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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology logoLink to Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
. 2021 May 17;9(4):484–493. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2021.00018

Serum Resistin Levels in Adult Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Dongli Han 1,#, Jie Chen 2,#, Shousheng Liu 3, Zengzhi Zhang 2, Zhenzhen Zhao 3, Wenwen Jin 1,*, Yongning Xin 1,4,*
PMCID: PMC8369026  PMID: 34447677

Abstract

Background and Aims

Previous studies reported that serum resistin levels were remarkably changed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the conclusions were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate accurate serum resistin levels in adult patients with NAFLD.

Methods

A complete literature research was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, and all the available studies up to 7 May 2020 were reviewed. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) values were calculated to investigate the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD and healthy controls.

Results

A total of 28 studies were included to investigate the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels than controls (SMD=0.522, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.004–1.040, I2=95.9%). Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) had lower serum resistin levels than the healthy controls (SMD=−0.44, 95% CI: −0.83–0.55, I2=74.5%). In addition, no significant difference of serum resistin levels was observed between patients with NAFL and healthy controls (SMD=−0.34, 95% CI: −0.91–0.23, I2=79.6%) and between patients with NAFL and NASH (SMD=0.15, 95% CI: −0.06–0.36, I2=0.00%). Furthermore, subgroup and sensitivity analyses suggested that heterogeneity did not affect the results of meta-analysis.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis investigated the serum resistin levels in adult patients with NAFLD comprehensively. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels and patients with NASH had lower serum resistin levels than healthy controls. Serum resistin could serve as a potential biomarker to predict the development risk of NAFLD.

Keywords: Resistin, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Biomarker

Introduction

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as hepatic steatosis by imaging or histology without secondary factors of hepatic fat aggregation, such as significant alcohol consumption and long-term use of a steatogenic medication.1 NAFLD ranges from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), which is characterized as simple benign hepatic steatosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the histologic features of which are macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, and pericellular fibrosis. NASH can progress to the more severe fibrosis, that is defined as the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the liver interstitial space, cirrhosis, and even the hepatocellular carcinoma.2 Nowadays, NASH-associated cirrhosis has become the second leading cause for liver transplantation in the USA. Meanwhile, NAFLD increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease.3

NAFLD has been certainly become the most predominant chronic liver disease in the world, with the highly shocking prevalence of 25.24% among the global population. In fact, the prevalence is predicted to become even higher in the next decade.4 Up to now, the diagnostic golden standard for NAFLD is liver biopsy. As an invasive technology, some adverse events can occur during liver biopsy diagnosis of patients, such as pain, infection, bleeding and even death.5 Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel biomarker to predict and diagnose NAFLD conveniently and accurately.

Resistin belongs to the family of resistin-like molecules, also known as “found in inflammatory zone” (FIIZ), and functions as a pro-inflammatory adipokine.6 Resistin is mainly produced by adipose tissue, inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and monocytes, and hepatic stellate cells.7 Previous reports have suggested that resistin could be up-regulated by proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β. In turn, resistin can activate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and promote the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory agents.8

Regarding the association of serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD, the studies showed conflicting results so far. Some researchers have reported that serum resistin levels are high in patients with NAFLD, NAFL, and NASH compared to healthy subjects.9 However, other researchers have suggested that no significant difference exists for serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD, NAFL, NASH, and healthy controls.10,11 In the comparison between patients with NASH and NAFL, some studies have found higher serum resistin levels in patients with NASH, whereas others studies found similar levels of serum resistin in patients with NASH and NAFL.10–12 Meanwhile, some researchers have reported lower serum resistin levels in patients with NASH compared to patients with NAFL or healthy controls.10,13

In consideration of the inconsistence of serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD, it is worthwhile to investigate the exact performance of serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD according to the available studies. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the available studies and comprehensively analyze the relationship between serum resistin levels and the degree of NAFLD.

