Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the associations of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk, as well as plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Methods
A case–control study with 498 CAD patients and 499 frequency-matched healthy controls was conducted to evaluate the associations of four tagSNPs of the miR-217 gene, including rs6724872, rs4999828, rs10206823, and rs41291177, with CAD risk and plasma level of VEGF.
Results
SNP rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD (P value was smaller than 0.05 even after Bonferroni multiple adjustment). Compared with the G allele, C allele of rs6724872 was significantly associated with 1.73-fold increased risk of CAD (95% CI: 1.25–2.39; P = 0.001). While C allele of rs4999828 was significantly associated with 1.75-fold increased risk of CAD, compared with T allele (95% CI: 1.34–2.29; P = 4 × 10−5). Meanwhile, rs6724872 and rs4999828 were also significantly associated with higher level of VEGF (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
These findings highlighted the important role of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene in the pathogenesis of CAD and potential targets for intervention.
Keywords: coronary artery disease, miR-217, VEGF, genetic
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death throughout the world.1 As reported by GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, the estimated years of life lost (YLLs) increased for CAD (ranked first in 2017).2 During the past decade, a marked rising trend of atherosclerosis-related burden (especially for CAD) in Eastern Asia was observed.3 Although endothelial dysfunction contributes essentially to the atherosclerosis, the molecular pathways underlying disease occurrence are not fully understood.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases through the posttranscriptional control of gene networks.4,5 Among them, miR-217 was reported to aggravate atherosclerosis and promote cardiovascular dysfunction through downregulating a network of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activators, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).6 VEGF, a signal protein stimulating the formation of blood vessels, acted as a potential biomarker to predict the occurrence of CAD, and increased VEGF level was associated with poor coronary collateralization in patients with stable CAD.7 Besides, inhibition of miR-217 could protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through inactivating NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways by targeting DUSP14.8 These findings highlighted a potential role of miR-217 in pathogenesis of CAD. Whether genetic variants of the miR-217 gene contributed to the occurrence of CAD was still undetermined and worthy to be explored. Thus, we aimed to conduct a case–control study among Chinese population to evaluate the associations of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene with CAD risk, as well as plasma level of VEGF.
Patients and Methods
Study Subjects
In the current case–control study, we totally recruited 498 CAD patients and 499 healthy controls (frequency-matched by age, gender, and living areas). CAD diagnosis of any major coronary artery with diameter stenosis of more than 50%, or previous angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, or myocardial infarction (MI) history verified by electrocardiogram (ECG) changes was evaluated by two cardiologists.9 This study has been approved by the institute committee of Jinan people’s Hospital. All participants in the study received informed consent and followed the guidelines set out in the Helsinki declaration.
Blood Sampling and Measurement
Fasting venous blood was collected into plasma tubes containing 0.1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and stored at −80°C prior to analysis. Total RNAs were isolated using the miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. TaqMan miRNA assay kits (Applied Biosystems) were used for miRNA amplification, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect miR-217, while cel-miRNA-39 was added as a spike-in control. Plasma VEGF level among the healthy controls was determined by multiplex analysis using Bioplex suspension arrays (Bio-Rad, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) according to the manufacturer’s specifications. All samples were thawed only once and measured three times.
TagSNP Selection, DNA Extraction and Genotyping
TagSNPs were selected among the 1kb flanking region of the miR-217 gene according to 1000 genome CHB data (phase 3, minor allele frequency ≥5%, pairwise r2≥0.8) using the Haploview 4.2 software.10 Finally, four tagSNPs, including rs6724872, rs4999828, rs10206823, and rs41291177, were determined. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples using QIAamp DNA blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Genotyping was performed by TaqMan analysis (Applied Biosystems [ABI], Foster City, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A randomly selected group of 10% of the samples was tested twice by different individuals with 100% concordance of results.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0, while two-tailed P-values <0.05 were considered significant. All the demographic data were presented as proportions. Deviation of candidate SNPs from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group was assessed by the goodness-of-fit χ2 test. Allele frequencies and demographic variables between the two groups were assessed with chi-square tests. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence levels (CIs), and corresponding P values were calculated for each SNP using logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, diabetes, and hypertension.
Results
Characteristics of Study Subjects
Table 1 lists the comparison of clinical features between 498 CAD cases and 499 controls. The results showed that there was no significant difference in age, gender, drinking status, diabetes and hypertension (P > 0.05). However, compared with the control group, the patients have higher percentage of smokers (controls vs cases: 26.7% vs 42.4%; P < 0.001).
Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of CAD Cases and Controls
| Variables | Cases (n=498) | Controls (n=499) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| ≥60 | 231 (46.4%) | 242 (48.5%) | 0.692 |
| <60 | 258 (53.6%) | 257 (51.5%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 347 (69.7%) | 345 (69.1%) | 0.853 |
| Female | 151 (30.3%) | 154 (30.9%) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Smokers | 211 (42.4%) | 133 (26.7%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Smokers | 287 (57.6%) | 366 (73.3%) | |
| Drinking status | |||
| Drinkers | 123 (24.7%) | 101 (20.2%) | 0.092 |
| Non-drinkers | 375 (75.3%) | 398 (79.8%) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 100 (20.0%) | 79 (15.8%) | 0.081 |
| No | 398 (80.0%) | 420 (84.2%) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 276 (55.4%) | 251 (50.3%) | 0.105 |
| No | 222 (44.6%) | 248 (49.7%) |
Plasma Level of miR-217 and CAD Risk
We first evaluated the association between plasma level of miR-217 and CAD risk to validate the role of miR-217 in CAD development. As shown in Figure 1, plasma level of miR-217 was analyzed in 50 randomly selected patients with CAD and controls. We found plasma level of miR-217 in CAD cases was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.001).
