Outcomes of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that harbor a STK11 mutation

Abstract

Background

STK11 mutation (STK11^m) in patients (pts) with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with inferior survival and poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The significance of STK11^m in stage III NSCLC pts treated with concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) with or without consolidation ICI is unknown.

Methods

Stage III NSCLC patients who received CCRT and had known STK11 mutational status were included in this retrospective study. The data on the STK11^m pts were collected from 4 cancer institutions. A cohort of pts with wild type STK11 (STK11^w) from the University of Iowa served as a comparison group. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were collected. Cox regression models were used to explore the effect of STK11 mutation on survival.

Results

75 pts with stage III NSCLC who had known STK11 mutational status were identified. 16/75 (21%) had STK11^m. 5/16 with STK11 ^m did not receive CCRT so they were excluded from the analysis. The clinical and demographic characteristics for the 11 STK11^m and 59 STK11^w pts were not statistically different (STK11^m vs. STK11^w): mean age: 57 vs. 64 yrs, non-squamous histology: 8/11 (73%) vs. 37/59 (63%), KRAS mutation: 3/11 (27%) vs. 11/59 (19%), TP53 mutation: 6/11 (55%) vs. 15/59 (25%), PD-L1 ≥50%: 1/8 (13%) vs. 10/32 (31%), and consolidation ICI 6/11 (55%) vs. 17/59 (29%). Regarding the 6 STK11^m pts who received ICI (4 pembrolizumab, 2 durvalumab), the median number of ICI infusions was 8 (range, 3–17) vs. 6 (range, 1–25) in the 17 pts with STK11^w who received ICI (durvalumab). After adjusting for performance status and cancer stage, multivariable analysis showed that progression free survival (PFS) for the STK11^m pts was significantly worse than STK11^w pts (HR =2.25; 95% CI, 1.03–4.88, P=0.04), whereas overall survival (OS) showed no significant difference for STK11^m vs. STK11^w patients (HR 1.47, 95% CI, 0.49–4.38, P=0.49).

Conclusions

In stage III NSCLC patients who received CCRT, STK11^m was associated with worse PFS compared to STK11^w. Larger studies are needed to further explore the prognostic implications of STK11^m in stage III NSCLC and whether ICI impacts survival for this subgroup.

Introduction

Unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with good performance status is treated with concurrent platinum based chemotherapy with definitive dose radiation (CCRT) followed by the PD-L1 inhibitor, durvalumab (1). The addition of durvalumab to CCRT improved survival from 55.6% to 66.3% at 24 months (1). Although this improvement in survival is practice changing, a large number of stage III NSCLC patients still have a poor prognosis. In 2020, it is estimated there will be 229,000 new cases of lung cancer (2) of which stage III cancer is expected in approximately 30% of all NSCLC cases.

Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), also known as liver kinase B1 (LKB1), is a gene found on chromosome 19p13. Germline mutation of STK11 is associated with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) (3). Patients with PJS can develop intestinal hamartomatous polyps and are more likely to develop malignancies such as gastrointestinal, testis, ovary, and breast cancers (3). In lung cancer, somatic mutations of STK11 are seen in up to 42% of NSCLC; however, most studies have shown a mutation frequency of approximately 20% (4). STK11 functions as a tumor suppressor gene and is involved in the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which modulates cell glucose and lipid metabolism (5). More importantly, in-vivo studies indicate that STK11 is involved in the differentiation and metastases of lung cancer (6). STK11 inactivation leads to increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as CXCL7 and causes a shift in the microenvironment with neutrophil accumulation and decrease in T cell lymphocytes (7,8).

The effect of STK11^m on outcomes of stage III NSCLC treated with curative intent is unknown. It is unclear whether STK11^m affects prognosis of stage III NSCLC or predicts response to ICI consolidation after CCRT. In advanced stage NSCLC, STK11^m has been associated with poor response to chemotherapy and ICI, and inferior survival outcomes (9-15). In this study, we sought to explore STK11^m as a prognostic genetic alteration in stage III NSCLC patients managed with definitive chemoradiation +/− consolidative ICI. We present the following article in accordance with the REMARK reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tlcr-21-177).

