Skip to main content
NCBI home page
ZooKeys logoLink to ZooKeys
. 2021 Aug 20;1056:149–171. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1056.63755

Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) from Yunnan, China

Qi-Hong Tan 1, Xiao-Juan Zhou 1, Jie-Xin Zou 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC8397694  PMID: 34522153

Abstract

Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamid Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 are described from Yunnan Province, southwest China. Morphological comparisons were made between the two new species and type materials of other 11 species of Aparapotamon. Aparapotamonbinchuanensesp. nov. and A.huizeensesp. nov. can be separated from their congeners by the shape of the epibranchial tooth, the frontal view of the cephalothorax, the male first gonopod, and the female vulvae. The molecular analyses based on partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene are also included. This study brings the number of Aparapotamon species to 13.

Keywords: Aparapotamon , freshwater crab, new species, taxonomy, 16S rRNA

Introduction

Crabs of the family Potamidae Ortmann, 1896 (Crustacea, Decapod, Brachyura) spend their whole life history in freshwater or terrestrial environments (Yeo et al. 2008). The juvenile crabs hatch directly from large and yolky eggs, and there is no larval phase in their life history, so they are considered true freshwater crabs (Yeo et al. 2008; Daniels et al. 2015). Due to their low fecundity and poor dispersal abilities, these crabs are easily blocked by geographical barriers, and their phylogeny often closely reflects relevant historical geological events (Shih et al. 2009, 2011; Fang et al. 2015; Ji et al. 2016; Jia et al. 2018).

Previous studies have shown that China has the world’s highest number of freshwater crab species (Dai 1999; Cumberlidge et al. 2011; Shih and Ng 2011; Daniels et al. 2015; Chu et at. 2018a). Despite this substantial diversity, the rate of discovery remains high (Chu et al. 2018b; Huang et al. 2018a, b, 2020a, b; Naruse et al. 2018; Zou et al. 2018; Gao et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019a, b, 2020a, b; Mao and Huang 2020). With the two new species described in this study, Yunnan has a total of 18 genera and 67 species, highest among all provinces in China (Chu et al. 2018a; Wang et al. 2020). Yunnan is a possible center of origin for the family Potamidae and is located in the southwest of China (Shih and Ng 2011). It is at the junction of the Asiatic Plate and the Indian Plate (Harrison et al. 1992), the geological movement remains active, the complex geographical features of this area have contributed to the rapid differentiation of crabs (Shih et al. 2009), so species of this area is richer than that in other places at the same latitude such as Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangdong Province (Shih and Ng 2011).

Aparapotamon was established by Dai and Chen (1985), and eleven species have been reported so far. Since all the species are from Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, and Shaanxi but with only A.gracilipedum Chen & Chang, 1982 known from Henan Province (Dai 1999). The two new species of Aparapotamon collected from Yunnan Province are herein described. Morphological comparisons were made between the two new species and type materials of other eleven species of Aparapotamon. To analyze the phylogenetic relationship between these species and its congeners, we use the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis, which has been proved to be useful in crab taxonomy (Schubart 2000; Bai et al. 2018).

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected by Han Dai from Biji Village (25°53'34"N, 100°55'30"E, alt. 1658 m), Lawu Town, Binchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province and Yue Huang from Zebu Village (26°30'41"N, 103°10'25"E, alt. 1954 m), Nagu Town, Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, respectively. All materials were preserved in 95% ethanol and deposited in the Department of Parasitology of the Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (NCU MCP). Carapace width and length were measured in millimeters. The abbreviation of G1 and G2 are for male first gonopod and the male second gonopod, respectively. The terminology used primarily follows that of Dai (1999) and Davie et al. (2015).

We compared two new species with type materials of other eleven species of Aparapotamon deposited in Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (CAS CB). Comparative materials are as follows:

  • Aparapotamon arcuatum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05091, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, Daxing Town, 14 Aug 1981; NCU MCP 4032, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Yongsheng County, Yangping Yi Autonomous Town, 6 Jul 2017.

  • Aparapotamon emineoforaminum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05090, 1♂, China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Mianning County, Jionglong Town, Aug 1982.

  • Aparapotamon gracilipedum Chen & Chang, 1982: Holotype, CAS CB 05148, 1♂, China, Henan Province, Luoyang City, Luanchuan County, Chenguan Town, 20 Sep 1978.

  • Aparapotamon grahami Rathbun, 1929: CAS CB 00142, 1♂, China, Hubei Province, Nanyang City, 1977; CAS CB 00150, 1♂, China, Shannxi Province, Ankang City, Zhenping County, 16 Jul 1978; NCU MCP 4057, 1♂, China, Chongqing City, Wulong County, Dadonghe Town, 24 Jun 2018; NCU MCP 4241, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, 31 Aug 2019.

  • Aparapotamon huiliense Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05089, 1♂, China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Huili County, 2 Jun 1982; NCU MCP 4027, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Huaping County, Zhongxin Town, Zuofang Village, 5 Jul 2017.

  • Aparapotamon inflomanum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05096, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Diqing Zang Autonomous Prefecture, Zhongdian County, Sanba Town, 8 Sep 1981.

  • Aparapotamon molarum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05094, 1♂, China,Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, 28 Aug 1981.

  • Aparapotamon muliense Dai & Chen, 1990: Holotype, CAS CB 05088, 1♂, China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Muli Zang Autonomous County, Xiaojin River, 5 Dec 1984.

  • Aparapotamon protinum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05093, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Yongsheng County, Songping Town, 22 Aug 1981.

  • Aparapotamon similium Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05095, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Yongsheng County, Renli Town, 22 Aug 1981; NCU MCP 4031, 1♂, China,Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, Paomaping Town, 6 Jul 2017.

