Abstract
The data presented in this study represents the profile of metabolites of germinated Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) extracted using two different extraction solvents. Bambara groundnuts obtained from a local agro market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria were germinated at 28 ± 1°C for 24, 48 and 72 h, dried and then processed into flour and starch. Raw Bambara groundnuts (0 h) were also processed into flour and starch and served as controls. Samples at the different germination times were extracted using methanol/water (80:20v/v) and acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20 v/v/v), concentrated, reconstituted and analysed on a gas chromatography-high resolution time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-HRTOF-MS). Data obtained were classified into compound groups such as acids, alcohols, cyclic compounds, esters, ketones, phytosterols, vitamins and many others, and their characteristics such as the retention time, observed mass, molecular formular and mean peak areas were reported. These data represent the collection of metabolites in GBF and GBS and may be useful for the identification and utilization of functional compounds in foods.
Keywords: Metabolites, GC-HRTOF-MS, Bambara groundnut, Germination, Solvent extraction
Specifications Table
| Subject | Food Science and Technology |
| Specific subject area | Germination; Food composition and analysis; Metabolomics |
| Type of data | Tables |
| How data were acquired | Flour and starch prepared from previously germinated Bambara groundnut were subjected to two different solvent extraction methods to determine their metabolites composition. The first combination of organic solvents used for extraction was methanol/water (80:20 v/v) while the second combination was acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20 v/v/v). These individual solvent combinations were used to extract metabolites from germinated Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and germinated Bambara groundnut starch (GBS) which were sprouted between 0-72 h. Analyses of these extracts was done on LECO Pegasus GC-HRTOF-MS system (LECO Corporation, St Joseph, USA) fitted with resolution of 50,000 FWMH (full peak with at one half maximum), with mass accuracies/errors of < 1 ppm and acquisition rates of up to 200 spectra/s. The system is equipped with an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA). This GC-HRTOF-MS operates at high resolution and is equipped with a Gerstel MPS multipurpose autosampler (Gerstel Inc., Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany) and a Rxi®-5ms column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 µm) (Restek, Bellefonte, USA). |
| Data format | Raw and analyzed data; spectra of identified compounds |
| Parameters for data collection | Samples were extracted in triplicate and data were also obtained from the GC-HRTOF-MS were also collected in triplicate. |
| Description of data collection | Samples were freeze-dried and solvent extraction of metabolites was performed on freeze-dried samples (1 g), using the solvent mixture (10 mL) in each case. Thereafter, samples were concentrated and reconstituted in 1 mL methanol (99.9% pure chromatography grade) and thereafter filtered into dark vials using 0.22 µm syringe filters. For sample analyses in GC-HRTOF-MS machine, 1 µL of samples were auto-injected into the system and metabolite identities were determined using NIST, Mainlib and Feihn metabolomics databases. |
| Data source location | Bambara groundnut were sources from a local agro market in Minna, Niger State Nigeria (9.5836° N, 6.5463° E) while Bambara flour and starch samples were produced at the Food Science laboratory of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria (9.6564° N, 6.5278° E). Extraction of metabolites and instrumental analyses were carried out at the University of Johannesburg (Doornfontein Campus), Johannesburg, South Africa (S26°11′32.6″E28 °03′28.9″). |
| Data accessibility | Raw and processed dataset have been deposited in Mendeley repository and is accessible using the link: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/3fhfsz5gv9/4 |
Value of the Data
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The data gives information of the identity of metabolites present in Bambara groundnut flour and starch samples germinated at different times.
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The data represents the effect of germination at different times on the metabolite profile of samples, relative to the ungerminated ones, to understand the progression of germination as a metabolic process and its effect on the production and retention of metabolites at different sprouting times.
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The data gives information about the extractability of metabolites using different mixtures of extraction solvents, to show the efficiency or versatility of each solvent and their applicability in food systems.
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The data represents a cocktail of untargeted metabolites derived from Bambara flour and starch samples as a result of germination at different times, which could lead to the identification and utilization of compounds of functional importance in food production.
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Information provided through this data will be helpful in the determination of germination conditions for Bambara groundnuts and related legumes to produce their flour and starch products to obtain similar or improved production of relevant and functional metabolites.
