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. 2017 Jun 5;7(11):e2352. doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2352

DNA-free Genome Editing of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Using CRISPR and Subsequent Mutant Analysis

Jihyeon Yu 1,#, Kwangryul Baek 2,#, EonSeon Jin 2,*, Sangsu Bae 3,*
PMCID: PMC8410278  PMID: 34541090

Abstract

We successfully introduced targeted knock-out of gene of interest in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by using DNA-free CRISPR. In this protocol, the detailed procedures of an entire workflow cover from the initial target selection of CRISPR to the mutant analysis using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Furthermore, we introduce a web-based set of tools, named CRISPR RGEN tools (http://www.rgenome.net/), which provides all required tools from CRISPR target design to NGS data analysis.

Keywords: Genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9, Microalgae, Ribonucleoproteins, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, DNA-free transformation

Background

We recently reported ( Baek et al., 2016 ) a one-step transformation of the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Harris, 2001) using preassembled Cas9 protein-guide RNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The manner of DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 delivery has several advantages such as no need for codon optimization and specific promoters in different species of microalgae. Furthermore, it reduces off-target effects and may also be less cytotoxic in cells because the Cas9 protein is transiently active and then degraded by endogenous proteases in cells ( Kim et al., 2014 ). In addition, the resulting gene-edited microalgae could be exempt from genetically modified organism (GMO) regulations due to the absence of foreign DNA sequences. In this protocol, the detailed procedures of an entire workflow are contained from the initial target selection of CRISPR to the mutant analysis using NGS technology ( Bae et al., 2014a and 2014b; Park et al., 2015 and 2017).

Materials and Reagents

  1. Cas9 protein purification

    1. 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes

    2. Sterile 50 ml conical tubes

    3. 10 ml syringe

    4. 0.45 μm syringe filter

    5. Protein concentrator–100K MWCO (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo ScientificTM, catalog number: 88533)

    6. Poly-Prep Chromatography columns (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 7311550)

    7. BL21-Pro cells

    8. pET28 plasmid containing 6xHis-SpCas9 (Addgene)

    9. Kanamycin

    10. Lysozyme

    11. PMSF

    12. Ni-NTA agarose beads (QIAGEN, catalog number: 30210)

    13. Bradford reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 5000205)

    14. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)

    15. Sodium chloride (NaCl)

    16. Tryptone

    17. Yeast extract

    18. IPTG

    19. Sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4)

    20. Imidazole

    21. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

    22. HEPES

    23. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

    24. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT)

    25. Sucrose

    26. Glycerol

    27. LB medium (see Recipes)

    28. 1 M IPTG stock (see Recipes)

    29. Lysis buffer (see Recipes)

    30. Wash buffer (see Recipes)

    31. Elution buffer (see Recipes)

    32. Cas9 storage buffer (see Recipes)

  2. In vitro transcription and library PCR

    1. 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes

    2. Forward and reverse oligos (see Tables 1 and 2)

      Table 1. Pre-index primers.

      Pre-index
      forward primer
      		 5’-ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT gDNA target-3’
      Pre-index
      reverse primer
      		 5’-GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCT gDNA target-3’
      Open in a new tab

      Table 2. Index primer sequences.

      index sequence [i5] Index forward primer sequence
      D501 tatagcct AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACtatagcctACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D502 atagaggc AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACatagaggcACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D503 cctatcct AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACcctatcctACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D504 ggctctga AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACggctctgaACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D505 aggcgaag AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACaggcgaagACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D506 taatctta AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACtaatcttaACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D507 caggacgt AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACcaggacgtACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      D508 gtactgac AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACgtactgacACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC
      index sequence [i7] Index reverse primer sequence
      D701 cgagtaat CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATcgagtaatGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D702 tctccgga CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATtctccggaGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D703 aatgagcg CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATaatgagcgGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D704 ggaatctc CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATggaatctcGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D705 ttctgaat CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATttctgaatGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D706 acgaattc CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATacgaattcGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D707 agcttcag CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATagcttcagGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D708 gcgcatta CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATgcgcattaGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D709 catagccg CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATcatagccgGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D710 ttcgcgga CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATttcgcggaGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D711 gcgcgaga CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATgcgcgagaGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      D712 ctatcgct CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATctatcgctGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGT
      Open in a new tab

