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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2018 Apr;32(4):385–388. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201711053

股骨转子下截骨联合人工全髋关节置换术治疗 Crowe 型先天性髋关节发育不良中期疗效

Mid-term effectiveness of total hip arthroplasty with subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy in treatment of Crowe type developmental dysplasia of hip

Shijiu YIN 1, Ruibo LI 1, Ping MOU 1, Hang ZHONG 1, Jing YANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC8414344  PMID: 29806293

Abstract

Objective

To explore the mid-term effectiveness of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy in treatment of Crowe type Ⅳ developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Methods

Between September 2009 and March 2014, a total of 49 patients (57 hips) who were diagnosed with Crowe type Ⅳ DDH were treated with THA and subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy. Of the 49 patients, 7 were male and 42 were female with an average age of 44.6 years (range, 20-73 years). The preoperative Harris score was 44.68±3.39 and the preoperative leg length discrepancy was (5.27±0.55) cm.

Results

All incisions healed primarily. All patients were followed up 32-87 months (mean, 52.1 months). At last follow-up, the Harris score was 85.67±2.89 and the leg length discrepancy was (1.12±0.48) cm, showing significant differences when compared with the preoperative values (t=–69.53, P=0.00; t=42.94, P=0.00). X-ray films showed that bone union of the femoral osteotomy end at 6 months after operation. There was no loosening and subsidence of prosthesis at last follow-up.

Conclusion

The subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy with THA in treatment of Crowe type Ⅳ DDH can obtain satisfactory mid-term effectiveness with low risk of peripheral vascular and nerve traction injuries.

Keywords: Developmental dysplasia of the hip, total hip arthroplasty, subtrochanteric osteotomy, mid-term effectiveness


Crowe Ⅳ 型先天性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)成人患者的骨和软组织畸形明显,包括股骨颈干角和前倾角增大、臀小肌止点偏前、髓腔呈椭圆形或不规则形、股骨前弓增大、髋臼侧真臼发育差、髋部周围肌肉软组织挛缩,部分患者股骨侧还存在过度生长和合并膝外翻现象[1]。该类患者如果髋部、下腰部或对侧膝关节出现疼痛,影响日常生活时,通常采用人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)治疗。2009 年 9 月—2014 年 3 月,我们采用股骨转子下截骨联合 THA 治疗 Crowe Ⅳ 型 DDH 患者 49 例(57 髋),获得满意的临床效果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

本组男 7 例,女 42 例;年龄 20~73 岁,平均 44.6 岁。左髋 26 例、右髋 15 例;双髋 8 例(分期手术)。术前髋关节 Harris 评分为(44.68±3.39)分。术前摄骨盆正位以及下肢全长负重站立位 X 线片,初步测算转子下截骨长度、部位,评估股骨近侧发育情况及髋臼侧发育、缺损情况。术前双下肢不等长(5.27±0.55)cm。

1.2. 手术方法

所有患者均在全麻下手术。采用侧卧位,双下肢呈屈髋 30°、屈膝 60°,对侧下肢下方垫软枕,使双下肢间隙与身体中轴处于同一水平位。采用后外侧入路,纵行切开部分臀大肌纤维束,钝性分离、切断外旋肌止点,暴露并切除关节囊。脱位髋关节后,股骨颈截骨,寻找真臼并清理髋臼内软组织,真臼位置造臼,保持前倾 15~20°、外展约 45° 位磨锉髋臼至髂骨内板,检查覆盖程度。若髋臼假体试模覆盖率<70%,则采用自体股骨头髋臼顶结构植骨(5 例)或安放钽金属块(1 例)增加髋臼覆盖率及髋臼杯稳定性。

然后行股骨侧处理,本组患者均使用 S-ROM 组配式股骨侧髋关节假体(DePuy 公司,美国)。从最小号髓腔钻开始常规扩髓股骨近端及锥部。安装股骨柄试模并尝试复位,经充分松解软组织后复位仍困难,行股骨转子下截骨。在下肢牵引状态下,测量股骨头假体顶端到髋臼内衬顶部的距离作为截骨参考值。向股骨远端纵行延长切口,沿股外侧肌后缘与股二头肌间隙向前外掀开股外侧肌,保护骨膜及软组织,充分暴露股骨近端至转子下达 5 cm,并用摆锯在股骨后缘作一纵向切割线进行标记,便于截骨后远近端对合,防止发生旋转畸形。在转子下 1 cm 处垂直股骨干横形截骨,再综合术前测量的肢体长度、脱位高度,以及截骨前松解周围软组织后股骨头假体顶端到髋臼内衬顶部的距离,确定最终截骨长度并垂直股骨干二次截骨。截骨后对截骨平面远端再次进行扩髓,确保股骨柄试模可植入远端髓腔。用 2 把持骨钳将截骨远、近端复位,股骨近端植入袖套假体,截骨断端参考标记线对位,防止旋转移位,选择适当的前倾角(15~20°)植入股骨柄假体;假体柄远端与截骨远端骨皮质良好嵌合,以防止旋转不稳。