1. Data Description
The data presented in this study is the information of metabolites obtained from germinated Bambara flour (GBF) and germinated Bambara starch (GBS) using different mixtures of organic solvents for extraction. Table 1 represents the metabolites obtained from GBF and GBS using a mixture of methanol/water (80:20 v/v) as extraction solvent while Table 2 shows the metabolite profile of GBF and GBS using acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20 v/v/v) as extraction solvent. Each table shows information about retention time, observed mass, metabolite name, molecular formula and average peak area for each metabolites in different samples obtained from the peaks generated from GC-HRTOF-MS analysis and comparison of spectra obtained with NIST, Mainlib and Feihn metabolite databases. Subsequent mass spectra of some compounds are presented in supplementary files, deposited in the Mendeley database (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/3fhfsz5gv9/4).
Table 1.
Metabolites identified in Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) using methanol and water (80:20 v/v) as extraction solvent.
| Flour |
Starch |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rt (mins) | Observed ion m/z | Name | MF | 0GBF | 24GBF | 48GBF | 72GBF | 0GBS | 24GBS | 48GBS | 72GBS |
| Alcohol | |||||||||||
| 6.83 | 87.0439 | Glycerol | C3H8O3 | ND | ND | ND | 307634 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Amides | |||||||||||
| 19.12 | 154.1225 | Dodecanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- | C14H29NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 246097 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.80 | 212.2011 | Dodecanamide | C12H25NO | ND | ND | 229538 | ND | ND | ND | 272443 | ND |
| 20.32 | 161.0963 | 3-Cyclopentylpropionamide, N,N-dimethyl- | C10H19NO | ND | ND | 356253 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.27 | 140.1075 | Nonanamide | C9H19NO | ND | ND | ND | 356772 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.84 | 100.0326 | Bis(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl) ether | C8H20N2O | 362197 | ND | 3373070 | ND | ND | ND | 6968863 | 1925589 |
| 22.80 | 126.0910 | Hexadecanamide | C16H33NO | 112958 | ND | 347814 | ND | ND | 281784 | ND | 169801 |
| 22.81 | 140.1067 | Benzeneethanamine | C11H16FNO3 | ND | ND | 161840 | 212288 | 1184386 | 148731 | 207178 | 201073 |
| 24.34 | 294.2779 | 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- | C18H35NO | 1354600 | ND | 2055194 | 4063967 | ND | 3053636 | 2938830 | 3197280 |
| Cyclic compounds | |||||||||||
| 18.75 | 108.0932 | E,Z-3-Ethylidenecyclohexene | C8H12 | ND | 687948 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| 22.28 | 227.0701 | Benzenehexanenitrile | C14H17NO | 191620 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.17 | 279.2317 | Benzene, 2-methoxy-1-(2-nitroethenyl)-3-(phenylmethoxy)- | C16H15NO4 | ND | ND | ND | 657003 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Esters | |||||||||||
| 12.73 | 177.0547 | Diethyl Phthalate | C12H14O4 | ND | ND | 102107 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.32 | 223.0961 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester | C16H22O4 | ND | ND | 296119 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.32 | 223.0960 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester | C20H30O4 | ND | ND | 449868 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.33 | 223.0959 | Phthalic acid, butyl oct-3-yl ester | C20H30O4 | ND | ND | 130139 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.36 | 224.0995 | Dibutyl phthalate | C16H22O4 | ND | ND | 1365627 | 280866 | 302235 | 170104 | 830621 | ND |
| 17.38 | 150.0265 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-ethylhexyl ester | C20H30O4 | 158769 | ND | ND | 129430 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.38 | 223.0959 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester | C14H18O4 | ND | ND | ND | 352860 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 18.69 | 294.2546 | Ethyl 9,12-hexadecadienoate | C18H32O2 | ND | ND | 5252360 | 8018935 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.19 | 174.0936 | 2,2′,2′'-Nitrilotriethanol, triethyl ether | C12H27NO3 | ND | ND | ND | 662787 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.33 | 213.0752 | 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid | C18H30O6 | ND | ND | 107599 | 107436 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.20 | 273.0963 | 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-, tributyl ester | C20H34O8 | 249357 | ND | 280433 | ND | 222530 | 242690 | 764578 | 260777 |
| 20.38 | 144.1019 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl isobutyl ester | C9H19NO3 | 348980 | ND | 698929 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.48 | 283.2628 | Succinic acid, 3,4-dimethylphenyl 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester | C16H23NO4 | ND | ND | 1466928 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.85 | 152.1196 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl 2-methoxyethyl ester | C8H17NO4 | 331038 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.91 | 144.1017 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ethyl ester | C7H15NO3 | ND | ND | ND | 5008868 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.57 | 280.1631 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | C24H38O4 | ND | 1000108 | ND | ND | 668139 | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.58 | 280.0729 | Dicyclohexyl phthalate | C20H26O4 | ND | 495234 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.62 | 279.1580 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, monononyl ester | C17H24O4 | ND | ND | 368535 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.64 | 279.1590 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dicyclohexyl ester | C20H26O4 | ND | ND | ND | 202911 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.87 | 280.2392 | Oxalic acid, di(1-menthyl) ester | C22H38O4 | ND | ND | ND | 592440 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 29.87 | 530.4706 | Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester | C35H62O3 | 120035 | 288311 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| FAEEs | |||||||||||