Methods

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The informed consent from the patients were waived. The study was approved by institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Indiana University Health, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. The 4 institutions provided a total of 16 patients with stage III NSCLC known to have STK11^m diagnosed between 2013 and 2019. Of these, 11 received CCRT and were included in the study. A comparison group of 59 patients with STK11^w stage III NSCLC who received CCRT diagnosed between 2013 and 2019 were identified at University of Iowa and served as a comparison group. Stage III NSCLC, receiving any CCRT, and having a known STK11 mutational status were requirements for inclusion in the analysis in this study.

The patients’ charts were reviewed for clinical and demographic characteristics. These included age, sex, smoking history, stage, ECOG performance status, histology, STK11, KRAS and TP53 status, PD-L1 expression, and treatment details including radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. STK11^m was identified by next generation sequencing of the tumor tissue using the platform of choice available in the institutions participating in this study. Specific STK11 locus alteration information was not collected. Information about other NSLCC driver mutations such as EGFR and ALK were not collected.

Statistical analysis

Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare continuous variables between STK11 wild type and mutant. Survival probabilities were estimated and plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression models were used to assess the effects of clinical, pathologic, and treatment variables on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The time for PFS was calculated from the date of diagnosis until progression or death due to any cause. The time for OS was calculated from the date of diagnosis until death due to any cause. Estimated effects of predictors are reported as hazard ratios (HR) along with 95% confidence intervals. All statistical testing was two-sided and assessed for significance at the 5% level using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

Results

Patient demographics and clinical characteristics

After excluding the 5 patients with STK11^m who did not receive CCRT, a total of 70 pts with stage IIIA-C NSCLC were included in the analysis; 11 patients with STK11^m and 59 patients with STK11^w (Table 1). When STK11^m patients were compared to STK11^w, there was no significant difference in the gender distribution among the two groups. Numerically, the proportion of age ≤65 years in the STK11^m group compared to STK11^w was higher but this was not statistically significant (82% vs. 54%, P=0.11). When all patients including the 5 with STK11^m who did not receive CCRT were accounted for in the analysis, the STK11^m patients were significantly younger (≤65 years) (P=0.05) (Data not shown). Majority of the patients included were current/former smokers regardless of the STK11 mutational status. Regarding performance status, most of the patients included in the study had an ECOG performance status of 0-1. Histology was divided into non-squamous and squamous NSCLC. Non-squamous histology was predominant in both the STK11^w and STK11^m groups comprising 62.7% and 72.7%, respectively, without noticing statistically significant difference (P=0.73). There was no significant difference in the frequency of stage IIIA versus stage IIIB/C among the groups. The frequency of KRAS or TP53 mutations were not significantly different between the STK11 groups. PD-L1 expression was <1% in 63% of the STK11^m patients, but there was no significant difference in the PD-L1 expression categories among the STK11^m and STK11^w groups.

Table 1. Demographics and clinical data for STK11^m and STK11^w stage III NSCLC.

Variable	Level	Total, N=70, n (%)	STK11, n (%)
			STK11w, N=59	STK11m, N=11	P value
Sex	F	35 (50.0)	31 (52.5)	4 (36.4)	0.32
	M	35 (50.0)	28 (47.5)	7 (63.6)
Age	≤65 years	41 (58.6)	32 (54.2)	9 (81.8)	0.11
	>65 years	29 (41.4)	27 (45.8)	2 (18.2)
Smoking history	Current	65 (92.9)	54 (91.5)	11 (100)	1.00
	Never smoker	5 (7.1)	5 (8.5)	0 (0)
ECOG	0–1	60 (85.7)	49 (83.1)	11 (100)	0.34
	2–3	10 (14.3)	10 (16.9)	0 (0)
Histology	Non-squamous	45 (64.3)	37 (62.7)	8 (72.7)	0.73
	Squamous	25 (35.7)	22 (37.3)	3 (27.3)
Stage	IIIA	38 (54.3)	32 (54.2)	6 (54.5)	0.98
	IIIB/C	32 (45.7)	27 (45.8)	5 (45.5)
KRAS	No	56 (80.0)	48 (81.4)	8 (72.7)	0.68
	Yes	14 (20.0)	11 (18.6)	3 (27.3)
TP53	No	49 (70.0)	44 (74.6)	5 (45.5)	0.07
	Yes	21 (30.0)	15 (25.4)	6 (54.5)
PD-L1	<1%	21 (52.5)	16 (50.0)	5 (62.5)	0.66
	1–50%	8 (20.0)	6 (18.8)	2 (25.0)
	>50%	11 (27.5)	10 (31.3)	1 (12.5)
	Missing	30	27	3
ICI consolidation	No	47 (67.1)	42 (71.2)	5 (45.5)	0.16
	Yes	23 (32.9)	17 (28.8)	6 (54.5)
Cycles of ICI	N	70	59	11	0.10
	Median	0	0	3
	Range	(0-25)	(0-25)	(0-17)

NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Treatments

All patients included in the analysis received CCRT (Table 1). ICI consolidation was delivered to 17/59 STK11^w and 6/11 STK11^m patients. Of note, 20/59 STK11^w and 4/11 STK11^m patients were diagnosed with NSCLC after the publication of the PACIFIC trial (16) which was the first phase III randomized trial to show improvement in PFS when using consolidation durvalumab after CCRT in stage III NSCLC. The ICI consolidation given to the 6 STK11^m patients included pembrolizumab, which was delivered on a clinical trial, for 4 patients and durvalumab for 2 patients. All ICI delivered for the STK11^w group was durvalumab.

Survival outcomes

Median follow up time was 15.7 months. Univariate analysis showed a trend towards worse PFS for STK11^m compared to STK11^w patients; however, this was not statistically significant (HR 1.92, 95% CI, 0.91–4.06, P=0.09) (Figure 1). There was no statistically significant difference in PFS based on sex, age, ECOG performance status, histology, stage, KRAS, TP53, PD-L1 level, or ICI consolidation (Table 2). On multivariable analysis adjusting for ECOG performance status and stage (Table 3), there was a significantly worse PFS for STK11^m compared to STK11^w patients (HR 2.25, 95% CI, 1.03–4.88, P=0.04). OS by univariate analysis was not statistically different for the STK11^m vs. STK11^w (HR 1.47, 95% CI, 0.49–4.38, P=0.49) (Figure 2).

Figure 1.

Progression free survival for STK11^m and STK11^w stage III NSCLC. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Table 2. Progression free survival (PFS) by univariate analysis.

Variable	Level	N	Progression-free survival
			Hazard ratio	95% CI		P value
Sex	M	35	1.07	0.58	1.98	0.83
	F	35	Ref	–	–
Age	≤65 years	41	1.61	0.83	3.13	0.16
	>65 years	29	Ref	–	–
ECOG	2–3	10	1.96	0.89	4.31	0.10
	0–1	60	Ref	–	–
Histology	Non-squamous	45	1.31	0.67	2.58	0.43
	Squamous	25	Ref	–	–
Stage	IIIB/C	32	1.53	0.82	2.85	0.18
	IIIA	38	Ref	–	–
STK11	Yes	11	1.92	0.91	4.06	0.09
	No	59	Ref	–	–
KRAS	Yes	14	1.10	0.50	2.42	0.81
	No	56	Ref	–	–
TP53	Yes	21	1.02	0.52	1.99	0.96
	No	49	Ref	–	–
PD-L1	<1%	21	1.54	0.54	4.39	0.40
	1-50	8	2.27	0.69	7.52
	>50%	11	Ref	–	–
ICI consolidation	Yes	23	1.18	0.60	2.31	0.63
	No	47	Ref	–	–

Table 3. Progression free survival (PFS) by multivariate analysis.

Covariate	Level	N	Progression-free survival
			Hazard ratio	95% CI		P value
ECOG	2–3	10	2.49	1.10	5.65	0.03
	0–1	60	Ref	–	–
Stage	IIIB/C	32	1.65	0.88	3.08	0.12
	IIIA	38	Ref	–	–
STK11	Yes	11	2.25	1.03	4.88	0.04
	No	59	Ref	–	–

Figure 2.

