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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2018 Jul;32(7):893–898. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201801128

经 Watson-Jones 入路股骨近端防旋髓内钉联合病灶刮除植骨治疗股骨近端良性病变

Treatment of proximal femoral benign lesions by proximal femoral nail anti-rotation combined with curettage and bone graft through the Watson-Jones approach

Hongyuan LIU 1, Yan XIONG 1, Xiang FANG 1, Hong DUAN 1,*
PMCID: PMC8435973  PMID: 30129314

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) combined with curettage and bone graft through Watson-Jones approach in the treatment of proximal femur benign tumors and tumor like lesions.

Methods

The clinical data of 38 patients with benign tumors and tumor like lesions in the proximal femur who were treated through the Watson-Jones approach with PFNA combined with curettage and bone graft between January 2008 and January 2015 were retrospective analysed. There were 24 males and 14 females with an average age of 28 years (range, 15-57 years). Pathological types included 20 cases of fibrous dysplasia, 7 cases of bone cyst, 5 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, 3 cases of giant cell tumor of bone, 2 cases of enchondroma, and 1 case of non-ossifying fibroma. Before operation, hip pain occurred in 19 patients, pathological fracture occurred in 12 patients, limb shortening and coxa varus deformity was found in 4 patients, and 3 patients received surgery for the local recurrence. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and full-weight bearing time after operation were recorded. Patients were followed up to observe union of bone graft and the position of internal fixator on X-ray films and CT images. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the level of pain. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS93) score was used to evaluate lower limb function. Harris hip score was used to evaluate hip joint function.

Results

The operation time was 130-280 minutes (mean, 182 minutes) and the intraoperative blood loss was 300-1 500 mL (mean, 764 mL). After operation, 3 cases of fat liquefaction of incision healed successfully by carefully dressing, and the rest incisions healed by first intention. All patients started partially weight-bearing exercise at 2-4 weeks after operation. The total weight-bearing time was 3-6 months (mean, 4.2 months). All the patients were followed up 24-108 months (median, 60 months). Imaging examination showed that the bone graft fused and the fusion time was 8-18 months (mean, 11.4 months). During the follow-up period, there was no complication such as pathological fracture, femoral head ischemic necrosis, hip joint dislocation, internal fixation loosening and fracture, and no tumor recurrence or distant metastasis occurred. At last follow-up, the VAS score, MSTS93 score, and Harris score were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The treatment of proximal femoral benign lesions by PFNA combined with curettage and bone graft through the Watson-Jones approach is safe and effective, with advantages of better mechanical stability, less residual tumor, and less postoperative complications.

Keywords: Proximal femur, benign bone tumor, Watson-Jones approach, proximal femoral nail anti-rotation, curettage bone graft, internal fixation


股骨近端是骨良性肿瘤和瘤样病变的好发部位,其解剖区域有股骨头、股骨颈、转子间和转子下[1-3]。病变多起源于髓内,呈隐匿性、膨胀性生长,干扰并破坏正常骨质的形成,造成骨强度下降,进而导致病理性骨折的发生[4-5]。合理的手术干预是重塑骨质强度和恢复肢体正常活动的有效手段,而如何选择一个有效的内固定装置直接关系着患者术后的肢体功能[6-10]。股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA)是近年来广泛应用于股骨转子间骨折治疗的中心性髓内固定装置,相比于偏心性的髓外固定,其更符合股骨的解剖力线,因而更加稳固,而且微创操作更有利于患者术后快速康复[11-12]。对于股骨近端良性病变的治疗,充分的刮除植骨是公认手术方式,但在手术时机和内固定方式的选择上尚无统一标准。现回顾分析 2008 年 1 月—2015 年 1 月采用经 Watson-Jones 入路 PFNA 联合病灶刮除植骨治疗的 38 例股骨近端良性病变患者临床资料,评估该术式可行性及疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 年龄<65 岁;② 病理结果证实为良性病变;③ 髋关节无严重活动受限;④ 无严重骨质疏松或髋关节退变;⑤ 病变范围累及股骨颈直径横截面的 75% 以上,且骨皮质变薄程度>1/2。排除未完成完整随访的患者。