| 17.61 | 241.2157 | Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester | C14H28O2 | ND | ND | ND | 233196 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.60 | 131.0950 | Octanoic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 352802 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.29 | 299.2574 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester | C19H38O4 | ND | ND | 1415101 | ND | ND | ND | 4688360 | 2053117 |
| 23.74 | 336.2648 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester | C21H38O4 | ND | ND | 7924939 | 4287462 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| FAMEs | |||||||||||
| 16.90 | 228.2038 | Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester | C14H28O2 | 4940778 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 330722 | ND | 850485 |
| 16.91 | 270.2551 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | ND | ND | 10471598 | ND | ND | ND | 11366836 | 8939116 |
| 18.65 | 263.2357 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)- | C19H34O2 | ND | 865286 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 4237592 |
| 18.70 | 266.2553 | 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | 855686 | ND | ND | ND | 707676 | 672492 | ND | ND |
| 18.73 | 296.2698 | trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | ND | ND | ND | 1905757 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 18.74 | 296.2695 | cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | ND | ND | 1552481 | 3409153 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 18.93 | 269.2469 | Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | 2293504 | 1557834 | 4952772 | 3290367 | 2076691 | ND | ND | |
| 18.95 | 298.2859 | Methyl stearate | C19H38O2 | ND | ND | ND | 2882498 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.50 | 144.1017 | Octanoic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | 2401346 | 1009866 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.41 | 354.3488 | Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester | C27H54O2 | ND | ND | 1270191 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Furan | |||||||||||
| 12.69 | 111.1168 | Furan, 2-butyltetrahydro- | C8H16O | ND | ND | 301109 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ketones | |||||||||||
| 14.21 | 105.0335 | Methanone, (1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl- | C13H16O2 | ND | 101939 | 164821 | 187249 | 149732 | 146197 | 159302 | ND |
| 16.91 | 232.1823 | 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione | C17H24O3 | ND | ND | 32318 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| 3.98 | 60.0208 | 2H-1,2-Oxazine, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2-methyl- | C11H14ClNO | ND | 1400596 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.67 | 501.9715 | Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O8Si8 | ND | 3282594 | 2169153 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.45 | 534.9914 | Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- | C16H50O7Si8 | ND | 2779445 | 2701270 | ND | ND | 1915391 | 928470 | ND |
| 17.46 | 533.9926 | 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C18H52O7Si7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2360859 | ND | ND |
| 18.65 | 219.9887 | 1,8,11-Heptadecatriene, (Z,Z)- | C17H30 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 482944 | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.07 | 210.2212 | 2,8,9-Trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo(3.3.3)undecane, 1-methoxy- | C7H15NO4Si | 667023 | 770836 | ND | ND | 854367 | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.27 | 434.0867 | 1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C13H40O5Si6 | ND | 2660774 | 3284057 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.07 | 372.2636 | 3-Methylbutyl N-heptafluorobutyryltryptophanate | C20H21F7N2O3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 739228 | ND |
| 22.23 | 313.2550 | 1H-Indene, 1-hexadecyl-2,3-dihydro- | C25H42 | ND | ND | ND | 1193482 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.56 | 532.9929 | Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O6Si7 | ND | 1998765 | 887750 | ND | ND | 1698458 | ND | ND |
| Phenols | |||||||||||
| 11.32 | 206.1663 | 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | C14H22O | 417837 | 626608 | 707602 | 563806 | 580774 | 579501 | 651064 | 279502 |
| 21.61 | 340.2389 | Phenol, 2,2’-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- | C23H32O2 | 624987 | ND | ND | ND | 701221 | 909547 | 1306974 | ND |
| 22.07 | 161.0948 | (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl)phenol | C23H38O | ND | ND | ND | 167128 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Phytosterols | |||||||||||
| 27.75 | 412.3692 | Stigmasterol | C29H48O | ND | ND | 390128 | ND | ND | ND | 482973 | 439076 |
| 28.13 | 414.3854 | ß-Sitosterol | C29H50O | 230841 | 209691 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Terpene and Terpenoid | |||||||||||
| 24.62 | 340.0400 | Squalene | C30H50 | ND | 395205 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.62 | 430.0896 | Supraene | C30H50 | 757222 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Vitamin | |||||||||||
| 25.54 | 402.3484 | d-Tocopherol | C27H46O2 | ND | ND | 768559 | 1228631 | ND | ND | 745590 | 833629 |
MF: Molecular formula; FAEE: Fatty acid ethyl ester; FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester; 0GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h 0GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h.