最后复位髋关节,评估关节不同方向、不同活动度时稳定性,旋转股骨截骨远端评估旋转稳定性;如处理后仍存在不稳,则更换大一号股骨柄进行置换。缝合外旋肌群,适当折叠收紧股外侧肌近端止点的腱膜,安置引流管,逐层关闭切口。

1.3. 术后处理

术后常规予以预防感染及下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗,24 h 后拔除引流管。术后第 1 天患者进行床上双下肢活动,第 2 天在助行器辅助下下地完全负重行走,注意避免过度旋转患肢。出院后定期门诊随访,指导关节功能锻炼。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

术后切口均 Ⅰ 期愈合,无坐骨神经及股神经牵拉损伤发生。患者均获随访,随访时间 32~87 个月,平均 52.1 个月。末次随访时,Harris 评分为(85.67±2.89)分,较术前显著提高,差异有统计学意义(t=–69.53,P=0.00)。术后肢体延长 3.0~4.3 cm,平均 3.8 cm;末次随访时双下肢不等长(1.12±0.48) cm,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=42.94,P=0.00)。末次随访时,10 例患者存在轻度跛行,指导使用鞋垫+楔形鞋跟矫正后,患者舒适度提高,本体感觉良好;其余患者无跛行。术后 6 个月 X 线片复查示,患者截骨端均愈合良好;末次随访复查示,假体无松动、下沉等发生。见图 1

图 1.

Anteroposterior X-ray films of a 56-year-old female patient with Crowe type Ⅳ DDH of left hip

患者,女,56 岁,左侧 Crowe Ⅳ型 DDH 骨盆正位 X 线片

a. 术前;b. 术后第 2 天截骨断端对合良好;c. 术后 2 个月截骨断端有连续骨痂形成;d. 术后 6 个月截骨断端愈合良好;e. 术后 3 年假体无松动、下沉

a. Before operation; b. Good combination of osteotomy at immediate after operation; c. Bone formation at the osteotomy ends at 2 months after operation; d. Osteotomy ends healed at 6 months after operation; e. No loosening and subsidence of prosthesis at 3 years after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

3.1. 股骨转子下截骨必要性

Crowe Ⅳ 型 DDH 患者髋关节旋转中心上移明显,恢复髋关节正常旋转中心可以降低关节接触应力,改善外展肌功能,提高患者本体感受,纠正骨盆倾斜,延长假体使用年限。对于高脱位患者,其肢体相对短缩,真臼位置安放假体复位髋关节必然伴随着下肢延长。对于此类患者,目前较常用的手术方法为非截骨 THA 和股骨转子下截骨 THA。

非截骨 THA 保留了骨量,避免骨丢失,在一定程度上保证了肢体短缩长度的恢复,可以基本维持双下肢肢体绝对长度相等、均衡,无术后截骨端不愈合等并发症,但术中复位困难,关节周围血管神经牵拉损伤风险高,周围软组织过度松解且张力增加,术后患者本体感觉欠佳[2-3]。有学者认为患者肢体延长 4 cm 左右,坐骨神经牵拉损伤的风险会显著增加[4-5]。Yan 等[3]对 28 例 Crowe Ⅳ 型 DDH 患者行非截骨 THA,9 例下肢延长超过 4 cm 者中,4 例术后出现小腿麻木等神经症状。Hasegawa 等[6]对 20 例 DDH 伴高位脱位患者行 THA,5 例未行短缩截骨者中,1 例患肢延长 5.4 cm 者出现坐骨神经一过性损伤;余 15 例均行股骨转子下截骨,均未出现神经症状。