Methods

Search strategy

To obtain the relevant studies for this meta-analysis, a complete literature search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library by the following strategy: ((((((((((((((Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) OR Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) OR NAFLD) OR Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) OR Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic) OR Fatty Livers, Nonalcoholic) OR Liver, Nonalcoholic Fatty) OR Livers, Nonalcoholic Fatty) OR Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver) OR Nonalcoholic Fatty Livers) OR Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis) OR Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitides) OR Steatohepatitides, Nonalcoholic) OR Steatohepatitis, Nonalcoholic) AND (Resistin) OR Adipocyte Cysteine-Rich Secreted Protein FIIZ3) OR Adipocyte Cysteine Rich Secreted Protein FIIZ3. All the potentially relevant studies in English language and published before 7 May 2020 were reviewed. In case of data missed, we tried to contact the corresponding authors to obtain the original data.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Clinical studies which performed comparison of serum resistin levels between NAFLD (NAFL or NASH) patients and healthy controls were suitable for this meta-analysis. Studies were included if they conformed to the following criteria: (1) original full-text publications; (2) NAFLD diagnosed with biopsy, ultrasound, liver enzymes or computerized tomography; and (3) serum resistin levels compared. Studies were excluded according to the following principles: (1) patients with other causes of chronic liver disease (alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral or autoimmune hepatitis); (2) subjects included in more than one study; (3) some necessary data missing and not obtainable from the authors; (4) quality of publication too low; (5) reviews, editorials, case reports, letters, hypotheses, book chapters, studies on animals or cell lines, and unpublished data or abstracts; or (6) participants with other medical conditions, such as diabetes and coronary heart disease.

Data extraction and quality assessment

Two authors (HDL and CJ) evaluated each article and extracted the data independently. The controversy was solved by discussion with a third author (LSS). The study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), as approved by the Cochrane Collaboration. The NOS uses a star system to decide the quality of a study in three realms: collection, comparability, and outcome/exposure. The NOS assigns four stars for selection, two stars for comparability, and three stars for outcome/exposure. Any study that received a score of 6 or more stars was regarded as being at low risk of bias (the highest quality), and lesser stars indicated a risk of bias.14

Statistical analysis

The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata/SE 15.0. Serum resistin levels in the NAFLD group and controls were extracted as mean difference±standard deviation (SD) and the pooled values were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Forest plots were constructed to evaluate the heterogeneity of included studies by I2 statistic. According to Higgins and Thompson, I2 values of approximately 25% represented low heterogeneity, approximately 50% represented medium heterogeneity, and approximately 75% represented high heterogeneity. In this meta-analysis, continuous-weighted fixed-effects model analysis was used when the I2≤50%. Otherwise, the random-effects model was used. The possibility of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot and the Egger’s regression asymmetry test. The sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression analysis were conducted to explore the possible sources of (expected) heterogeneity among the eligible studies. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of the pooled results of serum resistin levels in the NAFLD group vs. controls, NASH group vs. controls, NAFL group vs. controls, and NAFL group vs. NASH group.

Results

Characteristics of the included studies

According to the search strategy, a total of 448 studies were obtained ((PubMed (n=103), Cochrane (n=328), and Embase (n=13)). After removing 109 duplicates, 339 articles were retrieved. After removing reviews, conference abstracts, letters, editorials, conference papers, notes and short surveys, 159 potential studies were retrieved. After full-text evaluation, 28 studies were included eventually for this meta-analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the literature search process.

Fig. 1

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The main characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. All the included studies were cross-sectional or case-control studies. Patients with NAFLD in 22 studies9,10,12,15–33 were assessed by liver histology, and 5 studies34–38 evaluated NAFLD by ultrasonography. One study did not specifically describe the diagnosis of NAFLD.39 Among these studies, 10 were carried out in Asia, 6 in North America, and 10 in Europe. Two studies were carried out in South America. Among the 28 included studies, 25 had no the risk of bias and 3 had risk of bias.

