Abstract
Increasing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates has been identified by the US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention as critical to ending the COVID-19 pandemic.1 On May 10, 2021, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2; Pfizer, Inc, New York, New York, and BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany) was approved for emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients 12 years of age or older. Here we report a retrospective study describing the implementation of a COVID-19 vaccination program at our child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the administration of the COVID-19 vaccination in this setting.
To the Editor:
Increasing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates has been identified by the US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention as critical to ending the COVID-19 pandemic.1 On May 10, 2021, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2; Pfizer, Inc, New York, New York, and BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany) was approved for emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients 12 years of age or older. Here we report a retrospective study describing the implementation of a COVID-19 vaccination program at our child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the administration of the COVID-19 vaccination in this setting.
Our facility, a freestanding, 84-bed, academic child and adolescent psychiatric hospital (The University of Kansas Health System [TUKHS]–Marillac campus) began offering COVID-19 vaccinations for all adolescents aged 12–17 years in May 2021. Nurses screened all patients meeting age requirements on admission for COVID-19 vaccination history and willingness to receive vaccination along with contraindications. Contraindications to the vaccine include history of severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis to polyethylene glycol, history of severe allergic reactions to vaccines or injectable products, received passive antibody treatment for COVID-19, solid organ or stem cell transplant recipient within the last 6 months, or currently COVID-19 positive. For patients screening as both accepting of the vaccine and lacking contraindications, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was ordered per protocol. Both first and second doses were offered to eligible patients. The goal of our study was to assess rates of, side effects of, and barriers to administering COVID-19 vaccines to adolescents admitted to a psychiatric hospital.
We conducted a 4-week retrospective chart review of all patients aged 12–17 years admitted to TUKHS-Marillac campus from May 27, 2021, to June 23, 2021. Our Institutional Review Board approved this study. The results are summarized in Table 1 . Overall, 121 patients (68.4%) screened were unvaccinated. Of the 121 unvaccinated patients, 68.6% declined vaccination, and 29.8% requested and consented to vaccination. Overall, 33 vaccinations were administered (29 first doses and 4 second doses). Seven patients who requested the vaccine were unable to receive the vaccination. Reasons that vaccines were not administered included unable to obtain parental consent, being discharged before a vaccine was prepared, discharged on a weekend, and concerns of wasting a vial owing to low number of requests for vaccinations on a specific day. Because most vaccinations occurred on the day of discharge, overall side effects are unknown. However, no adverse events were registered through our reporting system, and no vaccinations delayed discharge. Additionally, patients and family members were appreciative that we offered the COVID-19 vaccine in this setting.
Table 1.
Patient Demographics and COVID-19 Vaccine Information
| All patients screened for vaccine | Patients received COVID-19 vaccine in hospital | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, n (%) | 174 | (100) | 33 | (19.0) |
| Age, median (range) | 14.5 | (12–17) | 14.5 | (12–17) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 114 | (65.5) | 21 | (63.6) |
| Male | 60 | (34.5) | 12 | (36.4) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Caucasian/non-Hispanic | 132 | (75.9) | 30 | (90.9) |
| Black/African American | 14 | (8.8) | 1 | (3) |
| Hispanic/Latino/Spanish origin | 6 | (3.4) | 0 | (0) |
| Other | 15 | (8.6) | 2 | (6.1) |
| Declined | 7 | (4.0) | 0 | (0) |
| Primary discharge diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 8 | (4.6) | 3 | (9.1) |
| Adjustment disorder | 19 | (10.9) | 2 | (6.1) |
| Anxiety disorder or trauma-related disorder | 16 | (9.2) | 3 | (9.1) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 4 | (2.3) | 0 | (0) |
| Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder | 17 | (9.8) | 4 | (12.1) |
| Major depressive disorder/suicidal ideations | 99 | (56.9) | 18 | (54.5) |
| Others | 11 | (6.3) | 3 | (9.1) |
| COVID-19 vaccine status on admission, n (%) | ||||
| Completion of vaccine series | 30 | (17.2) | N/A | |
| Partial completion of vaccine series | 23 | (13.2) | 4 | (12.1) |
| No prior vaccine administration | 121 | (68.4) | 29 | (87.9) |
| Declined vaccine | 83/121 | (68.6) | N/A | |
| Unable to assess or no family present | 2/121 | (1.6) | N/A | |
| Requested first vaccine in hospital | 36/121 | (29.8) | N/A | |
| Contraindication to vaccine | 0/36 | (0) | N/A | |
| Requested first vaccine but did not receive it in hospital | 7/36 | (19.4) | N/A | |
Note: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; N/A = not applicable.
Our study found a 29.8% acceptance rate in adolescent inpatients with mental illness and found that 30.5% had already received one dose of the vaccine before admission. This is comparable to the national average on June 30, 2021, with 30.9% of adolescents aged 12–15 years having at least one dose of the vaccine.2 However, this is significantly less than a 52% intention rate reported in an April 2021 survey of adolescents.3 The main reasons for vaccine hesitancy found in the aforementioned study were concern over safety and efficacy from parents. Our study was unable to evaluate reasons for vaccine hesitancy in this population, but possible cited reasons could include safety and efficacy concerns, antivaccine movements, distrust in authorities, conspiracy theories, and religious beliefs.4 Additionally, previous misinformation of links of vaccines to autism could add to mistrust in vaccines. Remarkably, one study of medically complex youths aged 16–25 years in a long-term care facility had a 100% acceptance rate.5 However, these study participants had significant medical comorbidities making them highly vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. Limitations of our study include its retrospective design and the short evaluation period.
The long-term mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents is relatively unknown. Reduced access to mental health care is a major concern of the pandemic. Our facility is currently at half-capacity (42 beds), secondary to social distancing recommendations to allow for single occupancy. Patients with mental illness often have reduced medical care, including vaccinations.6 Previous studies have demonstrated positive increases in seasonal vaccine rates when vaccines are easily accessible to adults with mental illnesses.7 Having vaccines available in an inpatient setting is one way to increase the accessibility for adolescents with mental health diagnoses. It is evident from this study that significant barriers remain to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance within this population. As clinicians, it is essential that we properly educate our patients on the health benefits of the vaccine and dispel misinformation and advocate for all patients with mental illness to have access to the COVID-19 vaccine.
Footnotes
The authors have reported no funding for this work.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Moeller, Reynoldson
Data curation: Meeks
Formal analysis: Moeller
Methodology: Moeller
Writing – original draft: Moeller, Meeks, Reynoldson
Writing – review and editing: Douglass
Disclosure: Drs. Moeller, Reynoldson, Douglass and Ms. Meeks have reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
All statements expressed in this column are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. See the Guide for Authors for information about the preparation and submission of Letters to the Editor.
References
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