Table 2.
Metabolites identified in Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) using acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:20:20 v/v/v) extraction solvent.
| Flour |
Starch |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rt (mins) | Observed ion m/z | Name | MF | 0GBF | 24GBF | 48GBF | 72GBF | 0GBS | 24GBS | 48GBS | 72GBS |
| Acids | |||||||||||
| 3.26 | 104.0293 | Butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy- | C11H22O3Si | ND | ND | ND | 1379146 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4.06 | 102.0090 | Pentanoic acid | C5H10O2 | ND | ND | ND | 850250 | ND | ND | 1599442 | 420330 |
| 15.20 | 228.2077 | Tetradecanoic acid | C14H28O2 | ND | ND | 747974 | 3936087 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.51 | 256.2398 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | C16H32O2 | 5839377 | 4563896 | ND | ND | ND | 6469462 | ND | 67444726 |
| 19.73 | 284.2714 | Octadecanoic acid | C18H36O2 | ND | ND | 13076604 | 14514438 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Alcohols | |||||||||||
| 5.26 | 92.0213 | Glycerol | C3H8O3 | ND | ND | 83692530 | 27609 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.66 | 126.0311 | Maltol | C6H603 | ND | ND | 5053284 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 26.65 | 394.3588 | Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3ß)- | C27H44O | 218602 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Aldehyde | |||||||||||
| 4.73 | 120.0570 | Benzeneacetaldehyde | C8H8O | ND | ND | 559553 | 1873781 | ND | ND | 1278347 | ND |
| Amide | |||||||||||
| 4.83 | 114.0312 | Pentanamide | C36H49N5O5 | ND | 547511 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.21 | 262.2290 | Octadecanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- | C20H41NO2 | 247931 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.22 | 210.1848 | Decanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 1637175 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.74 | 221.3520 | Tetradecanamide | C14H29NO | ND | ND | ND | 864457 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.24 | 229.1615 | Hexadecanamide | C16H33NO | 189552 | ND | ND | ND | 137545 | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.48 | 281.2666 | 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- | C18H35NO | ND | ND | 18787957 | 4012093 | 8548604 | 11431519 | 18472989 | 18389329 |
| 21.97 | 139.0402 | Bis(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl) ether | C8H20N2O | 1042090 | ND | ND | ND | 854739 | 192863 | ND | ND |
| 22.90 | 187.1137 | Benzeneethanamine, 2-fluoro-ß,3,4-trihydroxy-N-isopropyl- | C11H16FNO3 | ND | 208553 | 560386 | 194632 | 471782 | 571453 | 1262773 | |
| Cyclic compound | |||||||||||
| 29.06 | 268.0389 | Benzenehexanenitrile, ß,ß-dimethyl-e-oxo- | C14H17NO | ND | ND | ND | 140204 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Esters | |||||||||||
| 5.30 | 239.0847 | Tetrahydropyran Z-10-dodecenoate | C17H30O3 | ND | ND | ND | 3652891 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.43 | 161.9902 | 1,2-Ethanediol, dipropanoate | C8H14O4 | ND | ND | 4801138 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 9.09 | 210.0302 | 2-t-Butyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenyl ester | C23H36O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.83 | 173.1176 | Butyric acid, thio-, S-hexyl ester | C10H20OS | ND | ND | ND | 386699 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.84 | 178.0599 | Diethyl Phthalate | C12H14O4 | 364436 | 519366 | 766294 | 848101 | ND | ND | 426673 | 303655 |
| 13.71 | 226.1560 | Cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-pentyl-, methyl ester | C13H22O3 | ND | ND | 330280 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.44 | 224.1005 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester | C16H22O4 | ND | ND | 2147598 | 1318726 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.96 | 227.0695 | Phthalic acid, 2,7-dimethyloct-7-en-5-yn-4-yl nonyl ester | C27H38O4 | ND | ND | 213001 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.26 | 292.2034 | Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester | C18H28O3 | ND | ND | 120184 | 154149 | 67957 | ND | 137645 | 149942 |
| 17.41 | 243.2109 | Palmitic acid vinyl ester | C18H34O2 | ND | 804464 | 775420 | 651709 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 278.1511 | Phthalic acid, hex-2-yn-4-yl nonyl ester | C23H32O4 | ND | ND | 8078090 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 279.1548 | Phthalic acid, 8-chlorooctyl heptyl ester | C23H35ClO4 | ND | ND | ND | 5363168 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 223.0967 | Dibutyl phthalate | C16H22O4 | 2222962 | ND | 157059 | 2315416 | ND | 775155 | ND | 4389732 |
