Table 1.

Summary of oxidative stress markers in migraineurs.

Markers	Design	Sample Size	Findings	Reference
Antioxidants (TAS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidants (TOS)	Case-control	75/65	Patients’ serum TAS levels were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. Serum TOS values were significantly higher in patients than in control. The mean values of oxidative stress index (OSI) were greater in patients than in controls.	Alp et al., 2010 [23]
	Case-control	141/70	TAS, TOS, OSI had no statistical difference between the patients and controls.	Eren et al., 2015 [26]
	Case-control	50/30	No significantly different values of TAS, TOS, and OSI found in migraineurs.	Geyik et al., 2016 [27]
	Before and after	120/30	TAC levels were increased following transcranial magnetic stimulation and amitriptyline.	Tripathi et al., 2018 [24]
	Case series	32/14	Decreased serum TAC levels found in 37.5% of patients.	Gross et al., 2021 [25]
Peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA)	Case-control	39/30	While migraine with/without aura patients had low platelet superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, platelet SOD activity decreased only in migraine with aura patients.	Shimomura et al., 1994 [31]
	Case-control	56/25	The MDA levels of migraineurs were significantly higher than controls. The SOD activity was significantly higher in the migraine with aura than migraine without aura. No significant correlation was found between these levels and headache attack duration.	Tuncel et al., 2008 [22]
	Case-control	50/50	Migraineurs had significantly high MDA and “ferric reducing ability of plasma” levels compared to the other two groups (tension-type headache and control group).	Gupta et al., 2009 [32]
	Case-control	48/48	There was no significant difference in MDA concentration between migraineur and control groups. Significantly increased 4-hydroxynonenal levels were found in the migraine group compared to the control group.	Bernecker et al., 2011 [34]
	Case-control	32/14	In the migraine group, catalase was significantly lower and MDA concentrations were higher than controls. Serum catalase levels were significantly lower in migraineurs with deep white matter hyperintensities than in migraineurs without deep white matter hyperintensities and in controls	Aytaç et al., 2014 [33]
	Case series	32	High serum peroxide levels were found in 46.9% of patients.	Gross et al., 2021 [25]
8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)	Case-control	50/30	Increased plasma 8-OHdG levels were shown in migraineurs.	Geyik et al., 2016 [27]
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)	Randomized controlled trial	44	In a within-group analysis, patients who received thioctic acid (ALA) for three months had a significant reduction in the frequency of attacks, number of headache days, and severity of headaches, while these outcomes remained unchanged in the placebo group. The proportion of 50% responders was not significantly different between thioctic acid (30.8%) and the placebo (27.8%).	Magis et al., 2007 [37]
	Before and after	32	The percentage of patients with a 50% or greater reduction in attacks was significantly reduced at 2, 4, and 6 months. The incidence rate ratio of attacks at 6 months was significantly decreased compared to the baseline.	Cavestro et al., 2018 [38]
	Case series	32	Decreased serum ALA levels were found in 87.5% of patients.	Gross et al., 2021 [25]