Table 5.
ADHD.
| Study Design | Country | No. | Age Group | Disease | Daily Dosage (g/d) | Duration | Rating Scale | End Point | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voigt et al., 2001 [98] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | USA | 63 | 6–12 years | ADHD | - DHA 345 mg/d or placebo | 16 weeks | -TOVA - Children’s Colour Trails test - CBCL - CRS |
Supplementation does not decrease symptoms of ADHD. |
| Richardson & Puri, 2002 [99] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | UK | 41 | 8–12 years | Learning disabilities | EPA186 mg/d + DHA 480 mg/d + GLA 96 mg/d + vitamin E 60 IU/d + AA 42 mg/d + LA (864 mg/d +thyme oil 8 mg/d or placebo | 12 weeks | CPRS-L | Significant benefit in alleviating many ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. |
| Harding et al., 2003 [102] | double-blind, placebo controlled trial | USA | 20 | 7–12 years | ADHD | EPA 180 mg/d + DHA 120 mg/d + GLA 45 mg/d OR methilphenidate |
4 weeks | - IVA/CPT | Supplementation resulted in equivalent improvements in attention and self-control as methylphenidate. |
| Hirayama et al., 2004 [105] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | Japan | 40 | 6–12 years | ADHD | DHA 515 mg/d + EPA 100 mg/d or placebo | 8 weeks | - AD/HD-related symptoms - Aggression assessment- Development Test of Visual Perception - Visual and auditory short-term memory; - Developmental test of visual–motor integration – Continuous performance test - Impatience test. |
No improvement of ADHD. |
| Widenhorn-Müller et al., 2014 [101] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | Germany | 95 | 6–12 years | ADHD | EPA 600 mg/d +DHA 120 mg/d or placebo | 16 weeks | - CBCL - TRS |
No effect on cognitive measures and parent- and teacher-rated behaviour. |
| Wu et al., 2015 [104] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | China | 179 | 7–12 years | ADHD (n = 91) Lower IQs (n = 88) |
eggs rich in n-3 PUFAs or normal eggs |
12 weeks | - Mann–Whitney test - Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test |
Improvements both in visual acuity and in the RBC fatty acid profile. |
CBCL: Child Behaviour Checklist; CPRS-L: Conners’ Parent Rating Scale; CRS: Conners Rating Scales; IVA/CPT: Intermediate Visual and Auditory/Continuous Performance Test; TRS: Teacher’s Report Form; TOVA: Test of Variables of Attention.