Abstract
数十年来,我国成人髋关节发育不良的保髋工作取得了长足进步;理论上逐渐明晰了股骨头髋臼的血液供应、髋关节发育不良导致早期髋骨关节炎的病理机制;临床上推广了髋臼周围截骨、髋关节外科脱位、髋关节镜等的相关知识和技术。对于各种病因导致的继发髋关节发育不良的形成机制、病理状况、干预措施等有了更为深入的了解。但是仍然有很多机制和细节尚不明了,如髋关节不稳、临界争议等。该文在总结上述临床进展的基础上,通过对几种传统治疗方法的回顾,进一步对保髋工作的历史发展作了阐述,对保髋的随访和评价、微创及个体化治疗作了客观评估。
Keywords: 成人髋关节发育不良, 保髋治疗, 研究进展
Abstract
During the past decades, the field of hip preservation in China has achieved great improvements. Theoretically, the blood supply of the femoral head and the acetabulum along with the mechanism of early-stage hip osteoarthritis has been gradually cleared. The knowledge and application of the periacetabular osteotomy, surgical hip dislocation, and hip arthroscopy has been vigorously promoted. Improved understanding of the mechanism, pathology, and prevention protocols of the secondary hip dysplasia have been obtained, despite the fact that lack of awareness of some mechanism and detail, for example, hip instability or borderline dysplasia, etc. On the basis of summing up those clinical progress, this article further elaborated the historical development of hip preservation through the review of several traditional treatment, and made objective assessment about the follow-up, evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and individualized treatment newly reported.
Keywords: Adult hip dysplasia, hip preservation, research progress
近年来,保髋保头工作得到了广泛认可;先后成立了中国医师协会骨科分会保髋学组、中国康复医学会修复重建外科专业委员会保髋学组,各地方也逐步成立保髋学组。相关专家和专科医生大力推广保髋保头方面的新理论、新技术、新方法,取得了显著成果。对成人及青少年髋关节发育不良的保髋工作进展主要体现在以下几个方面。
1. 基础理论和基本技术方面的进步
1.1. 股骨头髋臼血运的研究进展