  • Aparapotamon tholosum Dai & Chen, 1985: Holotype, CAS CB 05092, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Yongsheng County, Chenguan Town, 22 Aug 1981; NCU MCP 4034, 1♂, China, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Binchuan County, Zhoucheng Town, 5 Jul 2017.

Institutional abbreviations used in the paper are as follows:

CAS CBChinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;

NCHUZOOLZoological Collections of the Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan;

NCU MCPDepartment of Parasitology of the Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China;

NNU College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China;

SYSBM Sun Yat-sen Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China;

ZRCZoological Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

The pereiopod muscle tissue was extracted from specimens of the new species with a DP1902 Tissue Kit (BioTeKe Inc. Beijing). Partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained by PCR amplification with the primers 1471 (5’-CCTGTTTANCAAAAACAT-3’) and 1472 (5’-AGATAGAAACCAACCTGG-3’) (Shih et al. 2004). The parameters of the PCR were as follows: denaturation for 50 s at 94 °C, annealing for 40 s at 52 °C, extension for 1 min at 72 °C (33 cycles) and extension for 10 min at 72 °C. The PCR products were examined on an ABI 3730 automatic sequencer to sequence.

For molecular analysis, 30 partial sequences of 16S rRNA gene were used to construct BI and ML phylogenetic trees, including those of 27 species in 22 genera of potamids (Table 1). Sequences were aligned using MAFFT vers.7.355 (Nakamura et al. 2018) based on the G-INS-I method and the conserved regions were selected with Gblocks 0.91b (Castresana 2000). The best-fitting model for Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis was determined by MrModeltest ver. 2.3 (Nylander 2004), selected by the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The obtained model was GTR+I+G. MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) was employed to perform BI analysis, and four Monte Carlo Markov Chains of 2,000,000 generations were run with sampling every 1,000 generations. The first 500,000 generations were discarded as burn-in. The best evolutionary model for Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was HKY+G, determined by MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). A ML tree was built based on 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018). The pairwise distance based on the K2P (Kimura 2-Parameter) model was calculated by MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018).

Table 1.

Specimens used in the phylogenetic analysis.

Species Museum catalogue no. Locality GenBank no. Reference
Aparapotamon grahami ZRC Yunnan, China AB428489 Shih et al. 2009
Cryptopotamonanacoluthon Kemp, 1918 NCHUZOOL 13122 Hong Kong AB428453 Shih et al. 2009
Daipotamonminos Ng & Trontelj, 1996 ZRC Guizhou, China LC198524 Huang et al. 2017b
Diyutamoncereum Huang, Shih & Ng, 2017 SYSBM Guizhou, China LC198520 Huang et al. 2017b
Mediapotamonleishanense Dai, 1995 SYSBM001094 Guizhou, China LC155164 Shih et al. 2016
Minpotamonnasicum Dai & Chen, 1979 NCHUZOOL 13121 Fujian, China AB428450 Shih et al. 2009
Nanhaipotamonhongkongense Shen, 1940 ZRC Hong Kong, China AB212869 Shih et al. 2005
Parapotamonspinescens Calman, 1905 NCU MCP Yunnan, China AB428467 Shih et al. 2009
Pararangunasemilunatum Dai & Chen, 1985 ZRC Yunnan, China AB428490 Shih et al. 2009
Potamiscusyongshengense Dai & Chen, 1985 NNU150951 Yunnan, China KY963597 Chu et al. 2017
Socotrapotamonnojidensis Apel & Brandis, 2000 ZRC 2000.2232 Socotra, Yemen AB428493 Shih et al. 2009
Tenuipotamonhuaningense Dai & Bo, 1994 CAS CB05175 Yunnan, China AB428491 Shih et al. 2009
Trichopotamondaliense Dai & Chen, 1985 NCHUZOOL 13130 Yunnan, China AB428492 Shih et al. 2009
Yarepotamonfossor Huang, 2018 SYSBM 001417 Guangxi, China MG709238 Huang 2018
Artopotamonlatopeos Chu, Wang & Sun, 2018 NNU 170502 Yunnan, China MH045061 Chu et al. 2018b
Arquatopotamonjizushanense Chu, Zhou & Sun, 2017 NNU 160506 (holotype) Yunnan, China KY963596 Chu et al. 2017
Semicircularalincangensis Chu, Wang & Sun, 2018 NNU 1605 Yunnan, China MH045059 Chu et al. 2018b
Tenuilapotamonlatilum Chen, 1980 ZRC Hubei, China AB428468 Shih et al. 2009
Sinopotamondavidi Rathbun, 1904 CAS CB Shaanxi, China LC155132 Shih et al. 2016
Tiwaripotamonxiurenense Dai & Naiyanetr, 1994 CAS CB Guangxi, China LC198522 Huang et al. 2017b
Cantopotamonzhuhaiense Huang, Ahyong & Shih, 2017 SYSBM 001439 Guangdong, China LC342045 Huang et al. 2017a
Qianguimonsplendidum Huang, 2018 SYSBM 001598 Guangxi, China MG709241 Huang 2018
Artopotamon compressum NCU MCP 4033 Yunnan, China MN594116 This study
Aparapotamon huiliense NCU MCP 4027 Yunnan, China MN594113 This study
Aparapotamon huiliense NCU MCP 4031 Yunnan, China MN594118 This study
Aparapotamon similium NCU MCP 4035 Yunnan, China MN594114 This study
Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. NCU MCP 1707 Yunnan, China MN943639 This study
Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. NCU MCP 1707 Yunnan, China MN594120 This study
Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. NCU MCP 1798 Yunnan, China MN594121 This study
Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. NCU MCP 1798 Yunnan, China MN594122 This study
Open in a new tab

Results

Systematics

Family Potamidae Ortmann, 1896

Aparapotamon

Dai & Chen, 1985

2F4642BD-22F8-5749-9BE8-803810E2A1BC

Type species.

