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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2018 Jan;32(1):14–19. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201707121

SuperPATH 入路与后外侧入路行人工全髋关节置换术的疗效比较

Comparison of effectiveness between SuperPATH approach and posterolateral approach in total hip arthroplasty

Hongmou YUAN 1, Jiajun ZHU 1, Zhenguo SUN 1, Zhiyu ZHANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC8414201  PMID: 29806358

Abstract

Objective

To compare the effectiveness between SuperPATH approach and posterolateral approach in total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods

Between January 2016 and December 2016, 84 patients with hip disease were included in the study and randomly divided into 2 groups. Forty patients were treated with THA via SuperPATH approach (SuperPATH group), and 44 patients were treated with THA via posterolateral approach (PSA group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, the type of disease, the complicating diseases, and preoperative thrombosis of lower extremity and Harris score between 2 groups (P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, length of incision, postoperative drainage volume, unloaded activity time, Harris score, and short-form 36 health survey scale (SF-36) score were compared. The postoperative X-ray films were used to observe the position of joint prosthesis.

Results

All patients were followed up 6-18 months (mean, 10.3 months). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, length of incision, postoperative drainage volume, and unloaded activity time in SuperPATH group were significantly superior to those in PSA group (P<0.05). The Harris score at 2 weeks and 1 month after operation were significantly higher in SuperPATH group than that in PSA group (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in the Harris scores at 3 and 6 months after operation between 2 groups (P>0.05). At last follow-up, the SF-36 scores were higher in SuperPATH group than those in PSA group (P<0.05). Postoperative X-ray films showed the joint prosthesis was in good position.

Conclusion

THA via SuperPATH approach has the advantages of minimal invasion, safe, and rapid recovery, which is better than THA via posterolateral approach.

Keywords: Total hip arthroplasty, SuperPATH approach, posterolateral approach, minimally invasive procedure


人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是治疗终末期髋关节骨性关节炎、股骨头缺血性坏死、先天性髋关节发育不良髋部疾患的有效术式之一[1]。传统 THA 采用后外侧入路,对髋周软组织损伤大、失血多,术后患者恢复时间长,且发生脱位风险较高[2-4]。为此,学者们为降低 THA 手术创伤、促进患者康复进行了持续探索[5-8]。随着微创治疗观念与技术的发展,THA 微创手术入路也成为临床研究热点。SuperPATH 入路是近年提出的一种 THA 微创入路,该手术入路是从梨状肌与臀小肌间隙进入,完整保留关节囊,术中不易损伤重要神经、血管,软组织创伤小,患者术后恢复快[9]。而且术中可以根据情况灵活改变为其他术式,获得临床医师青睐[10-12]。我科自 2015 年开展此项微创手术以来,获得满意疗效。为进一步明确该手术入路的优势,为临床更准确选择手术入路提供参考,经中国医科大学附属第四医院伦理委员会批准,我们进行了前瞻性对比研究。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 符合 THA 适应证且初次单髋置换者;② 无凝血功能障碍;③ 既往未行相关抗凝药物治疗;④ 无其他增加出血风险的内科疾病。排除标准:① 有肿瘤病史、静脉血栓病史患者;② 不能配合随访的患者。2016 年 1 月—12 月,共 84 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。根据手术入路不同,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,其中 40 例采用 SuperPATH 入路(SuperPATH 组),44 例采用后外侧入路(PSA 组)。参与研究的患者对治疗方案和过程均知情同意。