    3. dNTP mix

    4. Phusion DNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo ScientificTM, catalog number: F530L)

    5. PCR purification kit

    6. ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, 100 mM MgCl2, DEPC-treated water

    7. T7 RNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0251L)

    8. DNase I (RNase-free) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0303L)

    9. RNase inhibitor murine (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0314L)

    10. RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 74204)

    11. Illumina Miseq Reagent Kit (v2)

  3. Transfection

    1. 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes

    2. Sterile 15 ml and 50 ml conical tubes

    3. Purified Cas9 protein and sgRNA

    4. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains CC-4349 cw15 mt-(Chlamydomonas Resource Center)

    5. PCR DNA purification kit (MG Med, catalog number: MD008)

    6. TAP medium (Harris, 1989 or Thermo Fisher Scientific, GibcoTM, catalog number: A1379801)

    7. TAP sucrose solution (see Recipes)

    8. TAP agar plates (see Recipes)

    9. Top agar (see Recipes)

Equipment

  1. Cas9 protein purification

    1. Centrifuge: swing rotor (LaboGene, model: 1580R)

    2. Sonicators (Qsonica, model: Q125)

    3. Pipettes

    4. Shaking incubator (JS Research, model: JSSI-300C)

  2. In vitro transcription and library PCR

    1. Incubator (JS Research, model: JSGI-050T)

    2. Thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: C1000 TouchTM Thermal Cycler)

    3. Micro centrifuge (LaboGene, model: 1730R)

    4. Spectrophotometer

  3. Transfection

    1. 100 ml flask

    2. Spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare, Amersham Biosciences, model: Ultrospec 2100 pro)

    3. Hemocytometer (Marienfeld-Superior, catalog number : 0650030)

    4. Microscope (Olympus, model: CH30)

    5. Micro high speed centrifuge (Hanil, model: MICRO 17TR)

    6. Orbital shaker (N-biotek, model: NB-101M)

    7. Clean bench (BioFree, model: BF-150BSC)

    8. Electroporation device (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: Gene Pulser XcellTM Electroporation Systems)

    9. Electroporation cuvettes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, 0.4 cm gap)

Procedure

  1. CRISPR target selection for creating gene knock-outs of interest

    1. Obtain the coding sequence (CDS) of the gene of interest from an appropriate database. We use Phytozome from JGI (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#) (Figure 1).

    2. For target design, we use CRISPR RGEN tools (http://www.rgenome.net/), a web-based set of tools for CRISPR target design and next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis (Figure 2).

    3. In Cas-Designer, select the type of CRISPR endonuclease, such as SpCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, and the target genome, in this casethat of the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cas-Designer now contains the versions 4 and 5 of it at ‘Plants’ organism type on our website. Then insert the CDS of the gene of interest in the ‘Target Sequence’ box. We recommend choosing target sites within the first half of the full CDS to increase the probability of generating complete knock-out mutations (Figure 3).

    4. Choose several targets among the candidates from Cas-Designer. You should avoid targets that are associated with potential off-target sites bearing 1-2 mismatches compared to the on-target. Targets with GC content ranging from 30 to 70% and higher out-of-frame scores are recommended (Figure 4).

      Note: N/A means ‘not applicable’ due to the lack of flanking DNA nucleotides.

  2. Purification of recombinant Cas9 protein

    1. Transform 50 μl competent BL21-Pro cells with a pET28 vector containing 6xHis-SpCas9.

    2. Spread the cells on an agar plate containing kanamycin. Incubate the plate overnight at 37 °C.

    3. Inoculate 10 ml LB medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin in a conical tube with a single colony from the plate. Grow to saturation overnight at 37 °C with shaking at 200 rpm.

    4. The next morning, inoculate 200 ml of LB medium containing kanamycin in a flask with 2 ml saturated overnight culture.

    5. Grow the cells at 37 °C with shaking at 200 rpm to mid-log phase (to an OD600 of approximately 0.4-0.5).

    6. Add 160 μl of 1 M IPTG (0.8 mM final concentration) and incubate the cells overnight at 18 °C with shaking at 200 rpm.

