Table 3.

PEF assisted extraction of oils.

Ref.	Raw Material	PEF Pretreatment Conditions	Extraction Method	Extraction Equipment	Extraction Conditions	Solvent	Oil Yield
[99]	Sunflower seeds	EFS: 7.0 kV/cm Frequency: 0.5 Hz Solvent content: 50 wt.% Time: 90 s Pulse width: 30 µs	Solvent extraction	Shaker	Frequency: 400/min Time: 3 h Temperature: room	Bioethanol	55.9%
[100]	Damask rose flowers	EFS: 20 kV/cm Pulse number: 8	PEF-assisted Hydro distillation	Clevenger-type micro-apparatus	Distillation temperature: 100 °C Distillation time: 2 h	10% sodium chloride	yield of 0.105% with a 50% increase in essential oil
[101]	Sunflower seeds	EFS: 7 kV/cm Frequency: 1.5 Hz Treatment time: 30 s Pulse width: 30 µs	Solvent extraction	Shaker	Frequency: 400/min Time: 3 h Temperature: room	Hexane 40 mL (50 wt.%)	48.24%
[64]	Olive fruits (Arroniz variety)	NR	Pilot PEF-assisted extraction	Pilot PEF system	Electric fields: 2 kV/cm Frequency: 25 Hz flow rate: 520 kg/h Specific energy: 11.25 kJ/kg	NR	22.66 kg/100 kg
[102]	Olives (Nocellara del Belice variety)	EFS: 2 kV/cm Frequency: 25 Hz Pulse width: 50 µs Mass flow rate: 2300 kg/h Energy delivered per pulse: 210 J Specific energy: 7.83 kJ/kg	NR	Hammer crusher Malaxation machine	Malaxation time: 30 min Temperature: 27 °C	NR	85.5%

EFS: Electric field strength; NR: not reported.