Table 1. Main characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

First author, Year Group n (M/F) Age in years BMI in kg/m2 Country Study design Diagnose of NAFLD Biopsy on controls Measurement method of resistin NOS
Argentou et al. 200910 Control 9 (2/7) 37.11±9.78 55.22±8.6 Greece Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 8
NAFLD 41 (15/26) 38.88±9.19 56.70±8.06
SS 31 (9/22) 38.06±9.23 56.27±8.45
NASH 10 (6/4) 41.04±9.07 58.02±6.99
Auguet et al. 201320 Control 19 44.1±10.7 49.5±7.0 Spain Case-control Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 6
NAFLD 69 46.79±10.3 48.2±6.6
Auguet et al. 201426 Control 16 44±3.2 48.6±2.6 Spain Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 7
SS 28 47.4±3.5 48.1±7.8
NASH 28 45.9±1.4 47.5±5.4
Bostrom et al. 201119 Control 40 (10/30) 44 (24–67) NA Sweden Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 4
NAFLD 50 (37/13) 48 (24–65) NA
Pagano et al. 200615 Control 33 (30/3) 42±3 26.9±1.0 Italy Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 8
NAFLD 28 (26/2) 45±2 27.3±0.6
Cengiz et al. 201018 Control 24 38±10 25.6±1.1 Turkey Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NAFLD 76 39±9 30.1±4.5
Eminler et al. 201421 Control 40 (18/22) NA NA Turkey Cross sectional Liver biopsy No ELISA 6
NAFLD 40 (21/19) NA NA
Floreani et al. 200832 Control 137 (12/125) 60.2±10.4 NA USA Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 4
NASH 30 (0/30) 49.9±3.7 24.5±2.8
Musso et al. 200528 Control 25 (23/2) 38±2 25.2±0.6 Italy Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NASH 25 (23/2) 37±2 25.3±0.2
Jarrar et al. 200812 Control 38 (5/33) 40±9.5 47.5±9.4 USA Case-control Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 6
NAFLD 45 (13/32) NA NA
SS 19 (2/17) 37±9.2 47.2±7.5
NASH 26 (11/15) 43.9±11.4 47.5±8.3
Jiang et al. 200934 Control 43 51.1±12.5 24.81±1.91 China Case-control Ultrasound No ELISA 7
NAFLD 43 52.6±10.8 25.75±1.91
Jamali et al. 201631 Control 18 (13/5) 30.44±10.11 29.28±3.89 Iran Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NAFLD 18 (13/5) 34.5±8.85 31.58±3.94
Krawczyk et al. 200933 Control 16 NA 22.6±2.5 Poland Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 6
NASH 18 (16/2) 42.55±21 26.6±4
Musso et al. 201335 Control 51 (33/18) 56±1 26±0.3 Italy Cross sectional Ultrasound No ELISA 7
NAFLD 161 (101/60) 56±1 27.3±0.5
Magalhaes et al. 201436 Control 36 37.9±1.3 36.7 (30.3–55.4) Brazil Cross sectional Ultrasound No ELISA 5
NAFLD 24 39.5±1.6 39.4 (30.3–63.2)
Musso et al. 201738 Control 75 (61/14) 50±1 25.9±0.2 Italy Cross sectional Ultrasound No ELISA 7
NAFLD 230 (59/171) 49±1 25.7±0.3
Musso et al. 201225 Control 40 50±3 25.1±1.6 USA Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
SS 20 47±4 25.1±1.5
NASH 20 47±4 25.2±1.6
Perseghin et al. 200639 Control 47 (38/9) 36±8 26.8±3 USA Case-control NA No ELISA 6
NAFLD 28 (24/4) 35±8 27.1±3.9
Polyzos et al. 201627 Control 25 (5/20) 53.6±1.8 30.5±0.8 Greece Cross sectional Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
SS 15 (5/10) 53.9±2.6 31.9±1.3
NASH 14 (2/12) 54.8±1.6 33.9±1.6
D’Incao et al. 201729 Control 4 38.5±10.85 49±6.73 Brazil Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 7
SS 9 39.08±9.63 53.19±9.44
NASH 12 49.45±6.71 47.53±6.33
Jamali et al. 201623 SS 2 (2/0) 27±2.82 28.09±7.77 Iran Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 6
NASH 28 (17/11) 35±8.47 29.92±3.79
Sanal et al. 200917 Control 18 44±8 NA India Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 6
NAFLD 56 43±14 NA
Senates et al. 20129 Control 66 (33/33) 39±9 23±4 Turkey Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NAFLD 97 (55/42) 41±10 31±6
Shen et al. 201422 Control 43 (29/14) 45±14 22±1.8 China Cross sectional Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NAFLD 58 (38/20) NA NA
Wong et al. 200616 Control 41 (17/24) 42±10 24.1±6.8 China Case-control Liver biopsy No ELISA 7
NAFLD 80 (52/28) 45±9 29±4.8
Younossi et al. 201130 SS 39 (3/36) 40.51±10.28 NA USA Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 7
NASH 40 (15/25) 44.08±10.05 NA
Zhu et al. 201637 Control 86 (57/29) 52.98±13.07 22.86±2.94 China Case-control Ultrasound No ELISA 7
NAFLD 86 (57/29) 53±13.24 26.16±3.33
Younossi et al. 200824 Control 32 (13/19) 39.3±9.8 47±9.1 USA Cross sectional Liver biopsy Yes ELISA 7
SS 15 (1/14) 37.4±8.3 45.7±4.8
NASH 22 (9/13) 42.5±10.4 48.2±8.7
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Data are presented in numbers or mean±SD or medians and interquartile ranges. BMI, body mass index; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NA, not available.