1.2. 一般资料

本组男 24 例,女 14 例;年龄 15~57 岁,平均 28 岁。病变均为累及单侧股骨,左侧 18 例,右侧 20 例。病理类型:纤维结构不良 20 例,骨囊肿 7 例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿 5 例,骨巨细胞瘤 3 例,内生软骨瘤 2 例,非骨化性纤维瘤 1 例。其中除 8 例纤维结构不良患者术前未行活检外,余 30 例术前均经活检病理结果证实为良性病变。临床表现:髋关节疼痛 19 例,病理性骨折 12 例,肢体短缩、髋关节内翻畸形 4 例,出现原有病灶复发 3 例。见表 1。所有患者术前均行骨盆 X 线片,股骨近端正侧位 X 线片、CT、MRI 和骨扫描检查,评估病损位置、病灶范围和全身骨质情况;4 例畸形患者行双下肢全长 X 线片辅助术前对比测量。

表 1.

Tumor type and clinical characteristic

病理类型和临床表现

病理类型
Tumor type
临床表现
Clinical characteristics
疼痛
Pain
病理性骨折
Pathological
fracture
畸形
Deformity
肿瘤复发
Local
recurrence
纤维结构不良
Fibrous dysplasia
10 6 4 0
骨囊肿
Simple bone cyst
2 4 0 1
动脉瘤样骨囊肿
Aneurysmal bone cyst
2 2 0 1
骨巨细胞瘤
Giant cell tumor of bone
2 0 0 1
内生软骨瘤
Enchondroma
2 0 0 0
非骨化性纤维瘤
Non-ossifying fibroma
1 0 0 0
合计
Total
19 12 4 3

1.3. 手术方法

患者于全麻下仰卧于牵引床上,健侧肢体外展,患侧髋关节内收 10~15°。沿大转子顶点外侧皮肤向下作切口,切口长度因病变部位而异,依次切开皮肤、皮下组织和阔筋膜,向远端显露至股外侧肌;钝性分离臀中肌和阔筋膜张肌,显露大转子及关节囊,根据病变范围分离股外侧肌向远端进行显露;于前方骨皮质开窗后刮匙彻底刮除病变组织,高速磨钻打磨瘤壁至光滑,无水乙醇、蒸馏水浸泡;取同侧自体髂骨松质骨和人工骨(商品名:纳艾康,四川国纳科技有限公司)混合植骨,用取下的自体髂骨皮质骨封闭骨窗。然后于大转子顶点钻入导针,C 臂 X 线机证实导针位于髓腔内,近端开口空心钻扩髓,安放长度合适的主钉,C 臂 X 线机定位深度;近端在瞄准器导引下旋入螺旋导针,调整到合适前倾角;调整满意后测深钻孔旋入合适的螺旋刀片。远端锁入锁钉 1~2 枚,锁定刀片并安置主钉尾帽。C 臂 X 线机下定位内固定物位置满意。大量生理盐水冲洗创面,切口内放置引流管,逐层关闭切口,敷料包扎。

1.4. 术后处理

术后预防性使用抗生素 2 d,低分子肝素钙抗凝直至出院前 1 d。患者在医护人员指导下,于床上每天行踝关节活动锻炼和股四头肌等长训练。引流量<50 mL 即可拔除引流管。拔管后根据骨缺损程度决定下地时间,缺损程度轻者拔除引流管后即可开始下地活动,缺损程度重者术后 1 个月开始下地活动,根据骨质愈合程度逐渐从部分负重过渡到完全负重。伤口愈合良好者 1 周出院,愈合不良者加强换药至伤口愈合后出院。

1.5. 疗效评价指标

记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后完全负重时间。术后第 1 年内每 3 个月随访 1 次,第 2 年内每 6 个月随访 1 次,2 年后每年随访 1 次。随访复查 X 线片和 CT,了解骨质愈合情况,局部有无复发及内固定物有无松动断裂。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价疼痛缓解情况,国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS93)评分标准评估下肢功能[13],Harris 评分评估髋关节功能。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS23.0 统计软件进行分析。正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;计数资料比较采用 χ2 检验或 Fisher 确切概率法;检验水准取双侧 α=0.05。

