Abstract
目的
探讨采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长治疗拇指缺损的疗效。
方法
2017 年 2 月—2019 年 6 月收治 6 例(6 指)创伤性拇指缺损患者,均采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长。男 5 例,女 1 例;年龄 28~57 岁,平均 41.5 岁。左侧 3 例,右侧 3 例。伤后均急诊入院行拇指截指残端修整缝合术,截指平面分别为近节指骨远端 4 例、指骨间关节 2 例。受伤至该次延长术时间为 20~245 d,中位数 34.5 d。微创截骨并安置半环式外固定延长器,于术后第 5 天开始延长,近节指骨与掌骨每天同时分别延长 0.5 mm,每 12 小时延长 1 次。待拇指延长至健侧拇指远节指骨中段时停止,达骨愈合后拆除延长器。
结果
6 例患者延长时间 14~23 d,平均 18.8 d;截骨完全愈合时间 91~147 d,平均 120.2 d;近节指骨与掌骨总延长长度 1.40~2.25 cm,平均 1.86 cm;愈合指数 51.0~72.2 d/cm,平均 64.9 d/cm。患者均获随访,随访时间 5~12 个月,平均 8.2 个月。末次随访时,拇指两点辨别觉为 5.3~8.5 mm,平均 6.98 mm。根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评分为 10~14 分,平均 12.5 分;其中优 4 例、良 2 例,优良率 100%。患者对手部功能和外观均满意,根据上肢功能评定表(Quick-DASH)评分为 2.3~9.1 分,平均 6.1 分。
结论
采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长是一种治疗拇指缺损的有效方法。
Keywords: 拇指缺损, Ilizarov技术, 双截骨延长, 近节指骨, 掌骨
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of double osteotomy and lengthening of proximal phalanx and metacarpal with Ilizarov technique in treatment of thumb defect.
Methods
Between February 2017 and June 2019, 6 patients with traumatic thumb defects were treated with double osteotomy and lengthening of proximal phalanx and metacarpal by Ilizarov technique. There were 5 males and 1 female. The age ranged from 28 to 57 years, with an average of 41.5 years. There were 3 cases on the left side and 3 cases on the right side. All patients were admitted to the hospital in emergency department after injury, and the stump of the thumb was trimmed and sutured. The osteotomy plane was the distal part of the proximal phalanx in 4 cases and the interphalangeal joint in 2 cases. The interval between injury and osteotomy was 20-245 days (median, 34.5 days). After minimally invasive osteotomy and placement of a semi-circular external fixator, the lengthening began on the 5th day. The proximal phalanx and metacarpal were lengthened by 0.5 mm every day, once every 12 hours. The thumb of the affected side was distracted to the middle of the distal phalanx of the healthy thumb, and the fixator was removed after the bone healed.
Results
The distraction time was 14-23 days, with an average of 18.8 days. The osteotomies were healed with healing time of 91-147 days (mean, 120.2 days). The total distraction length of the proximal phalanx and metacarpal was 1.40-2.25 cm, with an average of 1.86 cm; healing index was 51.0-72.2 days/cm, with an average of 64.9 days/cm. All patients were followed up 5-12 months (mean, 8.2 months). At last follow-up, the two-point discrimination was 5.3-8.5 mm with an average of 6.98 mm. According to the evaluation standard of the upper limb part of the Chinese Medical Association, the score was 10-14, with an average of 12.5. Among them, 4 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good, with an excellent and good rate of 100%. All patients were satisfied with the function and appearance of thumb after operation. The Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH) score was 2.3-9.1, with an average of 6.1.
Conclusion
The double osteotomy and lengthening of proximal phalanx and metacarpal with Ilizarov technique is an effective method for the treatment of thumb defects.