Comparison of the serum resistin levels in NAFLD patients and controls

A total of 1,934 patients with NAFLD and 1,240 controls were included in this study. Only 18 of the included 28 studies investigated the serum resistin levels in NAFLD patients (NAFLD patients were not divided into the NAFL or NASH) and healthy controls. Random-effects model was used to conduct the meta-analysis and the results showed that patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels than controls (SMD=0.522, 95% CI: 0.004–1.040, I2=95.9%) (Fig. 2A). Ten studies investigated the serum resistin levels in patients with NASH and healthy controls. Random-effects model was used to conduct the meta-analysis and the results showed that patients with NASH had lower serum resistin levels than the healthy controls (SMD=−0.44, 95% CI: −0.83–0.55, I2=74.5%) (Fig. 2B). Seven studies investigated the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFL and healthy controls. Random-effects model was used to conduct the meta-analysis and no significant difference of serum resistin levels was observed between patients with NAFL and healthy controls (SMD=−0.34, 95% CI: −0.91–0.23, I2=79.6%) (Fig. 2C). Nine studies investigated the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFL and NASH. Fixed-effects model was used to conduct the meta-analysis and the results showed that there was no significant difference of serum resistin levels between patients with NAFL and NASH (SMD=0.15, 95% CI: −0.06–0.36, I2=0.00%) (Fig. 2D).

Fig. 2. Forest plots of serum resistin levels between (A) NAFLD patients vs. controls, (B) NASH patients vs. controls, (C) NAFL patient vs. controls, (D) NAFL patients vs. NASH patients.

Fig. 2

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Sensitivity and subgroup analyses

In consideration of significant heterogeneity existing between the NASH group vs. controls, NAFL group vs. controls, and NAFL group vs. NASH group, sensitivity analysis was carried out to explore the possible sources of heterogeneity in the included studies. Each study was evaluated by exclusion in turn, and then the summarized SMD of the remaining studies were calculated. Only when the study conducted by Polyzos et al.27 was removed, the heterogeneity was significantly reduced, which indicated that this study was the main source of heterogeneity. In order to investigate whether this study affected the results of meta-analysis, the meta-analysis were reperformed after removal of the study (Polyzos et al. 2016) with the fixed-effects model. The results showed that patients with NASH had lower serum resistin levels than controls (SMD=−0.23, 95% CI: −0.43–0.04) (Fig. 3A); there was no significant difference of serum resistin levels between patients with NAFL vs. controls (SMD=0.03, 95% CI: −0.24–0.29) (Fig. 3B), and between patients with NAFL vs. NASH patients (SMD=0.14, 95% CI: −0.09–0.36) (Fig. 3C). These results indicated that the heterogeneity did not affect the results of meta-analysis.

Fig. 3. Forest plots of serum resistin levels between (A) NASH patients vs. controls, (B) NAFL patient vs. controls, (C) NAFL patients vs. NASH patients after removed the study by Polyzos et al. (2016).

Fig. 3

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The same method was used to explore the source of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of studies for NAFLD patients vs. controls, but no study was found to contribute to the heterogeneity. In addition, the subgroup analysis was conducted according to the diagnosis methods, ethnicity, mean age, types of study design, and mean body mass index, but all of them failed to be the obvious source of heterogeneity. Funnel plots were constructed using the Egger’s regression asymmetry test to investigate the possible publication bias in the NAFLD patients vs. controls, NASH patients vs. controls, NAFL patient vs. controls, and NAFL patients vs. NASH patients. As Figure 4 shows, no obvious publication bias was observed.