Figure 1.
Plasma level of miR-217 and CAD risk. Plasma level of miR-217 was analyzed in 50 randomly selected patients with CAD and controls, and plasma level of miR-217 in CAD cases was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.001).
Genetic Associations of Candidate tagSNPs with CAD Risk
As shown in Table 2, all four tagSNPs (rs6724872, rs4999828, rs10206823, and rs41291177) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in healthy controls, which indicated that the sampled subjects were representative of the population without any deviation of genotype frequencies (P > 0.05). Of the four tagSNPs in the miR-217 gene region, rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD (P value was smaller than 0.05 even after Bonferroni multiple adjustment). Compared with the G allele, C allele of rs6724872 was significantly associated with 1.73-fold increased risk of CAD (95% CI: 1.25–2.39; P=0.001). While C allele of rs4999828 was significantly associated with 1.75-fold increased risk of CAD, compared with T allele (95% CI: 1.34–2.29; P=4×10−5).
Table 2.
Associations Between Genetic Variations and Risk of CAD
| CAD Cases | Controls | OR (95% CIs)* | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs6724872 | ||||
| GG | 400 | 434 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| GC | 88 | 62 | 1.60 (1.11–2.31) | 0.011 |
| CC | 10 | 3 | 3.76 (1.14–12.41) | 0.030 |
| C vs G | 1.73 (1.25–2.39) | 0.001 | ||
| rs4999828 | ||||
| TT | 356 | 406 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| TC | 121 | 82 | 1.75 (1.27–2.41) | 0.001 |
| CC | 21 | 11 | 2.26 (1.09–4.69) | 0.028 |
| C vs T | 1.75 (1.34–2.29) | 4×10−5 | ||
| rs10206823 | ||||
| AA | 337 | 341 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| AT | 139 | 141 | 1.04 (0.02–52.43) | 0.985 |
| TT | 22 | 17 | 1.36 (0.67–2.77) | 0.393 |
| T vs A | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.609 | ||
| rs41291177 | ||||
| AA | 360 | 377 | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| AG | 121 | 110 | 1.20 (0.84–1.72) | 0.326 |
| GG | 17 | 12 | 1.54 (0.70–3.38) | 0.279 |
| G vs A | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 0.155 |
Notes: *Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, diabetes, and hypertension.
Plasma VEGF Level with Different Genotypes of rs6724872 and rs4999828
To further evaluate the influence of susceptibility SNPs upon plasma level of VEGF, we compared the VEGF level among healthy controls with different genotypes of rs6724872 and rs4999828. As shown in Figure 2, with the increase in number of minor alleles, the plasma level of VEGF increased significantly for both rs6724872 and rs4999828 (P < 0.001). This means rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with higher level of VEGF.
Figure 2.
Circulating level of VEGF in subjects with different miR-217 genotypes. Plasma VEGF level among the healthy controls were determined by multiplex analysis using Bioplex suspension arrays. With the increasement of number of minor alleles, the plasma level of VEGF increased significantly for both rs6724872 and rs4999828 (P < 0.001).
Discussion
Coronary heart disease is a common and frequent disease, which brings serious trouble to people’s quality of life.2,11 The exploration of the etiology of CAD is a complex and systematic project, and researchers have explored multiple aspects and perspectives.12,13 The current study explored associations between the associations of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene with CAD risk, as well as plasma level of VEGF, using a case–control study design. We found plasma level of miR-217, rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD, as well as higher level of VEGF. These findings highlighted the important role of miR-217 in the pathogenesis of CAD and potential targets for intervention.
MiRNAs are implicated in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of endothelial cells, induction of immune responses and different stages of plaque formation, which finally results atherosclerosis and CAD.5,14,15 A previous meta-analysis identified that a total of 48 dysregulated miRNAs were confirmed for their role in CAD development, while MiR-122-5p and miR-133a-3p may be valuable biomarkers for CAD.16 Another two studies confirmed that predictive value of miRNA-21 and miRNA-126 on coronary restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with CAD.17,18 Previously, miR-217 was most studied in the field of cancer biology.19–23 Zhao et al reported that downregulated miR-217 could regulate KRAS and function as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).19 Further, Menghini et al pinpointed miR-217 as an endogenous inhibitor of SirT1 was potentially amenable to the prevention of endothelial dysfunction.24 Recently, Yebenes then reported that miR-217 could aggravate atherosclerosis and promote cardiovascular dysfunction.6 Taking the findings above together, it is important to extensively explore the role of miR-217 in the pathogenesis of CAD and to investigate the association of its genetic variants with the risk of disease development.
Genetic variants in miRNAs have been widely explored for their functions among pathophysiological mechanism of cardiovascular diseases, and offer new insight into the causal role of microRNAs in CAD.25–31 Glinsky et al revealed identifies a consensus disease phenocode through a SNP-guided microRNA map of fifteen common human disorders.31 Ghanbari et al systematically evaluated 230 variants located within miRNA-binding sites in the 3ʹ-untranslated region of 155 cardiometabolic genes, and 37 were functional in their corresponding genomic loci.28 In the current study, rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD, as well as higher level of VEGF, which means the important role in CAD development. Using RegulomeDB 2.0, we found both rs6724872 and rs4999828 were located in the TF binding and DNase peak region.32 The findings of HaploReg v4.1 also validated their functions in gene regulation.33
Conclusively, We found rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD, as well as higher level of VEGF. Although these findings need further validation in larger cohorts for definitive results, they reveal new mechanisms by which genetic variations in miR-217 gene may coordinate the development of CAD. The gathered evidence could be further exploited in prevention strategies or screening protocols for CAD.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by medical and health science and technology development planning project of Shandong Province (No. 202003011008) and the second batch of science and technology projects of Jinan Health Committee (2020-03-55).
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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