| 18.54 | 177.9567 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, vinyl ester | C10H18O2 | 197316 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.41 | 214.0798 | 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester | C18H30O6 | 129008 | 141974 | 385389 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.32 | 330.1635 | 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-, tributyl ester | C20H34O8 | 1055443 | 482794 | 903051 | 95014 | 800796 | 742288 | 1494626 | 1524229 |
| 20.52 | 219.0957 | Octanoic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 11156024 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.98 | 197.1527 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl 2-methoxyethyl ester | C8H17NO4 | ND | ND | 17984410 | 3536432 | 1095483 | ND | 17481691 | 21767625 |
| 22.16 | 185.0817 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl isobutyl ester | C9H19NO3 | 571722 | 1548371 | 3164765 | 274955 | ND | ND | 3164986 | 290625 |
| 22.70 | 339.0385 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | C24H38O4 | ND | 3584849 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.70 | 386.9516 | Diisooctyl phthalate | C24H38O4 | 1983617 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.70 | 326.9852 | Dicyclohexyl phthalate | C20H26O4 | 1790400 | 1212827 | 1113310 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.71 | 358.0683 | Phthalic acid, di(hept-2-yl) ester | C22H34O4 | ND | ND | ND | 1263691 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.21 | 287.9999 | Terephthalic acid, di(4-octyl) ester | C24H38O4 | ND | ND | 85444 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.04 | 173.0630 | cis-Cyclohex-4-en-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, di(phenethyl) ester | C24H26O4 | ND | ND | ND | 305523 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.87 | 426.3870 | Urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester, (+)- | C31H48O3 | ND | ND | ND | 209859 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 30.05 | 530.4690 | Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester | C35H62O3 | 123534 | ND | ND | 67852 | 1106099 | 3286798 | ND | ND |
| FAEE | |||||||||||
| 22.44 | 312.2648 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester | C19H38O4 | ND | ND | 8701469 | 11891657 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| FAMEs | |||||||||||
| 17.02 | 270.2556 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | ND | 13693362 | 35747181 | 33880749 | 18186155 | 4686779 | 35059912 | 54595941 |
| 17.02 | 270.2552 | Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | 3359916 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 17598151 | |
| 18.79 | 266.2227 | 9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | C17H30O2 | ND | ND | 21933465 | 18679779 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 18.79 | 294.2544 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | C19H34O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3476598 | 2311803 | 12037261 | ND |
| 18.82 | 296.2714 | trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | 3255171 | ND | 11609839 | 14906235 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.05 | 298.2860 | Methyl stearate | C19H38O2 | ND | 4471317 | 17709835 | ND | 5259746 | 3046077 | 14396244 | ND |
| 20.85 | 227.2010 | Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester | C14H28O2 | 1025025 | 713908 | 1152194 | 2341413 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.86 | 200.1731 | Undecanoic acid, methyl ester | C12H24O2 | ND | ND | ND | 6971616 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.50 | 356.3561 | Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester | C27H54O2 | ND | ND | ND | 5563687 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.01 | 282.2511 | Oxalic acid, di(1-menthyl) ester | C22H38O4 | ND | ND | ND | 943438 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ketones | |||||||||||
| 3.25 | 108.0683 | Imidazo[4,5-d]imidazole, 1,6-dihydro- | C4H4N4 | ND | ND | ND | 117682 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.41 | 98.0364 | 1,2-Cyclopentanedione | C5H6O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.68 | 375.9799 | 7-Chloro-1,3,4,10-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-1-[[2-[1-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl]imino]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-9(2H)-acridinone | C26H25ClF3N3O2 | ND | ND | 1169975 | 2802233 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.94 | 191.0011 | 1-Pentanone, 1-(2-thienyl)- | C9H12OS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.40 | 85.0523 | 2-Pyrrolidinone | C9H9N | ND | 662123 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 8.34 | 150.0676 | Ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- | C9H10O2 | ND | ND | ND | 1075885 | ND | ND | 799466 | ND |