经过近百年的努力,医学工作者逐渐明确了股骨头髋臼的血运情况及其演进规律。初步明确了股骨头血运主要是由旋股内动脉的终末支——股骨颈上支持带动脉供应,大约提供股骨头外上 3/4 的血液供应;其中约 15% 的个体由臀下动脉的终末支——股骨颈上支持带动脉供应[1-3]。股骨颈下支持带动脉供应股骨头内下部约 1/4 范围,下支持带动脉大多由旋股内动脉发出,少数直接由股深动脉发出。少数情况下,旋股外动脉、股骨头圆韧带动脉也不同程度参与股骨头血运支配[2-5]。
关于股骨头静脉回流的研究仍然是盲点。据研究,股骨头静脉主要有 3 个回流方向:通过髓内哈佛静脉系统回流至股骨颈基底部,汇入旋股内动脉伴行静脉;通过股骨头圆韧带回流至闭孔静脉;通过股骨头颈部滑膜静脉丛经下支持带静脉回流至旋股内动脉伴行静脉[6-7]。
上述研究为髋关节外科脱位技术、股骨颈截骨技术、股骨颈筋膜瓣松解技术、股骨头骨骺滑脱复位技术、股骨头缩小成形技术提供了坚实的理论基础[8-16]。
1.2. 髋关节不稳定的研究
在东方人群中,髋关节发育不良是导致非创伤性髋骨关节炎的主要因素之一,其损伤机制主要是头臼匹配不良导致的髋关节不稳,髋关节反复活动和磨损引起髋臼盂唇与软骨损伤,进而导致髋关节骨关节炎[17-18]。
有关髋关节不稳定的研究非常多,但准确的、可准确量化的髋关节不稳的概念难以确认。髋关节不稳的因素主要来源于髋臼对股骨头的包容不足、髋臼股骨头的匹配性不良、关节外骨骼结构异常、髋关节周围软组织缺损或松弛、极限运动导致的撞击等方面。不稳的主要影像学指标包括[17, 19]:股骨头覆盖率下降、臼顶倾斜角增加、申通氏线中断、股骨头内侧间隙增宽、股骨颈前倾角过大或过小、髋臼前倾角过大或过小、骨盆过度前倾或过度后倾等。髋关节不稳的体征主要有[20]:髋关节活动度过大,特别是内旋外旋活动度过大;多发韧带松弛、髋关节周围肌肉力量薄弱、其他神经肌肉疾病等。关于髋关节不稳的精细影像学研究涉及不同体位、负重与不负重、微小位移的测量、正常与异常的判读、性别年龄在不稳中的影响等,目前尚无可靠的诊断标准。
1.3. 髋关节外科脱位技术
2001 年瑞士 Ganz 教授等通过对股骨头血运的深入研究,提出髋关节外科脱位手术入路[11]。该手术通过“二腹肌入路”在充分保护股骨头血运的情况下,自后上至前下 Z 形切开关节囊,剪断股骨头圆韧带,屈髋外旋将股骨头从前外侧脱出置于髋臼后外上部。通过恰当的操作,可以 360° 显露髋臼和股骨头,能够充分处理髋臼、股骨头、盂唇、头颈部及邻关节面的畸形、损伤、占位等病变。而且针对复杂情况,可以进一步采用股骨颈筋膜瓣松解技术,在保护股骨头血运的情况下,进行股骨头骨骺滑脱复位、股骨颈截骨、股骨头缩小成形等操作[12-16]。Ganz 团队通过髋关节外科脱位深入研究并清晰观察到髋关节撞击综合征的病理机制,提出完整的有关髋关节撞击综合征的理论和治疗原则,并提出通过髋关节外科脱位入路完成髋关节探查清理、盂唇软骨损伤修整修复、头颈部撞击灶清除等治疗方法;又通过髋关节外科脱位技术对 Dunn 股骨颈截骨术、Colonna 关节囊成形术、股骨头骨骺滑脱复位术提出了重大改进;还独创性提出股骨头缩小成形技术治疗大头畸形、股骨头骨骺坏死残余大头畸形等严重头臼不匹配情况[8-16]。髋关节外科脱位亦可应用于股骨头骨折、髋臼壁骨折、特殊股骨颈骨折、股骨头坏死清理植骨、股骨颈旋转截骨等相关领域的处理,取得了满意效果[21]。
1.4. 髋关节镜技术的推广