Keywords: Thumb defect, Ilizarov technique, double osteotomy and lengthening, proximal phalanx, metacarpal
拇指功能占手部功能的 40% 以上[1],因此拇指损伤需积极治疗。拇指截指后有多种修复重建方法,如足趾移植术[2-6]、骨皮瓣移植的骨塑形重建[7]、示指拇指化[8]等,但这些术式对术者显微外科技术要求较高,存在供区损伤等不足。自 1970 年 Matev[9]首次报道应用 Ilizarov 技术重建拇指以来,该技术已广泛用于修复重建拇指缺损,并取得了较好效果[10-12]。
目前拇指延长术多为单一延长掌骨或近节指骨[13-16],虽然重建拇指能达到预期长度,但由于掌骨或近节指骨过长,可能影响手部功能。同时,我们在临床中发现延长相同长度时,双截骨延长时间较单截骨延长缩短,提示联合延长掌骨和近节指骨可能减少佩戴外固定延长器时间。基于以上两方面原因,我们对 2017 年 2 月—2019 年 6 月唐山市第二医院(华北理工大学附属骨科医院)手一科/修复重建一科收治的 6 例(6 指)拇指缺损患者,采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长治疗,获得较好疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组男 5 例,女 1 例;年龄 28~57 岁,平均 41.5 岁。致伤原因:砸伤 3 例,机械绞伤 2 例,交通事故伤 1 例。左侧 3 例,右侧 3 例。患者伤后均急诊入院行拇指截指残端修整缝合术,截指平面分别为近节指骨远端 4 例、指骨间关节 2 例。受伤至本次延长术时间为 20~245 d,中位数 34.5 d。延长术前所有拇指残端皮肤愈合良好、无骨外露,但无指骨间关节、甲床及指甲。
1.2. 手术方法
臂丛阻滞麻醉下,患者取仰卧位,患侧上肢外展。C 臂 X 线机透视下分别确认近节指骨、第 1 掌骨截骨平面,在截骨平面背侧皮肤作标记,利用联排截骨器垂直骨质钻入 1.5 mm 或 2.0 mm 克氏针至穿透对侧骨皮质,调整角度重复钻孔至容易分离各截骨块,注意避开血管、神经及肌腱。
本组均采用半环式外固定延长器(北京骨外固定技术研究所),主要由 4 个半环和 3 根纵向延长杆构成,半环与延长杆通过螺母固定。在近节指骨与第 1 掌骨截骨面的远、近端共 4 个平面分别植入 2~3 枚直径 1.5 mm 或 2.0 mm 交叉克氏针,注意避开血管、神经及肌腱。延长器最近端半环通过交叉克氏针与第 1 掌骨近端固定,近端第 2 个半环固定在第 1 掌骨远端,第 3 个半环固定在近节指骨近端,最远端半环固定在近节指骨远端。延长时最近端半环位置固定,调节由近及远的第 2、3、4 个半环,实现第 1 掌骨与近节指骨延长。
为防止延长器固定过程中掌指关节屈曲挛缩及骨质轴向偏移,可用 1 枚直径 1.5 mm 或 2.0 mm 克氏针纵向贯穿近节指骨与第 1 掌骨髓腔,注意勿穿透第 1 掌骨基底。固定后 C 臂 X 线机透视下确定截骨完全,且交叉克氏针与纵向克氏针处于最佳位置。
1.3. 术后处理
术后常规应用抗生素 3 d,隔日换药观察针道有无感染征象。术后第 5 天开始延长,近节指骨与掌骨每天同时分别延长 0.5 mm。具体操作步骤:近节指骨远、近端交叉克氏针每日向远端延长 1 mm,掌骨远端交叉克氏针向远端延长 0.5 mm;每 12 小时延长 1 次。若延长时患指出现疼痛、指端血运障碍或感觉异常时,适当减缓延长速度。参照 Matev[17]提出的患侧拇指末端延长至健侧拇指远节指骨中段时为最佳延长长度,本组患者均延长至健侧拇指远节指骨中段即停止。当正侧位 X 线片提示延长区内充满矿化影,而且可见三侧皮质影时即达到骨愈合标准[14],可去除延长器。本组患者延长期内每周复查 1 次,矿化期内每 2 周复查 1 次。在佩戴延长器期间,嘱患者行拇腕掌关节主动活动;去除延长器后,嘱患者行腕掌关节及掌指关节主、被动活动,同时行拇指握持及对掌功能锻炼。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
记录本组延长时间(术后开始延长至拆除延长器时间)、截骨完全愈合时间、近节指骨与掌骨总延长长度,计算愈合指数(延长时间/总延长长度)。末次随访时,测量拇指两点辨别觉,根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准[18]的拇指再造评定标准,从功能活动度、再造指力量、感觉测定、手使用情况 4 个方面评价手部功能;满分 15 分,其中 13~15 分为优,9~12 分为良,5~8 分为可,4 分及以下为差。患者采用上肢功能评定表(Quick-DASH)[19]自评手部功能,分值越低表示功能越好。