| 10.95 | 170.0398 | Ethanone, 1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]- | C11H14O2 | ND | ND | 1021014 | 582086 | ND | ND | 325492 | ND |
| 12.41 | 180.0781 | 2′,4′-Dimethoxyacetophenone | C10H12O3 | ND | ND | 1613696 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.41 | 180.0781 | Ethanone, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- | C10H12O3 | ND | ND | ND | 2751983 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.00 | 189.1515 | 2-Butanone, 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)- | C12H15NO | 85005 | 53880 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.44 | 182.0727 | Benzophenone | C13H10O | ND | ND | ND | 282691 | ND | 138491 | 163689 | ND |
| 14.32 | 188.1198 | Methanone, (1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl- | C13H16O2 | 386301 | 595229 | 885838 | 1073775 | 415036 | 347436 | 788474 | 584284 |
| 16.63 | 269.0482 | 2-Morpholin-4-ylmethyl-5-phenoxymethyl-4-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione | C20H22N4O2S | 133625 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.05 | 262.1520 | 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione | C17H24O3 | 165132 | 292457 | 202831 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.44 | 158.0821 | 2-Octen-4-one, 2-methoxy- | C9H16O2 | ND | ND | 236995 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.80 | 410.3543 | 4,22-Stigmastadiene-3-one | C29H46O | ND | ND | ND | 533139 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| 4.00 | 138.1040 | Furan, 2-pentyl- | C9H14O | 911826 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4.40 | 123.0680 | 4(H)-Pyridine, N-acetyl- | C7H9NO | ND | ND | ND | 391733 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.53 | 120.0684 | 1,3,5,7-Tetroxane | C4H8O4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 99462936 | ND |
| 5.58 | 120.0683 | 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,4-dihydro-1-methyl- | C7H8N2 | ND | ND | ND | 33385 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.98 | 359.0650 | Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl- | C10H30O5Si5 | 2178743 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 6.88 | 143.0860 | 1,2,4,5-Tetroxane, 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl- | C6H12O4 | ND | ND | 4276079 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 8.30 | 431.0862 | Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- | C12H36O6Si6 | 5186795 | ND | 724478 | ND | 9273629 | 192507 | 315644 | 778968 |
| 11.06 | 504.1074 | 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C18H52O7Si7 | ND | ND | 5900698 | 527949 | 6713484 | 435535 | 658962 | 832910 |
| 11.07 | 504.1062 | 3-Butoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C19H54O7Si7 | 432330 | ND | 722627 | 584708 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.35 | 186.0257 | Tetraglyme | C10H22O5 | ND | 313631 | 588177 | 897608 | ND | ND | 702519 | ND |
| 12.35 | 219.1747 | (4S,5S)-(+)-5-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxane | C12H17NO2 | ND | ND | 1469274 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.93 | 183.0446 | 6-Hepten-2-one, 5,7,7-trichloro- | C7H9Cl3O | ND | ND | ND | 11932715 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.72 | 157.0885 | 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrole | C11H11N | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 130634 | |
| 13.73 | 179.0680 | Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium, 8-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt | C9H9NOS | ND | ND | ND | 179883 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.81 | 416.0373 | Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O8Si8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4996853 | 362566 | 897430 | 908938 |
| 14.57 | 168.0782 | Thiophene, 2-butyl-5-ethyl- | C10H16S | ND | ND | ND | 799785 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 15.88 | 433.0855 | 1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C13H40O5Si6 | ND | ND | 1098619 | ND | ND | ND | 1192438 | ND |
| 17.36 | 154.0738 | Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- | C11H18N2O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 266621 | ND | ND |
| 17.58 | 533.9922 | Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- | C16H50O7Si8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 589423 |
| 18.85 | 145.1009 | Cyclopropane, 1-ethenyl-2-hexenyl-, [1a,2ß(E)]-(±)- | C11H18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3497754 | ND |
