重点项目(BYSYZD2019032)
Supported by Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital (BYSYZD2019032)
Contributor Information
赵 磊 (Lei ZHAO), Email: bysyzhaolei@163.com.
马 潞林 (Lu-lin MA), Email: malulin@medmail.com.cn.
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