2. 结果
本组延长时间 14~23 d,平均 18.8 d;截骨完全愈合时间 91~147 d,平均 120.2 d;近节指骨与掌骨总延长长度 1.40~2.25 cm,平均 1.86 cm;愈合指数 51.0~72.2 d/cm,平均 64.9 d/cm。
患者均获随访,随访时间 5~12 个月,平均 8.2 个月。所有患侧拇指残端及延长区皮肤软组织条件良好,无切口瘢痕、明显克氏针牵拉皮肤瘢痕以及残端骨外露。患者去除延长器后均有轻度虎口挛缩、不同程度虎口抬高,经功能锻炼后虎口功能与健侧相近(图 1)。末次随访时,拇指两点辨别觉为 5.3~8.5 mm,平均 6.98 mm。根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评分为 10~14 分,平均 12.5 分;其中优 4 例、良 2 例,优良率 100%。患者对手部功能和外观均满意,Quick-DASH 评分 2.3~9.1 分,平均 6.1 分。患者临床资料详见表 1。
图 1.
A 57-year-old female patient with left thumb defect at 37 days after trimmed and sutured, who was treated with double osteotomy and lengthening after wound healing
患者,女,57 岁,左拇指砸伤行截指残端修整缝合术,术后 37 d 创面愈合行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长
a. 术前外观;b. 术后第 14 天(延长期)X 线片;c、d. 术后第 49 天(矿化期)X 线片及手部外观;e. 术后第 91 天去除延长器后 X 线片;f. 术后 5 个月患侧拇指轻度虎口挛缩、部分抬高;g. 术后 5 个月患侧拇指长度;h. 术后 8 个月左手功能
a. Preoperative appearance; b. X-ray film on the 14th day (distraction period); c, d. X-ray film and appearance on the 49th day (consolidation period); e. X-ray film on the 91 day after the fixator was removed; f. At 5 months after operation, the first web site of the affected side was slightly contractured and partially raised; g. The length of the affected thumb at 5 months after operation; h. The left hand function at 8 months after operation
表 1.
Clinical data of patients
患者临床资料
序号
No. |
年龄
Age |
性别
Gender |
截指平面
Plane of thumb amputation |
受伤至延
长术时间 (d) Time from injury to osteotomy (days) |
延长时间
(d) Distraction time (days) |
截骨完全
愈合时间 (d) Healing time (days) |
总延长
长度 (cm) Total distraction length (cm) |
愈合指数
(d/cm) Healing index (days/cm) |
随访时间
(月) Follow- up time (months) |
术后拇指
两点辨别 觉(mm) Two-point discrimination after operation (mm) |
术后
Quick-DASH 评分 Quick-DASH score after operation |
术后手
功能评分 Hand function score after operation |
1 | 42 | 男 | 近节指骨远端 | 90 | 18 | 122 | 1.79 | 68.2 | 5 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 13 |
2 | 57 | 女 | 指骨间关节 | 37 | 14 | 91 | 1.40 | 65.0 | 8 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 13 |