| 19.23 | 201.1132 | 2,8,9-Trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane, 1-ethenyl- | C8H15NO3Si | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9154266 | ND | ND |
| 21.13 | 220.2181 | 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide | C21H40O2 | ND | 447548 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.14 | 167.1431 | 2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-6-pentyl- | C10H18O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1072724 | 460163 | ND | ND |
| 22.19 | 267.2684 | Indoline, 2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)- | C21H19NO | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 50284 | ND |
| 24.45 | 156.9946 | 2-Octen-4-one, 2-methoxy- | C9H16O2 | ND | ND | 141706 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.69 | 532.9916 | Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O6Si7 | 3291323 | ND | ND | ND | 4761300 | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.79 | 309.2793 | Propanedinitrile, 2-(1-methyl-2,6-diphenyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene)- | C21H15N3 | ND | ND | 47194 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.80 | 310.2833 | 1′-Oxocannabinol | C21H24O3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| 27.89 | 394.3603 | Stigmastan-6,22-dien, 3,5-dedihydro- | C29H46 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 778823 | 931373 | ND | ND |
| 28.21 | 155.0859 | Pyridine, 3-phenyl- | C11H9N | ND | ND | ND | 150868 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.79 | 453.0684 | Methylenebis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylphosphine) | C31H50P2 | ND | 94708 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 30.02 | 420.0876 | Methyl 3ß-hydroxyolean-18-en-28-oate | C31H50O3 | ND | ND | 696769 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Phenolic compounds | |||||||||||
| 8.83 | 154.0625 | Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- | C8H10O3 | ND | ND | ND | 288311 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 9.57 | 164.1196 | Phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | C11H16O | ND | ND | 332332 | ND | ND | ND | 562386 | ND |
| 11.48 | 220.1823 | Butylated Hydroxytoluene | C15H24O | 95604 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.49 | 206.1665 | 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | C14H22O | ND | 1676041 | ND | ND | 2037303 | 1153076 | 2870723 | 2802451 |
| 14.12 | 234.1980 | Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | C16H26O | ND | ND | 157473 | 78267 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.74 | 340.2401 | Phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- | C23H32O2 | 69972 | 1728704 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.79 | 646.4521 | Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) | C42H63O3P | 216841 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Phytosterols | |||||||||||
| 27.69 | 400.3700 | Campesterol | C28H48O | ND | ND | 265916 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 27.89 | 412.3710 | Stigmasterol | C29H48O | 753259 | 603033 | 1163792 | ND | ND | ND | 2283619 | 1771221 |
| 28.27 | 414.3861 | ß-Sitosterol | C29H50O | ND | 345695 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.57 | 409.3783 | ß-Amyrin | C30H50O | ND | ND | 283324 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Terpene and Terpenoid | |||||||||||
| 13.90 | 216.1511 | aR-Turmerone | C15H20O | ND | ND | 577405 | 626241 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.78 | 231.2116 | Supraene | C30H50 | ND | ND | ND | 1139640 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Vitamin | |||||||||||
| 25.67 | 402.3495 | d-Tocopherol | C27H46O2 | ND | ND | 4693356 | 1276396 | ND | ND | 7647813 | 7194388 |
MF: Molecular formula; FAEE: Fatty acid ethyl ester; FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester; 0GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h 0GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h.
2. Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
2.1. Germination of Bambara groundnut
Brown variety of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were physically cleaned to remove seed brokens and extraneous materials. Thereafter, a portion of 250 g was sterilized in 1000 mL of food-grade sodium hypochlorite, blotted dry and soaked in water at 28 ± 1°C for 6 h prior to germination. Hydrated seeds were germinated at 28 ± 1°C for 24, 48 and 72 h and uniformly sprouted seeds were dried at 40°C for 24 h for subsequent processing into flour and starch. Raw Bambara groundnut seeds were equally processed into flour and starch and represents 0 h samples which served as control in each case.
