Table 1.
Summary of the main studies reported data on MDR secondary infections in COVID-19 critically ill patients.
| Study | Type of Study | Country of the Study | Sample Size | Age Median (IQR) | Empiric Antibiotic Therapy at Admission N (%) | Steroid N (%) | Any MDR Bacterial Infection N (%) | CPE Infections N (%) | Acinetobacter Baumannii Infections N (%) | Pseudomonas Aeruginosas Infections N (%) | MRSA N(%) | Enterococcus Species N (%) | ICU-LOS, Days Median (IQR) | ICU */In-hospital Mortality N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karulli A. et al. [32] | Retrosp, single-center | Italy | 32 | 68 (55–75) | 25 (78.1) | 17 (53.1) | 16 (50) | 5 (32) | 3 (19) | 3 (19) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | 10.5 (5.7–17) | 23 (71.8) * |
| Patel A. et al. [33] | Retrosp, single-center | Maryland, USA | 71 | N-A. | 69 (97) | 25 (35) | 71 (100) | 33 (46) | 27 (38) | 27 (38) | N.A. | N.A. | 11 (7–20) | 27 (38) * |
| Baiou A. et al. [34] | Retrosp, single-center | Qatar | 234 | 49 (40–60) | NA | 11 (4.7) | 78 (33) | 2 (2.5) | 0 | 6 (7.7) | N.A. | N.A. | 31 (20–48) | 12 (15) * |
| Cultrera R. et al. [35] | Retrosp, single-center, case-control study | Italy | 28 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 9 (32) | 4 (44) | 17 (61) | 3 (33) | 5 (56) | 24 (86) | N.A. | N.A. |
| Bogossian E. G. et al. [36] | Retrosp, single-center, case-control study | Belgium | 72 | 61 (14) | 56 (78) | 7 (10) | 24 (33) | 3 (9) | 0 | 4 (13) | 0 | 3 (10) | 11 (3–28) | 22 (31) * |
| Nasir N. et al. [37] | Retrosp, single-center, case-control study | Pakistan | 100 | 60 (52–70) | 82 (82) | 77 (77) | 28 (56) | 0 | 16 (32) | 5 (10) | 5 (10) | 2 (4) | 9 (6–14) | 30 (30) |
| Giacobbe D.R. et al. [38] | Retrosp, single-center | Italy | 78 | 66 (57–70) | 75 (96) | 24 (31) | N.A. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (13) | 8 (18) | N.A. | 20 (26) * |
| Bonazzetti C. et al. [39] | Retrosp, single-center | Italy | 89 | 61 (53–69) | N.A. | N.A. | 32 (36) | 10 (8.5) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (7.6) | 53 (45) | 12 (8–18) | 44 (49.4) * |
| Ripa M. et al. [40] | Retrosp, single-center | Italy | 731 | 64 (55–76) | N.A. | 483 (66.1) | 21 (2.8) | 2 (10) | 9 (43) | 5 (24) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (19) | N.A. | 194 (26.5) |
| Grasselli G. et al. [8] | Retrosp, multicentric | Italy | 774 | 62 (54–68) | 534 (69) | 207 (27) | 272 (35) | 72 (26) | 19 (2.4) | 34 (4.4) | 83 (31) | 29 (4) | 14 (8–26) | 234 (30) * |
| Giacobbe D.R. et al. [41] | Retrosp, multicentric | Italy | 171 | 64 (57–71) | 162 (95) | 108 (63) | 60 (35) | 25 (15) | N.A. | 27 (16) | 8 (5) | N.A. | N.A. | 78 (46) * |
| Li J. et al. [42] | Retrosp, single-center | Wuhan, China | 102 | 66 (30–93) | 99 (97.1) | NA | 69(4.6) | 32 (31) | 50 (49) | 7 (4.4) | 3 (1.9) | 6 (3.8) | N.A | 50 (49) |
MDR, multi-drug resistant; CPE, Carbapenems Resistant Enterobacterales; MRSA, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus; ICU-LOS, Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay; * ICU mortality.