Fig. 4. Egger’s funnel plots for publication bias for (A) NAFLD patients vs. controls, (B) NASH patients vs. controls, (C) NAFL patient vs. controls, (D) NAFL patients vs. NASH patients.

Fig. 4

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Meta-regression and quality evaluation

To further explore the source of heterogeneity between NAFLD and control groups, the effect of potential confounders were evaluated by meta-regression analysis (based upon random-effects) when ≥10 comparisons were available. Diagnosis methods, ethnicity, mean age, types of study design, mean body mass index, biopsy on controls, and NOS scores were entered separately as covariates. As Table 2 shows, all of these factors failed to account for the heterogeneity between NAFLD and controls (Table 2). The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence, and the results showed that the quality of results of serum resistin levels in NAFLD patients vs. controls was low, and moderate in NASH patients vs. controls, NAFL patient vs. controls, and NAFL patients vs. NASH patients, which suggested that further research is likely to have an important impact on the present results and may change the present results (please see the Supplementary Tables 1–5).

Table 2. Meta regression analysis of possible sources of heterogeneity in NAFLD vs. control group (18 studies).

Effect size Coefficient Standard error t p>| t | 95% CI
Diagnosis methods 0.403 0.325 −1.13 0.276 0.073–2.225
Ethnicity 0.175 0.223 −1.58 0.133 0.175–1.287
Types of study design 1.527 1.318 0.49 0.631 0.245–9.513
Mean age (30–40, 40–50, ≥50) 0.814 0.346 −0.48 0.635 0.331–2.003
Mean BMI (>30) 0.467 0.246 −1.44 0.168 0.153–1.428
Biopsy on controls 0.367 0.393 −0.94 0.363 0.038–3.552
NOS score 1.996 0.783 1.76 0.097 0.869–4.586
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Discussion

Resistin is a significant pro-inflammation adipokine and the role of its serum levels in patients with NAFLD remain controversial. This study systematically analyzed the serum levels of resistin in patients with NAFLD, especially in those with NAFL and NASH. The results suggested that patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels than healthy controls, but low serum resistin levels were observed in patients with NASH when compared to healthy controls. In addition, no significant difference of serum resistin levels was observed between patients with NAFL and healthy controls, and between patients with NAFL and NASH. A reasonable explanation may be that all the patients with NASH and NAFL were diagnosed by liver biopsy, and patients with NAFLD were diagnosed by liver biopsy or ultrasound. The difference of diagnostic methods may contribute to these outcomes.

Some previous studies reported that serum levels of resistin in patients with NAFLD were higher,15 lower,39 or of no significant difference40 compared to healthy controls, accompanied by the different diagnosis methods used for NAFLD. Zhu et al.37 investigated the levels of serum protein as the diagnostic biomarkers for NAFLD, and they found that serum resistin was significantly higher in patients with NAFLD than in healthy controls. However, Magalhaes et al.36 investigated the serum levels of resistin in obese NAFLD patients and controls, but they found that the serum levels of resistin were negatively associated with the risk of NAFLD; that is, the serum resistin levels were low in NAFLD patients compared to controls. Except for the above reports, other research investigations also provided findings that precluded making a definitive conclusion. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed all the available studies which investigated the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD and controls, and we found that serum resistin levels were significant higher than in the healthy controls. Notably, all the patients with NAFLD were diagnosed by liver biopsy or ultrasound, and the NAFLD patients were not divided by NAFL and NASH stage. In consideration of the high heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis was conducted. Interestingly, when the study by Polyzos et al.27 (2016) was removed, the heterogeneity was markedly decreased, but the results of meta-analysis were unchanged. These results indicated that an individual study may contribute to the heterogeneity, but whether the results of meta-analysis were affected should be further investigated.

