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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2018 Apr;32(4):501–504. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201712031

人工腕关节假体研究进展

Research progress of artificial wrist joint prosthesis

Xingbo CAI 1, Jing DING 1,*, Yongqing XU 1
PMCID: PMC8414337  PMID: 29806311

Abstract

Objective

To summarize the research progress of the artificial wrist joint prosthesis.

Methods

Domestic and abroad literature concerning artificial wrist joint prosthesis was reviewed and analyzed thoroughly.

Results

Artificial wrist joint prosthesis has been developed to the 4th generation. The artificial wrist joint arthroplasty has advantages of pain relief and functional improvement and can achieve ideal short-term effectiveness. But there are some problems, such as loosening, subsidence, fracture, and dislocation of prosthesis. The long-term effectiveness of the 3rd and 4th generation prosthesis still need to be followed up.

Conclusion

The biomechanics of wrist joint is extremely complicated, which results in less application and slow development of artificial wrist joint prosthesis. Early-term effectiveness of artificial wrist joint arthroplasty is basically satisfactory, but there are still some long-term complications. So the artificial wrist joint prosthesis remains to be developed.

Keywords: Artificial wrist joint replacement, wrist joint prosthesis, joint prosthesis material


自德国 Gluck 医生采用象牙制作第 1 代腕关节假体,并用于治疗 1 例结核患者以来[1],人工腕关节假体的设计、材料以及相关术式均得到不断发展、改进。目前,人工腕关节置换术已用于治疗腕关节创伤性、类风湿性、化脓性关节炎。相对于传统腕关节融合术、部分腕骨切除术等术式,置换术可以在缓解腕关节疼痛的同时最大限度保留腕关节活动度。但由于腕关节生物力学的特殊性与复杂性,人工腕关节假体临床应用不如人工髋、膝、肩关节假体广泛。同时,人工腕关节置换术后也存在假体松动、下沉、脱位以及假体周围骨折等并发症。现对人工腕关节假体研究进展作一综述,以期为临床提供参考。

1. 人工腕关节假体的发展

1.1. 第 1 代假体

第 1 代假体为 Swanson 假体,是由硅胶构成的铰链式假体;假体中部是圆柱形硅胶,远、近端柄状物分别嵌插固定于掌骨与桡骨髓腔内[2-3]。由于硅胶硬度小、弹性大,通过材料的形变即可完成腕关节轻微掌曲、背伸等简单动作。Swanson 假体主要用于治疗各种类型腕关节炎,置换术后可一定程度减轻关节疼痛、改善活动度、增加握力。但硅胶容易老化、破损,假体设计不符合腕关节生物力学机制,术后容易出现硅胶性滑膜炎、假体断裂等情况[2, 4]

1.2. 第 2 代假体

第 2 代假体包括 Volz 假体和 Meuli 假体,为非铰链式假体[5-6]。假体远、近端柄状物均以髓内插销固定方式嵌插于掌骨与桡骨髓腔中,近端假体与桡骨形成关节窝,远端假体类似于圆柱,其长轴垂直于关节面,圆柱的弧面与近端关节窝形成关节,可进行屈伸与轻微尺桡偏活动。但由于关节面较小,腕关节屈伸过程中会出现因肌力不平衡导致的关节轻微摇摆,即发生不受控制的尺桡偏或掌曲背伸。与第 1 代假体相比,第 2 代假体形成了类似人体关节的结构,但生物力学上仍存在缺陷。临床研究表明,采用第 2 代假体行人工腕关节置换术后容易出现关节脱位、假体变形等情况。为解决上述问题,有学者在 Meuli 假体基础上对假体设计进行了完善,制备 MWP Ⅲ型假体[7-8]

1.3. 第 3 代假体

第 3 代假体主要包括 Trispherical 假体、Biaxial 假体以及 MWP Ⅲ型假体,这些假体在设计上更符合人体腕关节生物力学特性[9-10]。第 3 代假体恢复了桡腕关节的尺偏角与掌倾角,假体安放位置上采取偏置(关节面桡偏),更接近正常解剖结构,使术后腕关节各个方向活动更接近正常活动中心,获得更好的活动稳定性。但第 3 代假体固定方式较之前假体无明显改进,仍然存在假体远期松动、下沉等问题[11-14]。 Kraay 等[15]随访了 67 例使用 Trispherical 假体行人工腕关节置换术的患者,术后 5 年假体生存率为 97%,10 年假体生存率为 93%。 Krukhaug 等[16]对 90 例使用 Biaxial 假体行人工腕关节置换术患者进行随访,术后 5 年假体生存率为 85%,术后 9 年假体翻修率为 20%。