1.2. 一般资料

SuperPATH 组:男 24 例,女 16 例;年龄 67~79 岁,平均 74.3 岁。体质量指数(22.73±1.71)kg/m2。左髋 19 例,右髋 21 例。股骨颈骨折 21 例,Garden 分型:Ⅲ 型 11 例、Ⅳ 型 10 例;受伤至入院时间 1~46 h,平均 10.6 h。股骨头缺血性坏死 10 例,世界骨循环研究学会(ARCO)分期:Ⅲ 期 6 例、 Ⅳ 期 4 例;病程 1.5~6.3 年,平均 2.8 年。髋关节骨关节炎 5 例,病程 2.1~7.4 年,平均 3.2 年。髋关节发育不良 4 例,Crowe 分期:Ⅱ 期 1 例、Ⅲ 期 2 例、Ⅳ 期 1 例。术前均行双下肢静脉彩超检查,提示下肢血栓形成 3 例。合并高血压 13 例,糖尿病 15 例,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病 9 例。

PSA 组:男 21 例,女 23 例;年龄 69~82 岁,平均 75.7 岁。体质量指数(22.36±1.89)kg/m2。左髋 21 例,右髋 23 例。股骨颈骨折 24 例,Garden 分型:Ⅲ 型 13 例、Ⅳ 型 11 例;受伤至入院时间 2~53 h,平均 12.8 h。股骨头缺血性坏死 12 例,ARCO 分期:Ⅲ 期 6 例、Ⅳ期 6 例;病程 1.9~7.2 年,平均 3.4 年。髋关节骨关节炎 6 例;病程 2.4~7.8 年,平均 3.6 年。髋关节发育不良 2 例,Crowe 分期:Ⅱ 期 1 例、Ⅲ 期 1 例。术前均行双下肢静脉彩超检查,提示下肢血栓形成 5 例。合并高血压 16 例,糖尿病 12 例,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病 11 例。

两组患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、疾病类型、合并基础疾病及术前下肢血栓形成、髋关节 Harris 评分等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1。

1.3. 手术方法

两组手术均由同一组医师完成。两组患者均于全麻下取健侧卧位手术。

SuperPATH 组:骨盆前后用支架固定骶骨与耻骨联合,并保证患肢髋、膝关节能适当屈伸、内收、内旋活动。手术切口从大转子尖偏后 0.5~1.0 cm 处起始,沿股骨干纵轴向近端延长约 8 cm,切开浅层组织,显露臀大肌筋膜并顺臀大肌纤维分离,撑开臀大肌与臀中肌,从臀小肌与梨状肌间隙进入并显露髋关节囊及梨状窝,在梨状窝偏外约 0.5 cm 处开口,依次扩髓,至术前测量预计的假体相应位置,行股骨颈截骨并取出股骨头。用髋臼锉维持外展角(40±10)°、前倾角(15±10)°,从小到大依次磨锉髋臼至合适大小。常规植入髋臼杯、内衬,股骨柄假体、股骨头,复位后向各个方向活动髋关节,观察假体匹配度及髋关节活动度满意后彻底止血并反复冲洗术区,逐层缝合关节囊、臀肌筋膜、皮下组织及皮肤,留置术区引流管 1 根。

PSA 组:以股骨大转子为中心,作髋后外侧弧形切口,长 10~15 cm。首先切开浅层组织,钝性加锐性切开并向两侧牵开臀大肌、阔筋膜,显露髋部深层的外旋肌群,内旋髋关节使外旋肌群紧张并切断,避免伤及坐骨神经;酌情切断部分股方肌,暴露后侧髋关节囊便于手术操作。切开后外侧关节囊后取出股骨头,常规处理髋臼、股骨端后,合理植入股骨柄假体和股骨头,复位关节,反复屈曲、旋转等活动检查髋关节活动度及稳定性,满意后冲洗术区并缝合,放置术区引流管 1 根。

1.4. 术后处理

两组患者术后处理措施一致。给予常规预防感染及下肢深静脉血栓形成等处理。术后 24~48 h 拔除引流管。患肢穿防旋鞋保持外展中立位至下地功能锻炼,麻醉清醒后即开始床上功能锻炼(踝关节主动屈伸、股四头肌等长舒缩等)。术区引流管拔除后,鼓励患者下地行走活动锻炼,并逐渐增加负重。