    7. Transfer the culture to a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube and pellet the cells by centrifuging for 20 min at 3,000 × g and 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and repeat the harvest in the same tube.

    8. Re-suspend the cell pellets in 10 ml lysis buffer (see Recipes).

    9. Add 20 mg lysozyme and 100 μl of 100 mM PMSF (1 mM final concentration).

    10. Incubate 1 h on ice.

    11. Sonicate the cells in a conical tube on ice (amplitude 25%, 1 sec ON/ 1 sec OFF, pulse 30 times). Repeat the sonication process 5 times.

    12. Transfer the sonicated cells to a 1.5 ml microtube using micropipette and pellet debris by centrifuging at 4 °C, 11,000 × g for 30 min.

    13. Filter the supernatant through a 0.45-μm syringe filter and collect it in a 50 ml conical tube.

    14. Add 2 ml Ni-NTA agarose to the lysate. Swirl agarose beads before adding. Incubate for 1 h with rotation at 4 °C.

    15. Transfer the mixture to a chromatography column with pipette. Collect the flow-through in a conical tube.

    16. Wash the column with 10 ml wash buffer (see Recipes). Collect this first batch of wash buffer in a conical tube.

    17. Repeat the wash. Collect the second batch of wash buffer in a conical tube.

    18. Elute the bound protein with 10 ml elution buffer (see Recipes). Collect the eluate in 1 ml sequential aliquots in 10 microtubes.

    19. Using a Bradford assay, determine the protein concentration in each fraction.

    20. Apply the eluate that contains the fusion protein to a protein concentrator (100K MWCO).

    21. Centrifuge at 4 °C, 3,000 × g until the sample volume is reduced by 90%.

    22. Apply 4 ml protein storage buffer (see Recipes) and centrifuge at 4 °C, 3,000 × g, until the volume is reduced by 90%.

    23. Elute the protein on the filter with 300 μl protein storage buffer.

    24. Measure the protein concentration through Bradford assay with standard BSA in the spectrophotometer (the final concentration of SpCas9 should be approximately ~10 mg/ml).

      Notes:

      1. Identify which samples from each step contain the fusion protein by SDS-PAGE.

      2. You should verify the activity of Cas9 protein using an in vitro cleavage assay.

  3. In vitro transcription of sgRNA

    1. Template extension

      Primer F (100 μM) (Table 3) 1 μl
      Primer R (100 μM) (Table 3) 1 μl 98 °C 10 sec
      5x HF buffer 10 μl 98 °C 10 sec
      25~30cyc
      10 mM dNTP 2.5 μl 54 °C 20 sec
      Phusion DNA polymerase 0.5 μl 72 °C 30 sec
      Distilled water 35 μl 72 °C 5 min
      Total 50 μl
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      After template extension, purify DNA using a PCR purification kit.

      Note: Purified DNA template can be stored at -20 °C.

      Table 3. Oligos for in vitro transcription .

      Oligo F
      (target specific)
      		 5’-GAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAG (target 20nt - 5’ to 3’ direction, without PAM) GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAG-3’
      Oligo R
      (common )
      5’-AAAAAAGCACCGACTCGGTGCCACTTTTTCAAGTTGATAACGGAC
      TAGCCTTATTTTAACTTGCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAAC-3’
      Open in a new tab

    2. In vitro transcription reaction

      Template DNA (1,560 ng)
      100 mM MgCl2 28 μl
      Each NTP (100 mM stock) 4 μl (x4)
      10x T7 RNA buffer 10 μl
      T7 RNA polymerase (50 U/μl) 5 μl
      RNase inhibitor (40 U/μl) 2.5 μl
      DEPC-treated water up to 100 μl
      Total
      Open in a new tab

      4 h-overnight reaction, 37 °C water bath or incubator.

    3. Removal of DNA template

      1. Add 11 μl DNase I buffer

      2. Add 1 μl (2 U/μl) DNase I in 100 μl reaction

      3. Incubate at 37 °C, 30 min

    4. RNA purification

      1. Use an RNA cleanup kit following the manufacturer’s manual.

      2. Elute RNA in 10~25 μl DEPC treated water or RNase-free water. The final RNA concentration should be 5-15 μg/μl.

      Note: RNA should be stored at -80 °C until the Chlami cells ready.