1.4. 第 4 代假体

第 4 代假体主要包括 Universal 系列假体(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、RE-MOTION 假体和 Maestro 假体。与第 3 代假体相比,其在材料和固定方式上均有所改进。假体近、远端主要采用钴铬钼合金、钛合金,关节面为半圆形超高分子聚乙烯,弹性系数和摩擦系数更接近人正常关节面软骨[17-20]。第 4 代假体固定方式为远端假体柄插入第 3 掌骨髓腔内,两侧使用螺钉固定部分腕骨与掌骨,以加强部分腕骨与掌骨的融合,提供更好的远期稳定性;近端仍采用髓内固定,但在安装假体过程中,需要去除桡骨远端部分皮质骨,以恢复正常腕关节高度。同时,第 4 代假体部分表面增加了多孔涂层,避免了以往假体以骨水泥固定的唯一方式,更加利于进行骨长入,从而增加远期稳定性[21-22]

Universal Ⅱ型假体目前已得到广泛应用,与Universal Ⅰ型假体相比,Universal Ⅱ型假体远端固定减少了 1 枚拧入头状骨和第 3 掌骨的螺钉,取而代之的是插入式固定柄;桡骨组件也有所增宽,以提供更强的轴向稳定性[23-25]。但有研究表明,Universal Ⅱ型假体在背侧和尺侧的载荷比高于掌侧和桡侧,即整个负荷仅通过桡骨而未通过尺骨[25]。Pfanner 等[26]对 22 例采用 Universal Ⅱ型假体行人工腕关节置换术的患者进行随访,随访时间 2~12 年,平均 82.3 个月。结果显示,术后患者疼痛均缓解,平均疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为 0.82 分,平均握力提高 11 kg,平均屈伸活动度为 72.3°,平均尺桡偏活动度为 24.9°;术后 6 例(26%)患者行关节翻修术,其中 2 例为腕骨组件翻修,4 例为手术完全失败并放置 Swanson 旷置器。Badge 等[27]对 95 例行采用 Universal Ⅱ型假体行人工腕关节置换术的患者进行了平均 8 年随访,结果显示患者腕关节疼痛评分由术前平均 8.1 分降至 5.4 分,术后平均活动度为掌屈 21°、背伸 29°;平均握力由 4.8 kg 升至 10 kg;手臂、肩膀和手的残疾快速评分(Quick DASH)由术前平均 61 分降至 46 分,Wrightington 评分由术前平均 7.9 分降至 5.7 分;6 例(7%)出现术后并发症,其中 3 例行腕关节翻修术,3 例行外固定支架固定术。

RE-MOTION 假体整体形态与 Universal Ⅱ型假体类似,由腕、桡骨组件与腕骨球组成;与 UniversalⅡ型假体主要区别为:聚乙烯球通过压配方式固定于腕骨组件,从而与桡骨组件形成关节,此固定方式更灵活。Herzberg[11]对 20 例采用 RE-MOTION 假体行人工腕关节置换术的患者进行随访,术后 1 例出现腕骨组件松动,1 例出现桡骨组件松动,但均未再次手术。 Bidwai 等[19]对 10 例采用 RE-MOTION 假体行人工腕关节置换术的患者进行了 1~5 年的随访,所有患者均未出现翻修或融合情况,关节活动度明显改善,疼痛明显缓解,仅 2 例出现切口感染。