Aparapotamongrahami Dai & Chen, 1985

Aparapotamon binchuanense sp. nov.

87CADA95-2FCA-5C9E-847E-824DCA7C6866

http://zoobank.org/05703d3e-5f19-4587-9494-c1afb7df8327

Figures 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. Holotype male (17.1 × 13.6 mm) (NCU MCP 170701). A overall habitus B dorsal view of carapace C frontal view of the cephalothorax. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. Holotype male (17.1 × 13.6 mm) (NCU MCP 170701). A outer view of chelipeds B left third maxilliped C ventral view of anterior thoracic sternum and pleon D right fourth ambulatory leg E ventral view of anterior thoracic sternum and third maxilliped F ventral view of sterno-pleonal cavity with right G1 in situ; arrow indicates pleonal locking tubercle. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 5 mm (A, C–F).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. Paratype female (21.4 × 17.1 mm) (NCU MCP 170703) A overall habitus B ventral view of pleon C vulvae. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. Holotype male (17.1 × 13.6 mm) (NCU MCP 170701) A ventral view of left G1B ventral view of terminal segment of left G1C dorsal view of left G1D dorsal view of terminal segment of left G1E ventral view of left G2. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined.

Holotype: NCU MCP 170701, 1♂ (17.1 × 13.6 mm), China, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Binchuan County, Lawu Town, 25°53'34"N, 100°55'30"E, alt. 1658 m, 10 Aug 2010, Han Dai leg. Paratypes: NCU MCP 170702, NCU MCP 170704, NCU MCP 170705, 3♂♂ (15.7 × 13.1 mm, 15.6 × 12.5 mm, 14.3 × 11.6 mm) and NCU MCP 170703, NCU MCP 170706, NCU MCP 170707, 3♀♀ (21.4 × 17.1 mm, 20.8 × 16.8 mm, 19.0 × 15.6 mm), same data as holotype.

Diagnosis.

Carapace trapezoidal, regions defined. External orbital angle triangular, postorbital cristae convex, postfrontal lobe prominent. Cervical groove indistinct, H-shaped groove conspicuous. Epibranchial tooth blunt, anterolateral margin lined with numerous granules. Third maxilliped exopod without flagellum. Adult male and female chelipeds slightly unequal. Ambulatory legs relatively slender. Male sterno-pleonal cavity deep, median longitudinal groove between sternites 7/8 long. Male pleon narrow triangular, telson triangular. Vulva small, ovate, located close to each other at anterior part of sternites 6, posterior margin not convex. G1 slender, distal end tapering, distinctly bent. G2 basal segment ovate, tip of terminal segment laterally flattened.

Description.

Carapace width 1.25 × length (n = 7), regions defined; dorsal surface slightly convex (Figs 1A, B, 3A). External orbital angle triangular, separated from anterolateral margin by conspicuous notch (Figs 1A, C, 3A). Postorbital cristae gently convex, continuous to epibranchial tooth; postfrontal lobe prominent, separated medially by inverted Y-shaped groove (Figs 1A, B, 3A). Cervical groove indistinct; H-shaped gastro-cardiac groove distinct (Figs 1A, B, 3A). Epibranchial tooth blunt, rounded; anterolateral margin cristae, curved inward posteriorly, lined with approximately 15–17 fused granules; posterolateral surface slightly smooth, with some inconspicuous oblique striae, converging towards posterior carapace margin (Figs 1A, B, 3A). Orbits and eyes large; supraorbital margin ridged, infraorbital margin cristate, minutely granulated (Fig. 1C). Pterygostomial and sub-hepatic regions covered with dense round granules, sub-orbital region with sparse granules (Fig. 1C). Epistome posterior margin median lobe equilateral triangular, lateral margin with small projection (Fig. 1C).

Third maxilliped exopod without flagellum, claviform, reaching proximal 1/3 of merus lateral margin (Figs 1C, 2B, E). Ischium about 1.3 times as long as broad, rectangular, with distinct longitudinal median sulcus (Fig. 2B, E). Merus about 1.4 times as broad as long, subquadrate, median slightly depressed (Figs 1C, 2B, E).

Chelipeds slightly unequal in both adult male and female, right cheliped larger (Fig. 2A). Palm of larger cheliped length 1.4 × height (n = 7); dactylus 0.7 × palm length (n = 7); dactylus as long as pollex (Figs 1A, 2A, 3A). Merus outer surface punctate; carpus surface covered with several prominent granules and sharp spine at inner-distal angle (Figs 1A, 3A). Occlusal margins of fingers of adult male with numerous sparse round blunt teeth, with narrow gap when fingers closed (Fig. 2A). Ambulatory legs very slender; second ambulatory legs longest; fourth ambulatory leg propodus 2.1 × as long as broad (n = 7), shorter than dactylus, which accompanied with several thorn-like spines (n = 7) (Figs 1A, 2D).

Male thoracic sternum punctate, formed by tidy depression; sternites 1–4 broad, sternites 1/2 completely continuous; suture 2/3 complete, transverse; suture 3/4 visible, mesially reaching distolateral part of sterno-pleonal cavity (Fig. 2E). Male sterno-pleonal cavity deep; median longitudinal groove between sternites 7/8 long; male pleonal locking tubercle inconspicuous, positioned medially on sternite 5 (Fig. 2F, arrow). Male pleon narrow triangular (Fig. 2C); telson triangular, apex rounded, width 1.3 × length in males (n = 4), 1.8 × in females (n = 3); somite 6 trapezoidal, width 2.5 × length in males (n = 4), 3.3 × in females (n = 3) (Figs 2C, 3B). Vulvae small, ovate, located close to each other at anterior part of sternites 6, pushing mesial portions of sutures 5/6 forward, deeper laterally, posterior margin not convex, the sternal vulvar cover triangular, positioned mesially (Fig. 3C).