  4. Transfection of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to Chlamydomonas

    1. Preparation of cells and RNP complex for transformation

      1. Cultivate the Chlamydomonas cells mixotrophically (in the light with acetate) in 50 ml liquid TAP medium at 25 °C under continuous light (50-70 μmol photons m-2 sec-1) in a 100 ml flask with shaking at 90 rpm until the cell density reaches an OD750 of 0.3-0.5 as measured by a spectrophotometer.

      2. Estimate the cell density with a hemocytometer and microscope.

      3. Harvest 5 x 105 cells by centrifugation in the 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes (2,000 × g, 3 min, room temperature), discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cells in 250 μl of TAP sucrose solution (see Recipes) by gently pipetting (prepare one aliquot of cells per transformation reaction).

      4. To prepare the RNP complex, premix purified Cas9 protein (200 μg) with in vitro transcribed sgRNA (140 μg) in the 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes and incubate for 10 min at room temperature (prepare one aliquot of RNP complexes per transformation reaction).

      5. Add the RNP complex to the resuspended cells and gently tap the tube.

      6. Transfer 250 μl (+ volume of the RNP complex) of the transformation mixture to an electroporation cuvette.

      7. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.

    2. Electroporation of RNP complex

      1. Set parameters in the electroporation device (Bio-Rad Laboratories) (voltage: 600 V, capacity: 50 μF, resistance: infinity).

      2. Gently tap the cuvette to mix the contents and place the cuvette in the cuvette chamber.

      3. Electroporate the cells and then resuspend them by gently pipetting in 750 μl of TAP sucrose solution (total volume, 1 ml).

      4. Transfer all of the transformation mixture into a 15 ml conical tube.

      5. To obtain single mutant colonies, immediately transfer 2-4 x 103 cells (4-6 μl) from the transformation mixture to a new 15 ml conical tube and then plate them on a 1.5% TAP agar plate (see Recipes) using top agar (see Recipes). After transformation, 400-600 colonies generally appear (Figure 5).

      6. Incubate the rest of the cells for 12 h in dim light (5-10 μmol photons m-2 sec-1), after which they should be harvested for genomic DNA extraction for use in targeted deep-sequencing analysis.

  5. Preparation of NGS library using PCR

    1. Deep sequencing library preparation by PCR amplification

      1. (Optional) Target gene (~cleavage site ± 250 bp) amplification

        For successful library construction, we recommend amplifying the target gene, which should include the cleavage site ± 250 bp, first. We use Phusion DNA polymerase (Thermo).

      2. Pre-indexing PCR (~25 cycles)

        DNA template (100 ng)
        5x phusion HF buffer 4 μl
        10 mM dNTPs 0.4 μl
        Pre-index forward primer (10 μM) ) (Table 1) 1 μl
        Pre-index reverse primer (10 μM) (Table 1) 1 μl
        Phusion DNA polymerase (2 U/μl) 0.2 μl
        Distilled water Up to 20 μl
        Total volume 20 μl
        Open in a new tab

        For paired-end sequencing, the DNA library must have two adapters that include the i5 and i7 indices. Amplify the target DNA using Phusion polymerase with the pre-index tailed primers.

        Note: We recommend that the length of the target DNA be ~250 bp for Miseq 300 cycles or ~450 bp for Miseq 500 cycles for optimal merging of the paired-end reads.

      3. Indexing PCR (~25 cycles)

        DNA template (step E1b sample dilution) x
        5x HF buffer 10 μl
        10 mM dNTPs 1 μl
        Index forward primer D50X (10 μM) (Table 2) 2.5 μl
        Index reverse primer D7XX(10 μM) (Table 2) 2.5 μl
        Phusion DNA polymerase (2 U/μl) 0.5 μl
        Distilled water Up to 50
        Total volume 50 μl
        Open in a new tab

        After the pre-indexed amplification, amplify the PCR products with universal index primers. Purify the amplicons using a PCR DNA purification kit and measure the concentration of library using a spectrophotometer.

    2. Targeted deep sequencing

      We perform targeted deep sequencing using an Illumina Miseq Reagent Kit (v2).

Figure 1. Main page of Phytozome: The plant genome database.

Figure 1.

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The coding sequence information of each gene can be obtained from Phytozome database.

Figure 2. Main page of CRISPR RGEN Tools.