近三十年来,随着对髋关节周围解剖的充分认识、关节镜设备的持续改进、镜下手术辅助器材及方法的进步和完善,髋关节镜技术逐渐得到普及和提高。髋关节位置深在、关节囊致密、关节间隙狭小、关节周围肌肉及软组织丰厚,需要透视床/牵引设备、透视机、特殊关节镜、加长可调辅助器材、特殊清理缝合器械及配套关节镜监视系统、水循环系统、影像系统,还需要具有关节镜基础以及髋关节镜的培训,才能较好地开展髋关节镜技术的操作[22-24]。常用体位为平卧位或侧卧位,常用入口有前外侧入口、前入口、后外侧入口、前外辅助入口等;需要将髋关节间隙牵开 1.5~2.0 cm,方可置入穿刺针、导丝、导棒及关节镜设备;探查范围包括中央间室、周围间室、关节囊外周间室、大转子周围间室;不同疾患需要采取不同的探查处理策略。目前关节镜下已经可以完成髋关节探查清理、游离体摘除、滑膜切除、盂唇损伤修复、凸轮撞击灶清理、髂腰肌腱松解、大转子周围滑囊切除、臀中肌臀小肌修复等检查、诊断和处理。镜下的髋关节囊修复也逐渐成熟,镜下盂唇重建和圆韧带重建在一定程度上存在争议。随着病例数量的增加,关于盂唇损伤、发育不良、关节不稳、髋关节撞击综合征等的机制和指征逐渐明确;髋关节镜相关并发症逐渐减少,手术效果和满意度日益提高[24]。
2. 髋关节发育不良
2.1. 成人髋关节发育不良
既往习惯将成人髋关节发育不良称为“髋臼发育不良”,实际上,成人髋关节发育不良是“发育性髋关节发育不良”的延续,“髋臼发育不良”是未发生脱位的“发育性髋关节发育不良”。近年来,通过单髋核磁和造影核磁以及特殊 CT 扫描检查发现,成人髋关节发育不良的病理状态包括:髋臼发育不良、股骨侧发育异常、关节内改变、关节外异常。成人髋关节发育不良一般起病隐匿,大多数是髋关节反复疼痛不适或体检时偶然发现,发病年龄越年轻,畸形和损伤越严重[17, 19]。
保髋治疗成人髋关节发育不良(未脱位)的方法很多,主要有髋臼周围截骨术、髋臼旋转截骨术、髋臼三联截骨术、骨盆内移截骨术等。髋臼周围截骨手术因其保留骨盆环完整、矫形能力强大、可以调节旋转中心、不影响产道和分娩等优势,逐渐成为矫正成人髋关节发育不良的主要治疗方法[25-26]。同时可以通过股骨近端截骨术(PFO)对严重的股骨近端畸形进行矫正,也可以通过关节囊切开探查或外科脱位入路,对关节内异常和损伤进行矫治,进一步提高临床疗效[15-16, 21]。对于成人髋关节发育不良合并髋臼盂唇损伤、发育性髋关节发育不良合并股骨头颈 CAM 畸形、发育性髋关节发育不良合并软骨损伤的临床研究也是保髋的热点,争议较大,尚未达成共识[18, 20, 27-29]。
对于继发髋关节发育不良的治疗更为复杂一些,如 LCPD(Legg-Calvé-Perthes 病)残余扁平髋畸形、大头畸形,多发骨骺发育不良(MED)残余髋关节发育不良,多发韧带松弛症(ED 综合征)继发髋关节发育不良,脑瘫、脊髓脊膜膨出等神经肌肉疾病导致髋关节发育不良,创伤后继发髋关节发育不良等,需要个体化系统评估,做出个体化治疗方案及个体化康复措施,才能取得满意的临床结果[30-32]。
成人髋关节发育不良引起早期髋骨关节炎的主要机制是头臼覆盖不良导致的局部应力增高、磨损加剧;另一主要机制是髋关节不稳带来的早期关节磨损,但对于髋关节不稳的概念、判断指标、自然预后、干预时机等方面的研究仍未取得突破,需要进一步深入研究[33-35]。
2.2. 青少年及年轻成人髋关节残余畸形
青少年及年轻成人髋关节残余畸形包罗万象,髋关节严重半脱位、再次髋脱位、股骨头坏死、大头畸形、股骨颈前倾角增大、髂骨翼损害/臀肌无力、髋臼后倾、旋转中心外移、肢体不等长等情况单独或合并出现在同一复杂病例中[36-38];未治疗、保守治疗后、手术治疗后、多次手术治疗后等不同治疗史也对再次评估和处理带来不同的考量[39-40]。
青少年及年轻成人髋关节残余畸形的评估逐渐向成人保髋的评估指标靠拢,术前细致的病史、查体、完善的影像学检查、特殊检查等协助分析每个病例髋关节残余畸形的致病因素、发展机制、预后、干预时机、恰当的干预措施、个体化的治疗和系统康复措施等,尤其重要[36-41]。
3. 对几种古老或传统手术的评价