1.5. 疗效评价指标

记录两组手术时间、术中失血量、切口长度、术后引流量、下地时间;术后 2 周及 1、3、6 个月,行髋关节 Harris 评分;末次随访时行简明健康调查量表(SF-36 量表)评分。定期复查摄骨盆正位 X 线片,观察假体位置、髋关节形态等。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用 t 检验;计数资料组间比较采用 χ2 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者术后均获随访,随访时间 6~18 个月,平均 10.3 个月。SuperPATH 组手术时间、术中失血量、切口长度、术后引流量及下地时间均优于 PSA 组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 2。SuperPATH 组术后 2 周及 1 个月时 Harris 评分显著优于 PSA 组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后 3、6 个月时两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1。末次随访时,SuperPATH 组 SF-36 量表评分中的活力、躯体疼痛、社会功能以及总体健康评分均高于 PSA 组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 3。术后 X 线片复查示假体位置良好。见图 12

表 2.

Comparison of the surgical indicators between 2 groups ( Inline graphic)

两组手术相关指标比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
手术时间(min)
Operation time (min)
术中失血量(mL)
Intraoperative blood
loss (mL)
切口长度(cm)
Incision length (cm)
术后引流量(mL)
Postoperative
drainage volume (mL)
下地时间(h)
Unloaded activity
time (h)
SuperPATH 组
SuperPATH group
40 57.50±5.66 175.00±11.32 7.50±1.13 101.25± 7.49 41.25±7.29
PSA 组
PSA group
44 63.64±6.50 209.09±16.96 10.73±1.30 117.27±13.00 48.98±6.43
统计值
Statistic
t=–4.592
P= 0.000
t=–10.727
P= 0.000
t=–12.075
P= 0.000
t=–6.828
P= 0.000
t=–5.086
P= 0.000

表 1.

Comparison of Harris scores at pre- and post-operation between 2 groups ( Inline graphic)

两组手术前后 Harris 评分比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
术前
Preoperative
术后 2 周
Two weeks
after operation
术后 1 个月
One month
after operation
术后 3 个月
Three months
after operation
术后 6 个月
Six months
after operation
SuperPATH 组
SuperPATH group
40 33.00±1.89 80.50±1.52 82.50±1.13 86.53±1.15 90.00±2.03
PSA 组
PSA group
44 32.70±1.32 78.73±1.30 80.73±1.30 86.14±0.77 89.34±2.29
统计值
Statistic
t=1.725
P=0.092
t=5.760
P=0.000
t=6.633
P=0.000
t=1.834
P=0.070
t=1.391
P=0.168

表 3.

Comparison of SF-36 scores at last follow-up between 2 groups ( Inline graphic)

两组末次随访时 SF-36 量表评分比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
活力评分
Energy rating score
躯体疼痛评分
Physical pain score
社会功能评分
Social function score
总体健康评分
Overall health score
SuperPATH 组
SuperPATH group
40 79.00±1.43 80.03±1.79 77.90±3.22 77.50±3.12
PSA 组
PSA group
44 76.95±1.41 77.82±2.07 75.73±3.24 75.11±3.15
统计值
Statistic
t=6.582
P=0.000
t=5.199
P=0.000
t=3.078
P=0.003
t=3.483
P=0.001

图 1.

A 74-year-old male patient with the left femoral neck fracture (Garden type Ⅳ) in SuperPATH group

SuperPATH 组患者,男,74 岁,左股骨颈骨折(Garden Ⅳ 型)

a. 术前 X 线片;b. 术中经臀中肌、臀小肌与梨状肌间隙显露髋关节囊;c. 术后即刻切口外观;d. 术后 1 d X 线片;e. 术后 1 个月 X 线片

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. The hip capsule was exposed between the gluteus mediue, gluteus minimus, and piriformis during operation; c. Incision appearance at immediate after operation; d. X-ray film at 1 day after operation; e. X-ray film at 1 month after operation

图 1

图 2.