2.2. Production of Bambara groundnut flour and starch
Raw and germinated (dried) seeds were milled (Brook Crompton Series 2000, Christy Hunt Agriculture Ltd., South Humberside, England) and sieved (100 µm mesh-size) to obtain raw and germinated Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) [1]. The method of Oyeyinka et al. [2] was used to extract starch from Bambara groundnut flour samples for each germination time (0-72 h). Flour was dispersed in 0.3% (w/v) NaOH solution at 1:10. The mixture was shaken vigorously, allowed to settle and the supernatant was decanted. Afterwards, distilled water was added to the residue and the slurry was sieved. The suspension was left to stand overnight and the starch obtained was repeatedly washed with distilled water, centrifuged (K24IR, Centurion Scientific Ltd, Stoughton, Chichester, UK) at 10,000 × g for 20 min at 25°C, neutralized with 0.1N HCl and the resulting germinated Bambara starch (GBS) was freeze dried (LGJ‐18, SHKY, China) at a set temperature (−40°C) and pressure (40 Pa) for 24 h, and uniformly blended (BLX750RD, Kenwood, Sheffield, UK).
2.3. Extraction of metabolites and GC-HRTOF-MS analysis
Two different mixtures of extraction solvents were used to extract GBF and GBS at the different germination times. The first solvent mixture was methanol/water at 80:20 v/v while the second mixture was acetonitrile/methanol/water at 40:40:20 v/v/v. Extraction of metabolites followed the method previously described by Kewuyemi et al. [3]. Briefly, one gram each of the samples (flour and starch), at the different germination times was weighed into 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Then, 10 mL of each extraction solvent was added, the mixture vortexed vigorously to achieve thorough and even mixing. Thereafter, samples were sonicated (Scientech 704, Labotech, South Africa) for 1 h, centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C (Eppendorf 5702R, Merck South Africa). Supernatants from centrifuge tubes where then taken into fresh tubes and concentrated in a vacuum concentrator (Eppendorf Plus, Merck South Africa). Dried extracts were then reconstituted in 1 mL chromatography-grade methanol, vortexed to ensure even dissolution of extracts and filtered through 0.22 µm microfilters into dark amber vials for GC-HRTOF-MS analyses. Extraction was carried out in triplicate in each case.
Reconstituted extracts were analysed on the GC-HRTOF-MS system (LECO Corporation, St. Josheph, MI, USA), having a resolution of 50,000 FWMH (full peak with at one half maximum), with mass accuracies/errors of < 1 ppm and acquisition rates of up to 200 spectra/s. The system is equipped with a multipurpose sampler (Gerstel Inc., Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany) and Rxi®-5 ms column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 µm) (Restek, Bellefonte, USA). From the three replicates of each sample, 1 µL of extracts were injected in a spitless mode and pumped at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min, with helium as the carrier gas. Inlet and transfer line temperature were set at 250 and 225 °C, respectively and the ion source temperature was at 250 °C. The oven temperature cycle used was: initial temperature of 70 °C for 0.5 min; then an increase of 10 °C/min to 150 °C held for 2 min; then ramped at 10 °C/min to 330 °C and held for 3 min for the column to ‘bake-out’. Experiments for solvent blanks were also carried out to observe possible impurities and contamination. To identify metabolites, spectra were matched with NIST1, Mainlib2 and Feihn3 reference library databases, and their identities determined. To process raw data, parameters such as signal to noise ratio of 100, similarity match of above 70% and the occurrence of metabolites at least two times out of the triplicate data were strictly adopted [4]. Therefore, data obtained and reported in Tables 1 and 2 represent the mean of values obtained from triplicate runs of samples after prior processing of raw data.
Ethics Statement
The authors have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the data reported in this work
CRediT Author Statement
Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji: Sample preparation, Formal data analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Validation, Writing – original draft; Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing; Ezekiel Green: Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo: Funding acquisition, Data curation, Methodology, Formal analyses, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
None.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported financially by the Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (UJ) Research Committee (URC) postdoctoral research fellowship received by Ajibola B. Oyedeji, the UJ Global Excellence and Stature (GES) 4.0 Catalytic Initiative Grant and Thuthuka grant (number 121826) of the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa.
Footnotes
Contributor Information
Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji, Email: jibanky2@gmail.com.
Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma, Email: chinmachiemela@futminna.edu.ng.
Ezekiel Green, Email: egreen@uj.ac.za.
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Email: oadebo@uj.ac.za.
References
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