对于青少年和年轻成人严重髋关节残余畸形,重建性保髋保头措施失去了适应证,此时可以考虑姑息性治疗方法,如骨盆内移截骨术、髋臼造盖术、骨盆支撑截骨术、关节囊成形手术、髋关节融合手术等[42-55]。对这些手术的评价,特别是相关适应证、技术要点、并发症及长期随访结果,需要有清晰的认识;对恰当的患者选择恰当的姑息性治疗措施,也可以得到相当满意的中长期治疗效果[47-48]。
3.1. 骨盆内移截骨术与髋臼造盖术
骨盆内移截骨术于 1955 年由 Chiari 等报道,随后大量文献说明该手术简单、中长期随访效果良好[42-43]。由于医疗技术的进步,我们对髋关节发育不良有了更深入的认识,掌握了更有效的治疗方法,骨盆内移截骨术逐渐淡出人们的视野。骨盆内移截骨术的主要优势是:手术技术相对单纯、操作方便、并发症少;主要问题有:残留臀肌步态、残留疼痛、手术效果有一定不确定性。骨盆内移截骨术可选择平卧 S-P 入路,也有研究者选择侧卧位侧方入路或侧卧位外科脱位入路,侧卧位手术矫正更准确、效果更好;对于严重半脱位、年龄偏大、股骨头不圆的患者,内移截骨不失为可以考虑的选择[47]。
髋臼造盖术很早就有作者报道,如 Staheli 造盖术(1992)、Spitzy 造盖术(1924),具体方法不尽相同;日本、韩国、欧洲部分报道效果满意,但不太支持皮质骨等硬组织造盖。
两种术式的目的都是希望通过增加头臼包容获得稳定,远期关节囊包裹股骨头、与囊外粗糙松质骨愈合,后期负重区关节囊化生为纤维软骨,进而取得良好的中远期疗效。恰当的适应证、准确的手术技术是取得良好手术效果的保证[47-48]。
3.2. 骨盆支撑截骨术
对于痉挛性脑瘫引起的髋脱位,最初采用股骨近端外翻截骨术,1921 年由德国医生 Schanz 报道[51-52],后 1988 年由 Ilizarov 采用外固定架改良[53-54],后改称为骨盆支撑截骨术[55],2000 年前后由秦泗河等医生将该技术引入我国。该手术技术的主要优势是均衡下肢长度,改善步态;但一定程度上需牺牲关节活动度,而且对后期的关节置换带来了相当大困难。该手术效果一定意义上优于髋关节融合术。需严格手术适应证,特别应局限于儿童感染性髋关节病后遗畸形、极其严重的头臼不匹配,才能造福相关人群。
3.3. Colonna 关节囊成形术
Colonna 关节囊成形手术于 1900 年由意大利 Codivila 医生提出,Colonna 医生发展完善[49];在后来的半个世纪,多数研究者的临床结果不太满意,主要并发症是股骨头坏死、严重骨关节炎。2012 年瑞士 Ganz 医生通过髋关节外科脱位入路对这一手术进行改良、充分保护股骨头血运,报道 9 例患者取得了非常好的效果[50]。但我们的实践中,大约仅有 70% 的优良率[56]。股骨头比较圆、直径较大、关节软骨较好、关节囊较厚、患者年龄较轻、单侧髋脱位等因素是相对好的手术适应证,通过精确的手术技术和术后系统的康复锻炼措施,可以获得良好的近期治疗效果[50, 56]。
3.4. 髋关节融合术
髋关节融合术目前几乎已经被抛弃,但实际上对合适的患者进行合适的选择,也会取得非常满意的效果。对于青少年生长发育期、单侧髋关节毁损性病变,疼痛严重、无法进行有效保髋的情况下,可以考虑进行单侧髋关节融合手术[57-58]。单侧髋关节融合手术的优势是彻底解决髋关节疼痛、可以承受中重度体力劳动,生长发育期间的单侧髋关节融合还可使患肢得到正常的应力刺激,骨密度和骨质量均明显改善,为后期的关节置换打下坚实基础。单侧髋关节融合的主要缺陷是技术掌握较困难、并发症较多、关节僵硬对日常生活带来一定影响、继发膝关节退变。目前认为,单侧髋关节融合的理想角度是屈髋 15~30°、内收 0~10°、下肢外旋 5~10°。单侧髋关节融合的长期随访结果满意[57]。
3.5. 髋臼三联截骨术及其他手术