G1 slender; terminal segment claviform, distal end tapering, distinctly bent, inner margin arc-shaped, outer margin straight, dorsal lobe barely visible in ventral view (Fig. 4A–D); tip reaching beyond pleonal locking tubercle but not exceed sternites 4/5 in situ (Fig. 2F); clear boundary between terminal segment and subterminal segment, latter length about 0.7 × length of terminal segment (Fig. 4A, C). G2 basal segment ovate, about 1.5 × length of terminal segment, tip of terminal segment flat rather than sharp (Fig. 4E).

Etymology.

The species is named after the type locality, Binchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province.

Distribution.

The new species is presently known only from the type locality, Binchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province.

Remarks.

Aparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. closely resembles congeners in general carapace morphology. However, A.binchuanense sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species by the terminal segment of G1, which is claviform, with distal end tapering and distinctly bent (Fig. 9A) [vs. terminal segment of G1 disc-shaped, straight in A.inflomanum and A.molarum (Fig. 9C, D), terminal segment of G1 of A.emineoforaminum tapering distally but not bent (Fig. 9E), terminal segment of G1 arc-shaped in A.arcuatum and A.muliense (Fig. 9H, I), and terminal segment of G1 of A.tholosum, A.protinum, A.grahami, A.huiliense, A.similium and A.gracilipedum claviform, not bent (Fig. 9F, G, J-M)]. In addition, in A.binchuanense sp. nov., the pterygostomial region is densely covered with round granules, while in the sub-orbital region the granules are sparse.

Figure 9.

Figure 9.

Open in a new tab

Left G1s. AAparapotamonbinchuanense sp. nov. NCU MCP 170701 BAparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. NCU MCP 179801 CAparapotamoninflomanum (Dai & Chen, 1985), IZCAS CB 05096 DAparapotamonmolarum (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05094 EAparapotamonemineoforaminum (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05090 FAparapotamontholosum (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05092 GAparapotamonprotinum (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05093 HAparapotamonarcuatum (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05091 IAparapotamonmuliense (Dai & Chen, 1990), CAS CB 05088 JAparapotamongrahami (Rathbun, 1929), CAS CB 00142 KAparapotamonhuiliense (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05089 LAparapotamonsimilium (Dai & Chen, 1985), CAS CB 05095 MAparapotamongracilipedum (Chen & Chang, 1982), CAS CB 05148.

(Fig. 1C). This character can also distinguish A.binchuanense sp. nov. from congeners. For detailed differences between this new species and congeners, see Table 2.

Table 2.

Morphological differences among species of Aparapotamon.

Species/characters Epibranchial tooth Pterygostomial and sub-hepatic regions Sub-orbital region G1 in situ Terminal segment of G1 Vulva
A.binchuanense sp. nov. Blunt (Fig. 1A) Densely covered with round granules (Fig. 1C) Sparely covered with round granules (Fig. 1C) Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 (Fig. 2F) Slender, distal end tapering, distinctly bent (Fig. 9A) Ovate, posterior margin not convex (Fig. 3C)
A.huizeense sp. nov. Sharp (Fig. 5A) Sparely covered with round granules (Fig. 5C) Smooth (Fig. 5C) Exceeding suture 4/5 (Fig. 6F) Very slender, distal end slightly bent, dorsal lobe well developed inward (Fig. 9B) Ovate, posterior margin distinctly convex (Fig. 7C)
A.inflomanum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 196) Blunt Smooth Smooth Reaching suture 4/5 Slender, distal end disc-shaped (Fig. 9C) Ovate, posterior margin not convex
A.molarum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 195) Blunt Smooth Smooth Exceeding suture 4/5 Slender, distal end disc-shaped (Fig. 9D) Transversely ovate, posterior margin not convex
A.emineoforaminum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 197) Blunt Densely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding suture 4/5 Very slender, tapering distally (Fig. 9E) Ovate, posterior margin distinctly convex
A.tholosum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 194) Sharp Densely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, dorsal lobe well developed upwards (Fig. 9F) Transversely ovate, posterior margin distinctly convex
A.protinum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 193) Sharp Densely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, dorsal lobe slightly developed upwards (Fig. 9G) Transversely ovate, posterior margin arching to form semicircular structure
A.arcuatum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 191) Blunt Sparely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, arc-shaped, dorsal lobe slightly developed upwards (Fig. 9H) Transversely ovate, posterior margin not convex
A.muliense (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 192) Blunt Sparely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, arc-shaped, dorsal lobe well developed upwards (Fig. 9I) Transversely ovate, posterior margin distinctly convex
A.grahami (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 187) Sharp Sparely covered with round granules Smooth Reaching pleonal locking tubercle Slender, dorsal lobe variably developed inwards (Fig. 9J) Ovate, posterior margin slightly convex
A.huiliense (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 189) Sharp Sparely covered with round granules Smooth Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, dorsal lobe roundly developed (Fig. 9K) Transversely ovate, posterior margin slightly convex
A.similium (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 188) Blunt Densely covered with round granules Sparely covered with round granules Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, dorsal lobe slightly developed inwards, tapering distally (Fig. 9L) Transversely ovate, posterior margin distinctly convex
A.gracilipedum (cf. Dai 1999: fig. 190) Sharp Densely covered with round granules Sparely covered with round granules Exceeding pleonal locking tubercle but not suture 4/5 Slender, dorsal lobe slightly developed inwards, distal end blunt (Fig. 9M) Ovate, posterior margin slightly convex
Open in a new tab
Aparapotamon huizeense sp. nov.

C5D7F5FB-EA18-5276-886B-2EABADE20A52

http://zoobank.org/9b44a1c4-162b-4db0-be6c-dce5124412b0

Figures 5 , 6 , 7 , 8

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. Holotype male (25.9 × 21.2 mm) (NCU MCP 179801) A overall habitus B dorsal view of carapace C frontal view of cephalothorax. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. Holotype male (25.9 × 21.2 mm) (NCU MCP 179801) A outer view of right cheliped B left third maxilliped C ventral view of pleon D right fourth ambulatory leg E ventral view of anterior thoracic sternum and telson F ventral view of sterno-pleonal cavity with right G1 in situ; arrow indicates pleonal locking tubercle. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 5 mm (A, C–F).

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. Paratype female (31.0 × 24.8 mm) (NCU MCP 179803) A overall habitus B ventral view of pleon C vulvae. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 8.

Figure 8.

Open in a new tab

Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. Holotype male (25.9 × 21.2 mm) (NCU MCP 179801) A ventral view of left G1B ventral view of terminal segment of left G1C dorsal view of left G1D dorsal view of terminal segment of left G1E ventral view of left G2. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined.

Holotype: NCU MCP 179801, 1♂ (25.9 × 21.2 mm), China, Yunnan Province, Qujing City, Huize County, Nagu Town, Zebu Village, 26°30'41"N, 103°10'25"E, alt. 1954 m, 25 Aug 2011, Yue Huang leg. Paratypes: NCU MCP 179802, 1♂ (26.9 × 21.9 mm) and NCU MCP 179803–179808, 6♀♀ (31.0 × 24.8 mm, 30.7 × 23.6 mm, 27.3 × 21.5 mm, 23.5 × 18.4 mm, 25.5 × 20.5 mm, 29.8 × 22.6 mm), same data as holotype.

Diagnosis.

Carapace trapezoidal, dorsal surface slightly convex, regions defined. External orbital angle round, separated from anterolateral margin, postorbital cristae convex, postfrontal lobe prominent. Cervical groove shallow, H-shaped groove distinct, especially in female specimen. Epibranchial tooth distinct, especially in female specimen. Third maxilliped exopod without flagellum. Ambulatory legs slender. Male pleon broad triangular, telson triangular, apex rounded. Vulva ovate, covering anterior half of sternite 6, with the posterior margin distinctly convex. G1 very slender, dorsal lobe well developed, exceeding suture 4/5 in situ, G2 basal segment ovate, tip of terminal segment round.

Description.

Carapace width 1.25 × length (n = 8), regions distinctly defined; dorsal surface slightly convex, anterolateral and frontal region covered with conspicuous round granules (Fig. 5A, B). External orbital angle triangular, round, separated from anterolateral margin by deep notch (Figs 5A–C, 7A). Postorbital cristae convex, not continuous to epibranchial tooth; postfrontal lobe prominent, separated medially by a Y-shaped groove extending to the frontal region (Figs 5A, B, 7A). Cervical groove shallow; H-shaped gastro-cardiac groove distinct, especially in female specimen (Figs 5A, B, 7A). Epibranchial tooth sharp, distinct, especially in female specimen; anterolateral margin cristae distinct, curved inwards posteriorly, lined with approximately 10–13 ambiguous granules; posterolateral surface smooth, with some inconspicuous oblique striae, converging towards posterior carapace margin (Figs 5A, B, 7A). Orbits and eyes medium-size; supraorbital margin ridged, infraorbital margins cristate, minutely granulated (Fig. 5C). Sub-orbital smooth, pterygostomial and sub-hepatic regions covered with sparse round granules (Fig. 5C). Epistome posterior margin median lobe broad triangular, lateral margin with small projection (Fig. 5C).

Third maxilliped exopod without flagellum, claviform, reaching proximal 1/3 of merus lateral margin (Figs 5C, 6B). Ischium about 1.4 times as long as broad, rectangular, longitudinal median sulcus indistinct (Fig. 6B). Merus about 1.3 times as broad as long, subquadrate, median slightly depressed (Figs 5C, 6B). Chelipeds unequal in both adult male and female, palm of larger cheliped length 1.4 × height (n = 8); dactylus 0.6 × palm length (n = 8); slightly shorter than pollex (Figs 5A, 6A). Merus outer surface punctate; carpus surface covered with several prominent granules and sharp spine at inner-distal angle (Figs 5A, 7A). Occlusal margins of fingers of adult male with numerous round blunt teeth, with narrow gap when fingers closed (Fig. 6A). Ambulatory legs slender; second ambulatory legs longest; fourth ambulatory leg propodus 1.9 × as long as broad (n = 8), shorter than dactylus, which accompanied with several thorn-like setae (Figs 5A, 6D).

Male thoracic sternum punctate, formed by tidy depression; sternites 1–4 broad, sternites 1/2 completely continuous; suture 2/3 complete, transverse; suture 3/4 visible, mesially reaching distolateral part of sterno-pleonal cavity (Fig. 6C, E). Male sterno-pleonal cavity deep; median longitudinal groove between sternites 7, 8 long; male pleonal locking tubercle barely visible, almost middle of sternite 5 (Fig. 6F, arrow). Male pleon broad triangular (Fig. 6C); telson triangular, apex rounded, width 1.4 × length in males (n = 2), 2.5 × in females (n = 6); somite 6 trapezoidal, width 2.3 × length in males (n = 2), 3.0 × in females (n = 6) (Figs 6C, 7B). Vulva medium-size, ovate, superior margin reaching suture 5/6 in situ, opening inward, posterior margin distinctly convex, the sternal vulvar cover broadly triangular and relatively low (Fig. 7C).

G1 very slender; terminal segment claviform, slightly bent distally, inner margin arc-shaped, outer margin straightly, dorsal lobe well developed and gonopod pore located in it (Fig. 8A–D); exceeding suture4/5 in situ (Fig. 6F); clear boundary between terminal segment and subterminal segment, the latter length about 0.9 × length of terminal segment (Fig. 8A, C). G2 basal segment ovate, about 1.9 × length of terminal segment, tip of terminal segment round (Fig. 8E).

Etymology.

The species is named after the type locality, Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province.

Distribution.

The new species is presently known only from the type locality presently, Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province.

Remarks.

Aparapotamonhuizeense sp. nov. closely resembles A.grahami in the general carapace morphology and G1 structure. However, A.huizeense sp. nov. can be distinguished from A.grahami by the following characters: G1 exceeding suture 4/5 in situ (Fig. 6F) [vs. reaching pleonal locking tubercle but not reaching suture 4/5 in situ (Dai 1999: fig. 187)]; and the G1 is very slender, terminal segment slightly bent distally, dorsal lobe well developed (Fig. 9B) [vs. slender, terminal segment without bending (Fig. 9J), dorsal lobe variably developed]. A.huizeense sp. nov. is also similar to A.huiliense. But, in A.huiliense, G1 extends to pleonal locking tubercle but not exceeding suture 4/5 in situ (Dai 1999: fig. 189) and its dorsal lobe roundly developed (Fig. 9K). For detailed differences between this new species and congeners, see Table 2.

Phylogenetic analyses

Thirty 529 bp 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to construct BI and ML trees. The phylogenetic tree in this study included five species of Aparapotamon, and the results showed that they were clustered into one clade (Fig. 10). Eight sequences of five species were clustered into one branch, including the two new species reported in this paper, along with A.huiliense, A.similium, and A.grahami. The pairwise distance based on the K2P model showed that the pairwise genetic distances among five species of Aparapotamon range from 0.0019 to 0.0095 (Table 3). The minimum genetic distance is between A.grahami and A.binchuanense sp. nov., indicating that they have a close relationship. The minimum genetic distances between A.huizeense sp. nov. and other four species is 0.0038, which is same as the genetic distance between A.grahami and A.huiliense.

Figure 10.

Figure 10.

Open in a new tab

Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene for two new species with their sequence accession numbers see Table 1. Probability values at nodes represent support values for BI and ML. Only values > 50% are shown.

Table 3.

The pairwise genetic distances among five species from Aparapotamon.

species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A. grahami AB428489
A. similium MN594114 0.0095
A. huiliense MN594113 0.0038 0.0095
A. huiliense MN594118 0.0038 0.0095 0.0000
A.binchuanense sp. nov. MN943639 0.0019 0.0076 0.0019 0.0019
A.binchuanense sp. nov. MN594120 0.0019 0.0076 0.0019 0.0019 0.0000
A.huizeense sp. nov. MN594121 0.0057 0.0038 0.0057 0.0057 0.0038 0.0038
A.huizeense sp. nov. MN594122 0.0057 0.0038 0.0057 0.0057 0.0038 0.0038 0.0000
Open in a new tab

Discussion

There are currently 13 species in this genus including those described in this study. The original eleven species of Aparapotamon are morphologically diverse, with the distal end of G1s of A.inflomanum and A.molarum being disc-shaped but that of A.emineoforaminum tapering distally, and the three G1s extend to suture 4/5, while the other eight species have G1s that are claviform in terminal segment and distal ends do not extend to suture 4/5 (Dai 1999). A.binchuanense sp. nov. and A.huizeense sp. nov. can be distinguished from above eleven species by their G1s, which distinctly bent in distal end and very slender, dorsal lobe distinctly developed, distal end exceeds suture 4/5 respectively.

In this study, 30 sequences of 16S rRNA gene from 27 species of 22 genera were used to performed phylogenetic analyses. Since the two new species cluster with other Aparapotamon species form a separate branch in clade (Fig. 10), the phylogenetic tree supports the assignment of these two new species to Aparapotamon. However, the genetic distances between species of Aparapotamon are small, ranging from 0.0019 to 0.0095 (Table 3). A.grahami and A.binchuanense sp. nov. are close at molecular level, with the genetic distance 0.0019, but they are significantly different in morphology (Table 2). Most importantly, A.binchuanense sp. nov. can be distinguished from A.grahami by the terminal segment of G1, which is claviform, with distal end tapering and distinctly bent (Fig. 9A) [vs. terminal segment of G1A.grahami claviform, not bent (Fig. 9J)]. In this study, the molecular results of 16S rRNA gene were not sufficient for species identification in Aparapotamon. Therefore, it is recommended to use other markers (e.g. COI and nuclear genes) for further phylogenetic studies of this genus. If the results of other makers indicate that the genetic distance between Aparapotamon is also too small compared to other freshwater crab genera, revision of Aparapotamon is necessary.

The present molecular results show five species of Aparapotamon were clustered into one clade. And Aparapotamon cluster with other genera from Yunnan form ‘Yunnan’ clade. The genera in the branch of ‘Yunnan’ have many similarities in terms of morphological structure, such as the G1 slender, the terminal segment is longer than the half of subterminal segment, third maxilliped exopod without flagellum, and the ability to live at an altitude of 1500–2900 meters (Dai and Chen 1985; Dai 1999; Chu et al. 2017). Specimens of A.molarum were collected at Baishui River, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province at an altitude of 2910 meters, which is the highest altitude at which freshwater crab specimens have been discovered in China so far (Dai 1999).

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Aparapotamon
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment1.xml (2.5KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aparapotamon binchuanense
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment2.xml (44.8KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aparapotamon huizeense
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment3.xml (41.9KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

We thank Song-Bo Wang very sincerely for his guidance in writing and data analysis. We also thank Chao Huang and Yi-Yang Xu for providing specimens for morphological study and appraising the two new species when we identified them. Finally, we give a special thanks to the Subject editor and Tohru Naruse, Jin-Ho Park, William Santana, and Peter K. L. Ng for greatly improving our manuscript.

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32060306 and 21866020), the National Parasitic Resources Center (NPRC-2019-194-30), the Nanchang University College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. 2020CX298), Nanchang University’s Scientific Research Training Program (No. 15334).

Citation

Tan Q-H, Zhou X-J, Zou J-X (2021) Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) from Yunnan, China. ZooKeys 1056: 149–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1056.63755

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

BI tree

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

Tre. file

Explanation note

Phylogenetic.

Supplementary material 2

ML tree

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

MTSX file

Explanation note

Phylogenetic.

Supplementary material 3

Sequences

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

FASTA. file

Explanation note

Genomic.

References

  1. Bai J, Xu SX, Nie ZH, Wang YF, Zhu CC, Wang Y, Min WP, Cai YX, Zou JX, Zhou XM. (2018) The complete mitochondrial genome of Huananpotamonlichuanense (Decapoda: Brachyura) with phylogenetic implications for freshwater crabs. Gene 646: 217–226. 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.015 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Castresana J. (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 540–552. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chu KL, Zhou LJ, Sun HY. (2017) A new genus and new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae Ortmann, 1896) from Yunnan Province, China. Zootaxa 4286: 241–253. 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.2.7 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chu KL, Wang PF, Sun HY. (2018b) A new genus and species of primary freshwater crab and a new species of Artopotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) from western Yunnan, China. Zootaxa 4422: 115–131. 10.11646/zootaxa.4422.1.7 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chu KL, Ma XP, Zhang ZW, Wang PF, Lü LN, Zhao Q, Sun HY. (2018a) A checklist for the classification and distribution of China’s freshwater crabs. Biodiversity Science 26: 274–282. 10.17520/biods.2018062 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cumberlidge N, Ng PKL, Yeo DCJ, Naruse T, Meyer KS, Esser LJ. (2011) Diversity, endemism and conservation of the freshwater crabs of China (Brachyura: Potamidae and Gecarcinucidae). Integrative Zoology 6: 45–55. 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00228.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dai AY. (1999) Fauna Sinica (Arthropoda. Crustacea. Malacostraca. Decapoda. Parathelphusicae. Potamidae). Science Press, Beijing, 501 pp. [In Chinese with English summary] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dai AY, Chen GX. (1985) A preliminary report on the freshwater crabs of Hengduan Mountains Area. Sinozoologia 3: 39–72. [Google Scholar]
  9. Davie PJF, Guinot D, Ng PKL. (2015) Anatomy and functional morphology of Brachyura. In: Castro P, Davie PJF, Guinot D, Schram F, Von Vaupel Klein C (Eds) Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea, complementary to the volumes translated from the French of the Traité de Zoologie, 9(C)(I), Decapoda: Brachyura (Part 1), 11–163. 10.1163/9789004190832_004 [DOI]
  10. Fang F, Ji YK, Zhao Q, Wang YJ, Gao W, Chu KL, Sun HY. (2015) Phylogeography of the Chinese endemic freshwater crab Sinopotamonacutum (Brachyura, Potamidae). Zoologica Scripta 44: 653–666. 10.1111/zsc.12131 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gao N, Cui YY, Wang SB, Zou JX. (2019) Two new species and the molecular phylogeography of the freshwater crab genus Bottapotamon (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae). PeerJ 7: e7980. 10.7717/peerj.7980 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  12. Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WSF, Yin A. (1992) Raising tibet. Science 255: 1663–1670. 10.1126/science.255.5052.1663 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Huang C. (2018) Revision of Yarepotamon Dai & Türkay, 1997 (Brachyura: Potamidae), freshwater crabs endemic to southern China, with descriptions of two new genera and four new species. Journal of Crustacean Biology 2018: 1–17. 10.1093/jcbiol/rux120 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Huang C, Ahyong ST, Shih HT. (2017a) Cantopotamon, a new genus of freshwater crabs from Guangdong, China, with descriptions of four new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae). Zoological Studies 56: e41. 10.6620/ZS.2017.56-41 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  15. Huang C, Shih HT, Ng PKL. (2017b) A new genus and new species of Potamidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamoidae), the first stygomorphic cave crab known from China and East Asia. Zootaxa 4232(1): 071–084. 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Huang C, Shih HT, Ahyong ST. (2018a) Two new genera and two new species of narrow-range freshwater crabs from Guangdong, China (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 38: 614–624. 10.1093/jcbiol/ruy050 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. Huang C, Wong KC, Ahyong ST. (2018b) The freshwater crabs of Macau, with the description of a new species of Nanhaipotamon Bott, 1968 and the redescription of Nanhaipotamonwupingense Cheng, Yang, Zhong & Li, 2003 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae). Zookeys 810: 91–111. 10.3897/zookeys.810.30726 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Huang C, Huang SZ, Shen ZX. (2020a) A new long-legged terrestrial freshwater crab, Calcipotamonpuglabrum gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae), from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 4766: 447–456. 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.3.4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Huang C, Ahyong ST, Shih HT. (2020b) The second known stygomorphic freshwater crab from China, Phasmontyphlops gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae), diverged at the beginning of the Late Miocene. ZooKeys 1008: 1–15. 10.3897/zookeys.1008.58854 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ji YK, Sun YF, Gao W, Chu KL, Wang RC, Zhao Q, Sun HY. (2016) Out of the Sichuan Basin: Rapid species diversification of the freshwater crabs in Sinopotamon (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) endemic to China. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 80–94. 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Jia XN, Xu SX, Bai J, Wang YF, Nie ZH, Zhu CC, Wang Y, Cai YX, Zou JX, Zhou XM. (2018) The complete mitochondrial genome of Somanniathelphusaboyangensis and phylogenetic analysis of Genus Somanniathelphusa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae). PLoS ONE 13: e0192601. 10.1371/journal.pone.0192601 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  22. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 1547–1549. 10.1093/molbev/msy096 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mao SY, Huang C. (2020) Descriptions of a new species of Minpotamon Dai & Türkay, 1997, and a monotypic new genus of aquatic freshwater crab (Brachyura, Potamidae) from eastern Guangdong, China. Crustaceana 93: 1295–1313. 10.1163/15685403-bja10060 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nakamura T, Yamada KD, Tomii K, Katoh K. (2018) Parallelization of MAFFT for large-scale multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 34: 2490–2492. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty121 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Naruse T, Chia JE, Zhou XM. (2018) Biodiversity surveys reveal eight new species of freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Yunnan Province, China. PeerJ 6: e5497. 10.7717/peerj.5497 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  26. Nylander JAA. (2004) MrModeltest, version 2.3. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
  27. Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hohna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. 10.1093/sysbio/sys029 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Schubart CD. (2000) Use of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic and population studies in Crustacea. The biodiversity crisis and Crustacea 12: 817–830. [Google Scholar]
  29. Shih HT, Ng PKL. (2011) Diversity and biogeography of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae, Gecarcinucidae) from East Asia. Systematics and Biodiversity 9: 1–16. 10.1080/14772000.2011.554457 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  30. Shih HT, Ng PKL, Chang HW. (2004) Systematics of the genus Geothelphusa (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) from southern Taiwan: A molecular appraisal. Zoological Studies 43: 561–570. [Google Scholar]
  31. Shih HT, Chen GX, Wang LM. (2005) A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Dongyin Island, Matsu, Taiwan, defined by morphological and molecular characters, with notes on its biogeography. Journal of Natural History 39: 2901–2911. 10.1080/00222930500214010 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  32. Shih HT, Yeo DCJ, Ng PKL. (2009) The collision of the Indian Plate with Asia: molecular evidence for its impact on the phylogeny of freshwater crabs (Brachyura: Potamidae). Journal of Biogeography 36: 703–719. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02024.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  33. Shih HT, Huang C, Ng PKL. (2016) A re-appraisal of the widely-distributed freshwater crab genus Sinopotamon Bott, 1967, from China, with establishment of a new genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae). Zootaxa 4138: 309–331. 10.11646/zootaxa.4138.2.5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Shih HT, Zhou XM, Chen GX, Chien IC, Ng PKL. (2011) Recent vicariant and dispersal events affecting the phylogeny and biogeography of East Asian freshwater crab genus Nanhaipotamon (Decapoda: Potamidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58: 427–438. 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang SB, Huang C, Zou JX. (2019a) Description of a new species of freshwater crab of the genus Qianguimon Huang, 2018 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Yulin, Guangxi, Southern China. Zoological Studies 58: e31. 10.6620/ZS.2019.58-31 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  36. Wang SB, Zhou XM, Zou JX. (2019b) A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Mediapotamon Turkay & Dai, 1997 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) from Guizhou, China. Zookeys 873: 9–23. 10.3897/zookeys.873.36702 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Wang SB, Zhang YN, Zou JX. (2020a) A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Qianguimon Huang, 2018 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Guangxi, Southern China. PeerJ 8: e9194. 10.7717/peerj.9194 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  38. Wang SB, Xu YY, Zou JX. (2020b) Description of two new species of the genus Heterochelamon Türkay & Dai, 1997 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae), from southern China. PeerJ 8: e9565. 10.7717/peerj.9565 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  39. Wang PF, Zhang ZW, Sun HY. (2020) Ruiyupotamon, a new genus and four new species of freshwater crabs from northwestern Yunnan, China (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae). Crustaceana 93: 1315–1341. 10.1163/15685403-bja10059 [DOI]
  40. Yeo DCJ, Ng PKL, Cumberlidge N, Magalhaes Cl, Daniels SR, Campos MR. (2008) Global diversity of crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 275–286. 10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_30 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  41. Zou JX, Bai J, Zhou XM. (2018) A new species of karst-dwelling freshwater crab of the genus Chinapotamon Dai & Naiyanetr, 1994 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae), from Guizhou, southwest China. PeerJ 6: e5947. 10.7717/peerj.5947 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Aparapotamon
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment1.xml (2.5KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aparapotamon binchuanense
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment2.xml (44.8KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aparapotamon huizeense
zookeys.1056.63755-treatment3.xml (41.9KB, xml)
Supplementary material 1

BI tree

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

Tre. file

Explanation note

Phylogenetic.

zookeys-1056-149-s001.tre (16.1KB, tre)
Supplementary material 2

ML tree

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

MTSX file

Explanation note

Phylogenetic.

zookeys-1056-149-s002.mtsx (31.1KB, mtsx)
Supplementary material 3

Sequences

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Qi-Hong Tan, Xiao-Juan Zhou, Jie-Xin Zou

Data type

FASTA. file

Explanation note

Genomic.

zookeys-1056-149-s003.fasta (4.1KB, fasta)

Articles from ZooKeys are provided here courtesy of Pensoft Publishers

RESOURCES