Resistin up-regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in monocytes, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells via the NF-κB pathway.41 Serum resistin levels in patients with NASH and the association of serum resistin levels with the risk fibrosis remains inconsistent. Argentou et al.10 investigated the relationship of serum resistin levels with some individual histopathological parameters, global activity grade, and fibrosis stage in NASH patients, but no significant association was observed. However, Tsochatzis et al.42 reported the serum levels in chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C patients; they also found that low resistin levels were associated with moderate/severe fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B/C patients, which suggested that serum resistin levels were negatively related to the degree of fibrosis. In this meta-analysis, the serum resistin levels in patients with NASH were significantly lower than in healthy controls, which was consistent with the previous study by Tsochatzis et al.42 to some degree. The probable reason may be that patients with NASH possess different degrees of fibrosis, usually, and the serum resistin levels could be negatively associated with the fibrosis. In this study, however, all the patients with NASH had NAFLD-related NASH, and the cause of fibrosis in NASH patients was different from that of the chronic hepatitis B/C patients. Whether the relationship of serum resistin levels with fibrosis was affected by the cause of fibrosis remains unknown and further studies are needed to clarify it.

Our results suggested that patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels than healthy controls, but low serum resistin levels were observed in the patients with NASH compared to healthy controls. This is an interesting finding because resistin levels seem to rise with the progression of NAFLD, from healthy to NAFL, but decline when NAFL progresses to NASH. The same phenomenon occurred in patients with type 2 diabetes. In 2020, Galla et al.43 reported that patients with prediabetes had higher levels of resistin than patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls, as found in their 20-year follow-up study. In addition, a large number of cohort studies and meta-analysis suggested that resistin is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.44 Acute coronary syndromes often occur in patients with high resistin levels, while chronic stable angina pectoris is more common in patients with low resistin levels.45 Given that pre-diabetes and coronary heart disease are a large part of the hidden population,43,46 patients with NAFLD are more likely to suffer from the type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, which may have affected the results of this study. In addition, whether reduced resistin levels will reduce the risk of NAFL, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease is unknown, and more research is needed in the future.

This meta-analysis has strengths and limitations that may have affected its conclusions. This is the first meta-analysis to systematically investigate the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD. The serum resistin levels were evaluated in patients with NAFLD, including patients with NAFL and NASH. In addition, this work is based on 28 high-quality studies. The limitations, however, include that some NAFLD patients were diagnosed by ultrasound other than liver biopsy in the included studies. Second, higher heterogeneity may disturb the accuracy of the results. Third, the association of serum resistin levels with fibrosis was not investigated in detail in this study. Fourth, although every step of this meta-analysis was carried out in strict accordance with the requirements, this meta-analysis was not registered on relevant websites in advance.

Conclusions

In summary, this study systematically investigated the serum resistin levels in adult patients with NAFLD for the first time. The results suggest that patients with NAFLD have higher serum resistin levels than healthy controls, but patients with NASH have lower serum resistin levels than healthy controls. In addition, no significant differences of serum resistin levels were observed between the patients with NAFL and controls, nor the patients with NAFL and NASH. Although a little inconsistence between the results of this study and several previous studies existed, it remains reasonable to illustrate the variation of serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD. In consideration of the present results, serum resistin possesses the potential to serve as a biomarker to predict the development risk of NAFLD, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity should be improved by excluding the interference of other factors. Further studies should be conducted to clarify the serum resistin levels in healthy controls and patients with NAFLD that is diagnosed by liver biopsy.

Supporting information

Supplementary Table 1. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFLD group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.7KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 2. Reliability assessment of the results of NASH group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.8KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 3. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFL group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.7KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 4. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFL group vs. NASH group by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.6KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 5. PRISMA checklist.
Click here for additional data file. (16.4KB, docx)

Abbreviations

CI

confidence interval

FIIZ

found in inflammatory zone

NAFL

nonalcoholic fatty liver

NAFLD

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

NOS

Newcastle-Ottawa scale

SD

standard deviation

SMD

standardized mean difference

Data sharing statement

All data are available upon request.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table 1. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFLD group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.7KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 2. Reliability assessment of the results of NASH group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.8KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 3. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFL group vs. controls by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.7KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 4. Reliability assessment of the results of NAFL group vs. NASH group by the GRADE approach.
Click here for additional data file. (15.6KB, docx)
Supplementary Table 5. PRISMA checklist.
Click here for additional data file. (16.4KB, docx)

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