在小儿骨科领域,针对发育性髋关节发育不良常用的手术方法还有 Pemberton 截骨术、Dega 截骨术、骨盆三联截骨术、改良三联截骨术、髋臼成形术等[59-62];能够在年轻成人应用的解剖重建性技术是三联截骨术及改良三联截骨术。Tonnis 改良三联截骨术以其强大的矫形能力、良好的中远期临床效果,也得到广泛认可;其适应证、操作技术要点、并发症等接近伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨手术。若相关知识和技术掌握恰当,该技术中长期疗效好、优势比较明显[63]。
4. 保髋的临床随访与评估
既往对成人保髋手术前后的疗效评价方法不尽相同,主要包括疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、影像学指标、关节活动度(ROM)检查。瑞士早期采用 Merle d’Aubigne & Postel 评分方法,欧美采用 Harris 髋关节功能评分(HHS)、美国西部 Ontario 与 McMaster 大学骨关节炎指数评分(WOMAC)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、健康调查量表(SF)等方法 [64-69]。HHS 等评分系统是专为人工关节置换设计的评分系统,对保髋来说,由于治疗前患者主要表现是疼痛或运动后疼痛,治疗前的评分较高,会出现天花板效应[68]。采用 HHS 评分系统评价,若治疗后有 4~6 分的提高,很可能无统计学差异。由于上述评分方法的局限性,往往不能反映保髋治疗带来的生活质量、运动程度、日程生活等方面的改善。近年来,在疼痛评分、影像学指标、功能查体的基础上,逐渐发展出改良 HHS 评分、国际髋关节评分(i-HOT 评分)、哥本哈根髋关节和腹股沟预后评分(HAGOS 评分)、髋关节预后评分(HOS 评分)、髋关节残疾和关节炎评分(HOOS 评分)等临床功能评分方法,逐渐倾向于患者自我报告等主观因素。其中 i-HOT 评分系统是 ANCHOR 组织经多个研究中心发起,统计学专家、心理学专家协助,最终形成的专为年轻患者保髋设计的评分系统[70-72]。其主要优势是采用百分制,评分连续,可比性强,消除了天花板效应,具有应用和推广价值。当然,改良 HHS 评分、HOOS 评分及其他保髋评分系统也有相应的改良,也可以试用、比较[72]。
近年还有作者尝试采用微创技术进行保髋治疗,如关节镜监视下髋臼周围截骨术、经皮微创髋臼周围截骨术、改良 Stoppa 入路髋臼周围截骨术、3D 打印导板下髋臼周围截骨术、计算机导航下髋臼周围截骨术、机器人辅助下髋臼周围截骨术等[73-78];相关技术尚在探索中,其准确的适应证、技术优势、并发症等需要在实践中进一步比较和验证。
总之,保髋保头工作越来越受到重视,相关理论和技术也得到宣传、推广和普及,但仍有很多方面存在争议以及悬而未决的问题。通过历史回顾、深入探讨、严格对比,我们最终能够发现并解决问题,找到最佳的诊断治疗方法,为患者造福。
Biography
张洪:主任医师,教授,解放军总医院第一附属医院关节外科主任。现任中华医学会骨科学分会委员,国际髋关节学会会员,中华医学会骨科学分会关节外科学组委员,中国医疗保健国际交流促进委员会骨科学会副主任委员,中国康复医学会修复重建外科专业委员会常委、保髋学组组长,北京骨科学会委员。任美国《Journal of Arthroplasty》、《JBJS》和《Orthopedics》杂志通讯编委,《中华外科杂志》、《中华骨科杂志》、《中国骨与关节杂志》等杂志编委
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