A 71-year-old female patient with the osteonecrosis of the left femoral head (ARCO stage Ⅳ) in PSA group

PSA组患者,女,71岁,左股骨头缺血性坏死(ARCO Ⅳ 期)

a. 术前 X 线片;b. 术中切口经阔筋膜张肌、臀大肌显露髋关节后外侧关节囊;c. 术后即刻切口外观;d. 术后 1 d X 线片;e. 术后 1 个月 X 线片

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. The posterior capsule of the laterl hip joint was exposed between the tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus during operation; c. Incision appearance at immediate after operation; d. X-ray film at 1 day after operation; e. X-ray film at 1 month after operation

图 2

3. 讨论

3.1. SuperPATH 入路解剖特点及优势

与传统后外侧入路相比,SuperPATH 入路是一种改良后外侧入路,保留了标准后外侧入路的所有优点,利用臀中肌、臀小肌与梨状肌间隙进行操作,经关节囊上方进入髋关节,最大程度保护了髋关节周围软组织的完整性[6],增加了 THA 术后稳定性,降低了脱位风险[9],是微创 THA 术中一项突破性进展[13],具有更广阔的应用前景[14]。其主要优势有:① 最大限度保护髋关节周围肌群,创伤小;② 术后髋关节功能恢复迅速;③ 术中及术后并发症发生率低;④ 降低住院时间及费用,患者更易接受,满意度高[10]。Bodrogi 等[15]研究结果显示,SuperPATH 入路具有失血少、创伤小,对于高龄股骨颈骨折患者治疗具有重要意义;Cardenas-Nylander 等[6]研究指出,应用 SuperPATH 入路行 THA,有利于进一步降低手术创伤、实现快速康复及降低住院费用,比其他手术入路更有优势。Rasuli 等[10]和 Gofton 等[11]通过研究得出结论,接受 SuperPATH 入路的关节置换患者,术后能够更早地下地活动锻炼,显著缩短患者康复时间及住院时间;且术后发生脱位、感染、关节失稳定、血管神经损伤及围手术期死亡等并发症发生率较传统 THA 术显著降低[10-11, 16]。本组研究结果表明,SuperPATH 入路组患者术后下地时间早于 PSA 组。

3.2. SuperPATH 入路的疗效分析以及体会

本组 SuperPATH 组患者手术时间、术中失血量、切口长度、术后引流量、下地时间等指标均优于 PSA 组,进一步说明 SuperPATH 入路能够有效减小手术创伤、减少卧床时间,围手术期安全性高。SuperPATH 组患者术后 2 周及 1 个月时髋关节 Harris 功能评分均优于 PSA 组,末次随访时 SF-36 生活质量各个维度评分也明显高于 PSA 组,提示 SuperPATH 入路有利于患者髋关节功能更快地恢复,提高生命质量。

我们在应用 SuperPATH 入路行 THA 的过程中总结了以下经验:① 严格掌握手术适应证,不能片面追求微创治疗,尤其是对于过度肥胖患者术中显露困难,建议采用传统后外侧手术入路;② 对于有髋部手术史患者,术后肌肉间隙寻找有一定难度,为避免损伤周围神经血管等组织,建议用传统后外侧手术入路。

此外,值得注意的是,接受关节置换手术治疗的多为老年患者,快速安全完成手术操作、术中操作动作轻柔减少髋周肌肉软组织损伤,是保证快速康复及手术治疗效果的关键[17-18]。我们认为根据熟练掌握髋关节周围肌肉、神经、血管等重要解剖结构的走行,以及熟练合理应用 Hohmann 牵开器、Cobb 调位器及两者的顺利切换使用,是保证术中顺利快速显露术区的关键,不仅能节省手术操作时间,降低反复牵拉软组织的损伤,更能有效地提高手术效率。

综上述,与传统后外侧入路相比,应用 SuperPATH 入路行 THA 有较多优势,更加符合微创及快速康复的理念。但本组纳入患者较少,随访时间较短,本研究结论及该术式远期疗效有待进一步研究证实。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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