Overall survival for STK11^m and STK11^w stage III NSCLC. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore STK11^m as a prognostic mutation in stage III NSCLC patients who received CCRT. Our results showed that PFS, after adjusting for performance status and cancer stage, was worse for stage III NSCLC patients who had STK11^m compared to STK11^w (HR 2.25, 95% CI, 1.03–4.88). Although data in the literature showed association of STK11^m with poor outcomes in advanced stage NSCLC (9,11,15), its impact on stage III NSCLC has not been established. In a study examining the prognostic impact of STK11^m in stage I-IV NSCLC (10), 21 patients had stage III disease. The median OS for all patients included was worse for the STK11^m compared to STK11^w patients (24 vs. 69 months, P=0.005), but there were no survival outcomes reported specifically for the stage III NSCLC patients (10). Another retrospective analysis which included 23 patients with a mix of stage IIIB and IV NSCLC also did not identify the stage III cases as a subgroup for analysis (17). Our study included only stage III NSCLC patients who received CCRT with or without ICI consolidation.

The effect of STK11^m on benefit from ICI consolidation post CCRT in stage III NSCLC could not be concluded in our study due to the small sample size. In advanced stage NSCLC, STK11^m was associated with low PD-L1 expression and resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs (11). However, the association of STK11^m and poor response to ICI is still debatable as other reports showed good response of advanced stage STK11^m NSCLC to ICI (18-20). In another driver mutation, the EGFR rather than STK11 mutation, it was questioned on retrospective studies whether there is significant benefit from durvalumab after CCRT (21,22). In a cohort of 60 patients with STK11^m cancers that included NSCLC and others, STK11^m correlated with poor prognosis without specifically observing inferior outcomes associated with immunotherapy (23). Potential mechanisms for the STK11^m resistance to ICI include impaired activity of effector T cells, epigenetic changes of tumor cells, modification of the cytokine and/or chemokine milieu, and diminished tumor antigenicity (11). In our study, 5/11 (63%) STK11^m patients had PD-L1 <1% and 6/11 (55%) received ICI consolidation. The ICI consolidation used included durvalumab or pembrolizumab (pembrolizumab received on a clinical trial). No conclusions can be made about resistance of STK11^m to ICI consolidation or whether a specific PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor would function differently in the setting of STK11^m in stage III NSCLC. This will need to be further studied in future trials.

The presence of other mutations that could impact the outcomes of STK11^m NSCLC were also examined. Co-mutations of STK11 with either KRAS or TP53 in NSLCC have been described in advanced stage NSCLC (12-14,24). Although KRAS mutation was associated with better response to ICI (14), the co-mutation of STK11 and KRAS was associated with inferior survival (12-14,24). A retrospective review of patients treated with first-line therapy for metastatic NSCLC found that STK11 and KRAS co-mutations were associated with worse survival compared to STK11 and TP53 co-mutation (13). In our study, only 2 patients had STK11^m without co-mutation in KRAS or TP53.

Other clinical and demographic features of stage III NSCLC patients with STK11^m were explored. The STK11^m patients were more likely to be ≤65 years old (82%); however, there was no significant difference in age between the STK11^m and STK11^w patients. This is consistent with another retrospective study that examined STK11^m in patients with stage I–IV non-squamous NSCLC where patients with STK11^m were found to be significantly younger than STK11^w patients (mean age of 58.6 vs. 61.9 years, respectively) (10). This retrospective study (10) also noted smoking to be associated with STK11^w which was not seen in our study.

The authors acknowledge limitations that apply to this study. First, the retrospective nature, the small sample size, and the imbalance in the number of STK11^w versus STK11^m patients are recognized. Second, the majority of patients in this study were identified from stage IV NSCLC databases who were initially diagnosed and treated for stage III disease. This might inherently reflect a selection bias of stage III NSCLC with more aggressive biology and tendency for metastases. Third, it is unknown if STK11^m was present at diagnosis of stage III NSCLC or was acquired subsequently upon progression to stage IV.

Conclusions

In stage III NSCLC patients who received CCRT, STK11^m was associated with worse PFS compared to STK11^w. Larger studies are needed to explore whether STK11^m plays a role in predicting less benefit from ICI consolidation in stage III NSCLC.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The informed consent from the patients were waived. The study was approved by institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Indiana University Health, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and The University of Illinois at Chicago.