Figure 2.

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A web-based set of tools which provides all required tools from CRISPR target design to NGS data analysis.

Figure 3. Overview of Cas-Designer.

Figure 3.

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Users can select various types of CRISPR endonucleases and the target genome including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (versions 4 or 5).

Figure 4. An example data of an output table from Cas-Designer.

Figure 4.

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Cas-Designer shows possible CRISPR target sites from input sequences along with useful information such as GC content, out-of-frame score, and off-target information.

Figure 5. Visual coloration examination to investigate CpFTSY gene knockout.

Figure 5.

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Red circles indicate the putative CpFTSY knockout mutant lines which have pale green colors grown on TAP agar medium.

Data analysis

  1. Analysis of targeted deep-sequencing data

    1. We use Cas-Analyzer in RGEN tools (http://www.rgenome.net/cas-analyzer/) (Figure 6).

    2. Upload the NGS data files. Single-end reads, paired-end reads, and already merged sequencing data are allowed.

    3. Input the reference sequence and target DNA sequence without the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequences that are the recognition site of CRISPR endonucleases.

    4. Submit the data.

    5. The results contain information about mutation counts and frequencies in brief. Statistical data and detailed sequence alignment data are displayed further down on the page.

  2. Analysis of off-target mutations in an isolated mutant

    1. Find more detailed information about potential off-targets associated with each selected target in the Chlamydomonas genome using Cas-OFFinder. Select a mismatch number (typically 4) and DNA/RNA bulge size (typically 1) (Figure 7).

    2. Genomic DNA preparation from wild-type cells and isolated mutants.

    3. For predicted off-targets, perform NGS library preparation, targeted deep sequencing (Procedure E), and NGS data analysis.

Figure 6. Overview of Cas-Analyzer.

Figure 6.

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Users analyze their targeted deep-sequencing data using Cas-Analyzer without uploading any data to the server or local tool installation.

Figure 7. Overview of Cas-OFFinder.

Figure 7.

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Cas-OFFinder (http://www.rgenome.net/cas-offinder/) has a broad range of searching options on the number of mismatches (10 bp) and DNA or RNA bulges (2 bp).

Recipes

  1. Cas9 protein purification

    1. LB medium (for 1 L)

      10 g NaCl

      10 g tryptone

      5 g yeast extract

      Distilled water

    2. 1 M IPTG stock

      2.383 g of IPTG

      10 ml distilled water

      Filtered by syringe filter

    3. Lysis buffer, pH 7.4 (10 ml for 200 ml E.coli culture)

      50 mM NaH2PO4

      300 mM NaCl

      10 mM imidazole

      Distilled water

      Note: Adjust pH to 7.4 using NaOH, filtered.

    4. Wash buffer, pH 7.4 (20 ml for 200 ml E.coli culture)

      50 mM NaH2PO4

      300 mM NaCl

      20 mM imidazole

      Distilled water

      Note: Adjust pH to 7.4 using NaOH, filtered.

    5. Elution buffer, pH 7.4 (10 ml for 200 ml E.coli culture)

      50 mM NaH2PO4

      300 mM NaCl

      250 mM imidazole

      Distilled water

      Note: Adjust pH to 7.4 using NaOH, filtered.

    6. Cas9 storage buffer, pH 7.5 (10 ml for 200 ml E.coli culture)

      150 mM NaCl

      20 mM HEPES

      0.1 mM EDTA

      1 mM DTT

      2% sucrose

      20% glycerol

      Distilled water

      Note: Adjust pH to 7.5 using NaOH, filtered.

  2. Transfection

    1. TAP sucrose solution

      TAP medium with 40 mM sucrose

    2. TAP agar plates

      TAP medium with 1.5% agar

    3. Top agar

      TAP medium with 0.5% agar

Acknowledgments

This protocol was originally published as part of Baek et al. (2016). The authors especially thank Dr. Duk Hyoung Kim for developing the method. This work was supported by grants from the Korea CCS R&D Center (KCRC) (NRF-2014M1A8A1049273) to E.J. and the Plant Molecular Breeding Center of Next Generation BioGreen 21 Program (PJ01119201) to S.B.

Citation

Readers should cite both the Bio-protocol article and the original research article where this protocol was used.

References

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