Table 2. . Top CpGs associated with gestational diabetes mellitus at p < 0.05 and their associations with macrosomia.
| CpG information | Macrosomia n = 37 CpGs |
GDM n = 488 CpGs |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CpG | Gene | Region | β | SE | p-value | q | β | SE |
| cg14428359 | MEST | 3’UTR | -0.012 | 0.003 | <0.001† | <0.001‡ | -0.006 | 0.003 |
| cg19466922 | MEST | Body | -0.010 | 0.004 | 0.006† | 0.089 | -0.017 | 0.004 |
| cg26263166 | IGF2 | 3′UTR | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.017† | 0.169 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| cg05345888 | ARHGEF11 | Body | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.324 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| cg15886040 | H19 | TSS1500 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.324 | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| cg07492680 | ARHGEF11 | Body | -0.004 | 0.002 | 0.064 | 0.324 | -0.006 | 0.002 |
| cg21585493 | ARHGEF11 | TSS200 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.09 | 0.341 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| cg11322849 | INS-IGF2 | TSS1500 | -0.004 | 0.002 | 0.09 | 0.341 | -0.006 | 0.003 |
| cg07589972 | NR3C1 | TSS1500 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.147 | 0.492 | -0.004 | 0.001 |
| cg01785096 | ARHGEF11 | Body | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.187 | 0.563 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| cg18146873 | NR3C1 | 1st Exon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.21 | 0.576 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| cg15922305 | H19 | TSS200 | -0.004 | 0.004 | 0.298 | 0.685 | 0.01 | 0.004 |
| cg04811924 | ARHGEF11 | TSS200 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.685 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| cg20148994 | MEST | TSS1500 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.375 | 0.685 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| cg25587594 | IGF1 | Body | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.377 | 0.685 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| cg12381613 | ARHGEF11 | Body | -0.002 | 0.002 | 0.39 | 0.685 | -0.007 | 0.003 |
| cg12888360 | NR3C1 | Body | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.444 | 0.685 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| cg15495409 | ADIPOQ | 3’UTR | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.468 | 0.685 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| cg22648984 | ARHGEF11 | Body | -0.001 | 0.002 | 0.474 | 0.685 | -0.005 | 0.002 |
| cg21167159 | H19 | Body | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.496 | 0.685 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| cg22424892 | H19 | Body | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.539 | 0.685 | -0.001 | 0.000 |
| cg25852472 | H19 | Body | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.543 | 0.685 | -0.007 | 0.003 |
| cg00629244 | NR3C1 | TSS200 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.554 | 0.685 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| cg19457823 | NR3C1 | Body | -0.002 | 0.003 | 0.555 | 0.685 | -0.008 | 0.003 |
| cg16224829 | NR3C1 | 5’UTR | -0.001 | 0.002 | 0.569 | 0.685 | -0.006 | 0.002 |
| cg20101237 | ARHGEF11 | Body | -0.001 | 0.002 | 0.661 | 0.712 | -0.005 | 0.003 |
| cg02166532 | INS-IGF2 | Body | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.672 | 0.712 | -0.003 | 0.001 |
| cg13791131 | IGF2AS | Body | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.675 | 0.712 | -0.004 | 0.001 |
| cg07342901 | H19 | Body | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.726 | 0.712 | -0.003 | 0.001 |
| cg16641322 | INS-IGF2 | Body | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.712 | -0.003 | 0.001 |
| cg15508379 | IGF2AS | Body | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.751 | 0.712 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| cg00286878 | MEST | TSS1500 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.756 | 0.712 | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| cg12347392 | MEST | TSS1500 | -0.001 | 0.006 | 0.805 | 0.735 | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| cg11607484 | ARHGEF11 | 3’UTR | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.829 | 0.735 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| cg08162473 | INS-IGF2 | Body | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.937 | 0.807 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| cg13993218 | INS-IGF2 | Body | 0.00E + 00 | 0.003 | 0.979 | 0.81 | -0.008 | 0.004 |
| cg07409197 | MEST | TSS1500 | 0.00E + 00 | 0.003 | 0.995 | 0.81 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
†
Significant at p < 0.05.
‡
Significant at q <0.05.
All models adjusted for maternal height, age, smoking status, passive smoking exposure, prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, parity, pregnancy hypertension; child sex and gestational age at delivery; child age and weight for age z-score at methylation measurement; blood cell type proportions; and ten principal components representing processing batch effects (>90% of variance).
GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; SE: Standard error.