Maestro 假体是目前最新的人工腕关节假体,其腕骨柄与桡骨柄由钛合金制成,关节主体部分由钴铬合金制成,关节球仍是由超高分子聚乙烯组成,远、近端柄部通过骨水泥固定于掌骨与桡骨髓腔中,进一步发挥了各材料互相结合的优点[20]。Yeoh 等[14]对 2010 年—2015 年人工腕关节置换术相关文献进行综述,统计了 405 例使用 7 种不同假体行人工腕关节置换术患者,结果提示 Maestro 假体置换后患者腕关节功能恢复最佳,能恢复正常活动度。Schmidt[28]对 2 例桡骨远端粉碎型骨折患者行 Maestro 假体人工腕关节置换术,术后 1 年假体无松动、断裂等,采用 DASH 评分、VAS 评分及握力评价均获得良好疗效。Sagerfors 等[29]对 219 例行人工腕关节置换术患者进行长期随访,术后 8 年 Maestro 假体生存率为 95%,RE-MOTION 假体为 94%,Biaxial 假体为 81%;Maestro 假体影像学松动率为 2%,RE-MOTION 假体为 18%,Biaxial 假体为 26%;患者关节疼痛均缓解,且活动度得到改善。

2. 人工腕关节假体材料的发展

理想的人工腕关节材料需要具备以下特性:良好生物整合性、不释放有害物质、强度足够、弹性模量与骨接近、不易疲劳等。随着生物材料技术与关节技术的发展,现在用于制备人工腕关节的材料主要包括钴铬钼合金、钛合金、超高分子聚乙烯。

钴铬钼合金属于钴基合金,以钴、铬、钼为主要元素,同时含有少量镍与碳元素,该材料最先用于口腔科,因具有良好的抗压缩与抗牵拉能力,目前已广泛应用于制造关节假体,特别是以承重为主的髋、膝关节。虽然材料表面可形成氧化层,但长期植入人体后尚不能避免释放钴、铬、钼、镍这类有毒元素,具体释放量、释放速度及相关并发症仍有待进一步研究[30]

相对于钴铬钼合金,钛合金在关节的应用中更普遍,其具有密度低(较普通不锈钢、钴铬钼合金低 40%~50%)、化学性质更稳定、生物整合性更强、弹性模量更接近骨(但仍然是皮质骨的 5 倍)等特点。作为一种性能卓越的材料,其在航空航天方面也得到广泛应用[31-32]。但钛合金的耐磨性较钴铬钼合金稍差,经表面改性后(如表面氮化)在一定程度上可增加耐磨性。在关节假体制备中,主要用作髋关节假体柄部。

超高分子聚乙烯材料作为腕关节假体的关节面,其作用相当于关节软骨,主要出现在第 4 代腕关节假体中。这种材料具有摩擦系数小、密度小、弹性好等特点,目前广泛应用于人工髋关节臼杯内衬与膝关节衬垫。但由于超高分子聚乙烯材料弹性模量与金属差异较大,在与金属互相接触摩擦时形变较大,容易产生碎屑,高分子碎屑在组织周围会产生炎性反应,激活巨噬细胞从而引起骨吸收、骨溶解,进而导致关节松动。在非承重关节(如腕关节、肩关节)中,高分子聚乙烯的磨损可能会更小[33-34]

多孔钽金属也是近年来用于关节领域的新兴材料之一,但目前尚未用于腕关节假体。该材料是由钽金属的化学沉积物制成的玻璃支架,孔隙率可达 75%~80%,因此具有良好的成骨作用;此外,多孔钽金属弹性模量与正常人体骨质相似,不易形成应力集中,从而更有利于成骨[35-36]。近年来多孔钽金属已开始用于人工髋关节的臼杯、膝关节胫骨假体、人工髌骨与人工踝关节的制造。鉴于其良好成骨特性,有望用于人工腕关节的制造[37]

3. 总结

人工腕关节假体经过 40 余年的发展,虽然在缓解疼痛与改善功能方面获得了满意效果,但仍然存在假体松动、下沉、断裂、脱位等问题,而且目前第 3、4 代腕关节假体缺少中远期随访结果,因此尚需要进一步研究探索。

Funding Statement

云南省重点新产品开发计划(2015BC004);云南省钟世镇院士工作站(2015ICO030);昆明市钟世镇院士工作站(2015-2-H-01268)

New Product Development Plan of Yunnan Province (2015BC004); ZHONG Shizhen Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province (2015ICO030); ZHONG Shizhen Academician Workstation in Kunming (2015-2-H-01268)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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