Table 1. General Characteristics of the Study Population by Race and Ethnicitya.
| Characteristic | % (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian individuals | Black individuals | Latino/Hispanic individuals | White individuals | |
| Sample size, No. (N = 596 355) | 27 758 | 84 962 | 99 655 | 383 980 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 41 (30-55) | 42 (29-55) | 38 (28-50) | 47 (33-61) |
| Age category, y | ||||
| 18-39 | 45.7 (44.7-46.6) | 45.4 (44.8-46.0) | 54.2 (53.7-54.8) | 35.3 (35.0-35.7) |
| 40-64 | 41.5 (40.7-42.4) | 41.8 (41.3-42.3) | 36.7 (36.2-37.1) | 44.4 (44.1-44.7) |
| ≥65 | 12.8 (12.3-13.5) | 12.8 (12.4-13.2) | 9.1 (8.8-9.4) | 20.3 (20.0-20.6) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 47.7 (46.9-48.4) | 44.8 (44.3-45.3) | 50.5 (50.0-50.9) | 48.3 (48.1-48.5) |
| Women | 52.3 (51.6-53.1) | 55.2 (54.7-55.7) | 49.6 (49.1-50.0) | 51.7 (51.5-51.9) |
| US citizenship (n = 594 976) | 68.1 (67.0-69.1) | 95.3 (95.0-95.7) | 64.4 (63.6-65.2) | 98.4 (98.3-98.5) |
| Education level (n = 591 769) | ||||
| <High school | 9.9 (9.3-10.5) | 18.3 (17.8-18.9) | 36.9 (36.2-37.6) | 10.3 (10.1-10.5) |
| High school diploma/GED | 16.4 (15.7-17.1) | 30.6 (30.1-31.1) | 26.2 (25.8-26.7) | 27.9 (27.6-28.2) |
| Some college | 22.4 (21.7-23.2) | 32.7 (32.2-33.3) | 24.3 (23.8-24.8) | 31.0 (30.7-31.3) |
| ≥Bachelor degree | 51.3 (50.1-52.5) | 18.4 (17.9-18.9) | 12.6 (12.2-13.0) | 30.8 (30.4-31.2) |
| Annual income <200% federal poverty limitb | 28.2 (24.9-31.7) | 46.1 (43.9-48.3) | 51.5 (50.2-52.7) | 23.9 (23.0-24.9) |
| Uninsured at the time of interview (n = 594 122) | 12.9 (12.3-13.5) | 18.5 (18.1-18.9) | 34.1 (33.4-34.8) | 10.5 (10.4-10.7) |
| US regionc | ||||
| Northeast | 20.1 (18.9-21.4) | 16.3 (15.5-17.0) | 14.0 (13.3-14.8) | 19.3 (18.8-19.8) |
| Midwest | 13.3 (12.3-14.3) | 17.8 (17.0-18.7) | 9.0 (8.3-9.8) | 28.2 (27.6-28.8) |
| South | 21.7 (20.4-23.0) | 57.8 (56.6-59.1) | 36.3 (35.0-37.6) | 33.9 (33.3-34.6) |
| West | 44.9 (43.3-46.6) | 8.1 (7.7-8.5) | 40.7 (39.3-42.1) | 18.6 (18.2-19.1) |
| Married or living with partner (n = 593 917) | 64.5 (63.6-65.3) | 35.1 (34.6-35.7) | 53.9 (53.4-54.4) | 58.5 (58.1-58.9) |
| Employment status (n = 595 593) | ||||
| With a job/working | 65.3 (64.5-66.2) | 60.5 (59.9-61.0) | 65.4 (64.9-65.9) | 62.9 (62.6-63.2) |
| Not in labor force | 30.8 (29.9-31.6) | 32.0 (31.4-32.5) | 29.3 (28.8-29.8) | 34.0 (33.7-34.3) |
| Unemployed | 3.9 (3.7-4.2) | 7.6 (7.3-7.9) | 5.3 (5.1-5.5) | 3.2 (3.1-3.2) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 21.0 (20.3-21.7) | 35.0 (34.5-35.6) | 20.0 (19.6-20.4) | 28.9 (28.7-29.2) |
| Diabetes | 7.2 (6.8-7.6) | 11.0 (10.7-11.2) | 8.6 (8.3-8.9) | 7.7 (7.5-7.8) |
| Prior stroke/myocardial infarction | 2.7 (2.4-2.9) | 5.3 (5.1-5.5) | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) | 5.9 (5.8-6.0) |
| Cancer | 2.9 (2.7-3.2) | 4.0 (3.8-4.1) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 10.0 (9.9-10.1) |
| Emphysema/chronic bronchitis | 1.8 (1.6-2.0) | 4.7 (4.5-4.9) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 5.9 (5.8-6.0) |
| Current smoker | 10.2 (9.7-10.7) | 19.7 (19.3-20.2) | 13.4 (13.1-13.7) | 20.6 (20.4-20.9) |
| Flu vaccine in past 12 mo | 36.8 (35.9-37.6) | 27.1 (26.7-27.6) | 24.6 (24.1-25.0) | 37.2 (36.9-37.5) |
| Obese (BMI ≥30) | 9.1 (8.7-9.6) | 36.3 (35.8-36.8) | 29.6 (29.1-30.1) | 25.6 (25.4-25.9) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); GED, general equivalency diploma.
All percentages presented here are weighted percentages. Population characteristics of all racial and ethnic groups varied over the study period, as shown in eTable 1 in the Supplement. The outcomes prevalence estimates in this study were adjusted for age, sex, and US region.
Annual family income was categorized relative to the respective year’s federal poverty limit from the US Census Bureau into middle and high income (≥200%) and low income (<200%). The weighted proportion of individuals with annual income <200% federal poverty limit was estimated using multiple imputation.
Based on where the housing unit of the survey participant was located. The 4 regions correspond to the regions recognized by the US Census Bureau (https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf).