Table 2.
Dietary profile of people with celiac disease following a GFD.
| Author | Sample GFD Duration Adherence |
Type of Study | Country | Macronutrient Intake | Micronutrient Intake |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| González et al. (2018) [18] | n = 42 men, 31.5 y ± 11.9 ≥1 year GFD ND |
Observational, transversal cohort study | Spain | High fat, specially SFA High protein, Low CHO, Low fiber, High cholesterol. |
Low vitamin D and E, folate, iodine, and magnesium. |
| Churruca et al. (2015) [19] |
n = 54 women, 34 y ± 13 Median duration of GFD = 10 years ND |
Observational, transversal cohort study | Spain | Low energy intake, Low CHO, Low fiber, High fat. |
Low vitamin D and E, Folate, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Iodine, Potassium and Selenium. |
| Bascuñán et al. (2019) [25] | n = 46 (43 women), 41.1 y ± 10.1 ≥1 year GFD Strict adherence 100% of participants |
Randomized double bind controlled study | Italy | High fat, low CHO. | Low vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, thiamine (B1), calcium, iron, zinc, sodium and potassium. |
| Hopman et al. (2006) [36] | n = 132 (87 women), 16.6 y ± 4.4 Median duration of GFD = 9.6 years Strict adherence 75% of participants |
Observational, transversal cohort study | Netherlands | High saturated fat, Low fiber. |
Low Iron and Calcium. |
| Hallert et al. (2002) [43] | n = 30 (18 women), 55 y −10 years GFD Strict adherence 100% of participants |
Observational, longitudinal cohort study | Sweden | Low folate. | |
| Wild et al. (2010) [44] |
n = 93 62 women, 53 y ± 13; 31 men, 56 y ± 15 ≥6 months GFD (mean duration: 8 y) ND |
Observational, longitudinal cohort study | UK | Low fiber, high sugar. | Low vitamin D, folate, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium and manganese. |
| Martin et al. (2013) [45] | n = 73 (55 women), 18–80 y Median duration of GFD = 7.5 years ND |
Observational, transversal cohort study | Germany | Low CHO, Low fiber. |
Low vitamin B1, B2, B6, Folate, magnesium and iron. |
| Thompson et al. (2005) [46] | n = 47 (39 women), 51 y ± 11 Median duration of GFD = 5.3 years Strict adherence 100% of participants |
Observational, transversal cohort study | USA | Low fiber. | Low iron and calcium. |
| Jamieson et al. (2020) [47] | n = 35 (29 women), 47 y ± 11.5 Median duration of GFD = 6.7 years ND |
Observational, transversal cohort study | Canada | Low CHO, high fat, low fiber. | Low iron, calcium and vitamin C. |
| Ballestero-Fernández et al. (2021) [48] | n = 64 43 women, 39.17 y ± 10.62; 21 men, 38.58 y ± 9.61 ≥1 year GFD ND |
Observational, transversal case-control study | Spain | Low CHO, PUFA and fiber high protein, fat and sugars. | Low folate, vitamin E, vitamin D, iodine, calcium, zinc, magnesium. Low iron in women |
GFD: gluten free diet. SFA: saturated fatty acids. CHO: carbohydrates. y: years. PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids. ND: not determined.