Table 1.
An overview illustrating TME characteristics of a selection of simple and complex genome sarcoma types.
| Sarcoma Type | DNA Alterations | Immune Infiltration 1 | PD-L1 Expression 2 |
Genomic/TME Heterogeneity 1 | General TME Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple genome | |||||
| Alveolar soft-part sarcoma |
TFE3-ASPCR1 | − | 29.7–100% | −/− | CD8 T cells; TAMs [25,26,27] |
| Chondrosarcoma (low-grade) | IDH, COL2A1 | − | 0% | −/± | CD4 and CD8 T cells; TAMs [28,29,30] |
| Well-differentiated liposarcoma |
MDM2, CDK4, CNA | −/± | 0–50% | −/− | CD4 Th and CD8 T cells; B cells, DCs; TAMs [31,32,33,34] |
| Ewing sarcoma | EWSR1-ETS | − | 0% | −/− | M2-like TAMs; CD4 and CD8 T cells [34,35,36,37] |
| Synovial sarcoma | SS18-SSX | − | 0% | −/± | TAMs; CD4 FOXP3 Tregs and CD8 T cells [34,35,38] |
| Complex genome | |||||
| Chondrosarcoma (dedifferentiated) |
IDH, COL2A1, CNA | ± | 41–52% | +/± | CD4 and CD8 T cells; TAMs [29,30] |
| Chordoma | CDKN2A, PBRM1, SMARCB1, CNA | + | 0–68.5% | ±/± | CD4 FOXP3 Tregs and CD8 T cells; M1-like and M2-like TAMs [39,40,41,42] |
| Dedifferentiated liposarcoma | MDM2, CDK4, CNA | + | 10–67% | +/+ | CD4 Th and CD8 T cells; B cells, DCs; TAMs [24,31,32,33,34] |
| Myxofibrosarcoma | CIN | + | 16–20% | +/+ | CD4 Th, CD4 Treg and CD8 T cells; B cells; DCs; M1-like and M2-like TAMs [34,39,43,44,45] |
| Osteosarcoma | CIN | ± | 0–25% | +/+ | CD4 and CD8 T cells; M1-like and M2-like TAMs, NK cells; DCs [36,46,47,48] |
| Soft tissue leiomyosarcoma | CNA | ± | 34–59% | +/+ | M2-like TAMs, CD4 T cells [32,39,43,49] |
| Undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma | CIN, SNV | + | 0–33% | +/+ | CD4 Th, CD4 Treg and CD8 T cells; B cells; DCs; M2-like TAMs [24,34,39,43,45,50,51] |
| Uterine leiomyosarcoma | CNA | ± | 0–70% | +/+ | M2-like TAMs; CD4 T cells; NK cells [39,43,49,52,53] |
1 Amount of immune infiltration, genomic heterogeneity, and TME heterogeneity: −, low; ±, moderate; +, high. 2 Percentage of tumors expressing PD-L1 in tumor cells. Abbreviations: CIN, chromosomal instability; CNA, copy number alteration; DCs, dendritic cells; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; SNV, single nucleotide variant; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; Th, T helper cells; TME, tumor microenvironment; Tregs, regulatory T cells.