避免关节周围神经牵拉损伤的关键在于控制下肢延长程度。总结目前临床研究结果,肢体延长 4 cm 以内相对较安全,超过 4 cm 时可结合术中复位情况,考虑行转子下截骨,该方法可缩短股骨,避免了对软组织的过度松解,降低血管神经过度牵拉受损的风险,还有助于假体安放和关节复位。截骨长度由术前肢体长度、脱位高度、术中股骨头试模顶到内衬顶部的距离,以及截骨前周围软组织松解情况共同决定。但应注意此方法会使部分骨质丢失,易引起术后双下肢不等长发生。双下肢不等长≤1 cm 一般不会引起症状,不需要特殊处理;≤2 cm 时会有轻度跛行,但不会导致髋关节肌力明显改变,亦不会出现明显关节疼痛或功能障碍;>2 cm 则会引起明显跛行、关节疼痛及下肢痛等症状[7-10]。术后双下肢不等长<0.5 cm,可采用有鞋垫的鞋矫正;不等长 1.0~1.5 cm,采用楔形鞋跟并合用 1 个鞋垫矫正;不等长>1.5 cm,可采用鞋跟和楔形鞋底矫正[11]。本组患者均采用股骨转子下截骨 THA 治疗,未出现股神经及坐骨神经牵拉损伤,其中 10 例患者术后存在轻度跛行步态,无明显关节疼痛等不适症状,给予指导使用鞋垫+楔形鞋跟矫正后,患者舒适度提高,本体感觉良好。

3.2. 股骨转子下截骨方式选择

股骨转子下截骨常见方式有横形截骨[12-14]、阶梯形截骨[10, 15-16]、V 形截骨[11, 17]及斜形截骨[18]。相对于横形截骨,很多学者认为阶梯形截骨、V 形截骨及斜形截骨可增加截骨端的旋转稳定性,起到抗扭转作用。而且 V 形截骨、阶梯形截骨增加了截骨断端的接触面积,有助于截骨端骨愈合。但这 3 种截骨方法也存在一些不足,例如:增加了手术难度及手术时间,术中骨折发生率也会增加,对医师技术要求较高;难以对股骨近端的旋转畸形进行调整纠正。Li 等[19]采用 V 形转子下短缩截骨 THA 治疗 18 例 Crowe Ⅳ 型成人 DDH 患者,截骨端在术后 3~6 个月均获得了骨性愈合,3 例患者术后出现无症状性异位骨化。Ozden 等[4]采用转子下阶梯形截骨 THA 治疗 21 例 Crowe Ⅳ 型成人 DDH 患者,术后截骨端均获得了骨性愈合,平均愈合时间 3.5 个月。阶梯形截骨在一定程度上会增加术后截骨端内翻畸形,可能是阶梯形截骨股骨柄假体与股骨髓腔接触面积减少,进而引起假体与股骨之间的稳定性降低所致[5]。Huo 等[18]采用斜形短缩截骨方法治疗 25 例高位脱位 DDH 患者,术后 1 例患者出现截骨端骨不愈合。

与阶梯形、V 形及斜形截骨相比,横形截骨较为简便高效,截骨长度更容易测量,肢体长度的调整也更方便,而且可根据实际情况适当调整前倾角大小。部分学者认为横形截骨抗扭转能力不足,易出现截骨远近端旋转移位。但 S-ROM 组配式假体股骨柄的远端刀刃式齿槽设计能够在髓腔内面切入骨皮质,形成一定把持力,起到良好抗扭转作用,增加截骨远端的旋转稳定性,减少截骨端之间的微动,降低骨不愈合的发生。为进一步增加截骨端的稳定性,防止假体周围骨折,可使用线缆或钢丝对截骨近远端分别进行环扎,或将截下的皮质骨板环扎固定于截骨端周围,或使用钢板螺钉系统进行固定。Çatma 等[20]使用单皮质锁定钢板固定截骨断端,并与皮质骨板环扎固定的方法进行比较发现,钢板螺钉固定组骨愈合时间为(152±37)d,皮质骨板环扎固定组为(113±51)d,且两组中远期效果无差异。

本组均采用股骨转子下横形截骨方式缩短股骨,截骨前用摆锯在股骨后缘作一纵向切割线进行标记,降低了旋转对位不良发生率。股骨远端复位后再次测试其远端的抗扭转能力,防止旋转不稳的发生,术后患者截骨端愈合良好,未出现延迟愈合或骨不愈合的情况。

综上述,对于 Crowe Ⅳ型患者,股骨转子下横形短缩截骨 THA 可获得满意的假体稳定性和关节功能,恢复双下肢不等长的同时最大限度避免股神经及坐股神经牵拉损伤,中期疗效满意。但本研究缺少与其他截骨方式的比较,其远期效果有待进一步观察。

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