3 | 38 | 男 | 近节指骨远端 | 25 | 18 | 130 | 1.80 | 72.2 | 6 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 13 |
4 | 54 | 男 | 近节指骨远端 | 20 | 21 | 106 | 2.08 | 51.0 | 7 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 14 |
5 | 28 | 男 | 近节指骨远端 | 245 | 23 | 147 | 2.25 | 65.3 | 11 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 10 |
6 | 30 | 男 | 指骨间关节 | 32 | 19 | 125 | 1.85 | 67.6 | 12 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 12 |
3. 讨论
腕掌关节存在情况下,重建拇指长度对于恢复拇指功能尤为重要。Ilizarov 牵拉成骨是基于“张力-应力”法则,通过持续、稳定、缓慢牵拉,刺激或激活骨与软组织细胞的再生和活跃生长,达到一定程度肢体延长。传统拇指延长术多单一延长掌骨,由于截骨面位于拇收肌与第 1 骨间背侧肌近端,随着掌骨远端骨滑移会出现虎口抬高与挛缩,需要预防性行虎口加深术(切断拇收肌止点及第 1 骨间背侧肌止点)或后期行虎口成形术,使患者承受更大的心理及手术创伤。我们既往采用 Ilizarov 技术治疗创伤性拇指短缩或骨缺损,单一延长近节指骨平均愈合指数为 80.5 d/cm,单一延长掌骨平均愈合指数为 59.8 d/cm、其中 6 例患者联合切断拇收肌止点[12]。本组 6 例患者平均愈合指数为 64.9 d/cm,且虎口均未行手术处理。愈合指数越小,代表骨愈合速度越快。相比于单一延长近节指骨,双截骨延长骨愈合速度较快,但出现早期轻度虎口挛缩、不同程度虎口抬高;相比于单一延长掌骨,双截骨延长可减小虎口挛缩及抬高程度,但骨愈合速度较慢。Fischgrund 等[20]的研究表明,当胫骨近、远端双截骨总延长长度>4 cm 时,骨愈合速度明显快于胫骨相同节段单截骨愈合速度。考虑本组患者拇指总延长长度仅为 1.40~2.25 cm,延长长度较短,愈合指数相比于单一延长掌骨无优势。因此当拇指近节指骨中段或更严重缺损时,行双截骨延长能否加快骨愈合有待进一步探究。
我们认为采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长治疗拇指缺损的优点包括:① 无供区损害,无需植骨,延长区皮肤外观良好;② 延长拇指具有感觉;③ 手术操作简便;④ 拇指皮肤软组织条件较差时亦可进行延长。缺点:延长拇指无指甲,指骨间关节及掌指关节易僵硬。
适应证:① 骨质毁损严重、血管神经损伤较严重、离断时间超过 6~8 h 等无断指再植条件患者;② 年老体弱患者,预估再植或移植术后成活率较低;③ 不愿接受供区损害(如移植足趾、示指、骨皮瓣)患者。
注意事项:① 采用微创截骨,保证骨膜完整性;② 为便于截骨面远、近端植入交叉克氏针,选择骨干截骨;③ 近节指骨远、近端交叉克氏针滑移速度为掌骨远端交叉克氏针的 2 倍,以保证每天近节指骨与掌骨延长长度相同;④ 牵拉速度以不造成患侧拇指血运、感觉异常且不出现牵拉疼痛为宜,否则应减缓延长速度;⑤ 微创截骨及植入交叉克氏针时注意进针角度,避免损伤血管、神经及肌腱;⑥ 延长器半环距离皮肤 1 cm 左右为宜,过近可导致延长过程中因半环压迫导致的皮肤肿胀,过远易导致延长时克氏针弯曲形变;⑦ 为防止屈曲挛缩及轴向偏移,截骨后可纵向植入 1 枚 1.5 mm 或 2.0 mm 克氏针贯穿骨块,注意勿穿过掌骨基底。
综上述,本研究结果初步显示采用 Ilizarov 技术行近节指骨与掌骨双截骨延长可有效治疗拇指缺损,操作较简便、损伤较小,术后无中度及重度虎口挛缩、严重虎口抬高,可获得较好拇指外观。但是本组例数有限,缺少术前缺损长度及功能评价,未能比较治疗前后功能变化;而且延长长度较短,未体现出延长长度与愈合指数的关系。上述问题有待扩大样本量进一步研究。
作者贡献:方均负责资料收集和撰写文稿;王斌负责设计手术和文稿修改;所有作者参与手术。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。
机构伦理问题:研究方案经唐山市第二医院伦理委员会批准(TSEY-LL-2020045)。所有患者术前均签署手术知情同意书。
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