2. 结果

本组患者手术时间为 130~280 min,平均 182 min;术中出血量为 300~1 500 mL,平均 764 mL。术后 3 例出现切口脂肪液化,均经正规换药顺利愈合,未造成深部感染;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。所有患者均于术后 2~4 周开始部分负重,完全负重时间为 3~6 个月,平均 4.2 个月。38 例均获随访,随访时间 24~108 个月,中位随访时间 60 个月。影像学检查提示植骨均融合,融合时间为 8~18 个月,平均 11.4 个月。随访期间无病理性骨折、股骨头缺血坏死、关节脱位、内固定物松动断裂等并发症发生,无肿瘤复发和远处转移。末次随访时,VAS 评分、MSTS93 评分和 Harris 评分分别为(0.3±0.5)、(28.8±3.1)、(88.6±5.1)分,均较术前评分[分别为(3.4±1.3)、(21.7±5.7)、(67.8±8.6)分]显著改善,差异有统计学意义(t=14.310,P=0.000;t=7.315,P=0.000;t=12.853,P=0.000)。见图 12

图 1.

A 29-year-old female patient with a fibrous dysplasia at right proximal femur, undergoing internal fixation with PFNA and implanted synthetic bone after intralesional curettage

患者,女,29 岁,右股骨近端纤维结构不良,行刮除植骨 PFNA 内固定术

a. 术前正位 X 线片示右股骨颈、转子间及转子下一椭圆形低密度区,边缘皮质骨变薄,硬化缘可见;b、c. 术后 3 d 正侧位 X 线片;d、e. 术后 6 个月可完全负重,右髋关节功能良好;f. 术后 1 年正位 X 线片示新骨形成良好,内固定物位置良好;g. 术后 2 年正位 X 线片示新骨整合,内固定物无松动断裂

a. Anteroposterior X-ray film before operation, showing an oval low-density area at femoral neck, intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric with thin cortical bone and sclerotic margin; b, c. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 days after operation; d, e. The patient could bear the weight completely and the right hip joint function was good at 6 months after operation; f. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 1 year after operation, showing satisfactory bone graft fusion and new bone formation; g. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 2 years after operation, showing obvious bone remodeling

图 1

图 2.

A 34-year-old male patient with a fibrous dysplasia combined pathological fracture at left proximal femur, undergoing internal fixation with PFNA and implanted synthetic bone after intralesional curettage

患者,男,34 岁,左股骨转子下纤维结构不良伴病理性骨折,行刮除植骨 PFNA 内固定术

a. 术前正位 X 线片示转子下骨折端呈分离短缩移位;b. 术前 CT 显示病变范围累及大部分股骨头、颈,骨皮质菲薄;c. 术前骨扫描显示左股骨转子下病变浓聚明显,合并全身多处病灶;d、e. 术后 3 d 正侧位 X 线片;f~h. 术后 6 个月可完全负重,左髋关节功能良好;i. 术后 1 年正位 X 线片示骨折端连续,骨髓腔内可见新骨长入

a. Anteroposterior X-ray film before operation, showing subtrochanteric fracture was separated by short contraction; b. CT before operation, showing the lesions involved most of the femoral head and neck, and the cortical bone was thin; c. Bone scan before operation, showing the left femoral subtrochanteric lesions were obviously thickening, with multiple lesions throughout the body; d, e. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 days after operation; f-h. Satisfactory hip function at 6 months after operation; i. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 1 year after operation, showing obvious bone graft fusion

图 2

3. 讨论

3.1. 股骨近端良性肿瘤的活检必要性

股骨近端良性肿瘤和瘤样病变的病理类型多样,单从影像资料表现上常常难以区分,给临床诊断和治疗带来了挑战[14]。如果术前误判了肿瘤性质,往往会导致保肢手术的失败和肿瘤的转移。如动脉瘤样骨囊肿和早期的血管扩张性骨肉瘤影像学和组织学表现极为相似,常常误诊[15]。纤维结构不良的影像特点虽然比较典型,但若伴有局部肉瘤变易被忽视[16]。此外,内生软骨瘤和软骨肉瘤Ⅰ级的鉴别也是一大难题[17]。所以对于骨扫描检查中放射性核素异常的病变应引起高度重视,优先行术前活检排除恶性肿瘤可能。

3.2. 股骨近端良性肿瘤的临床特点及手术指征

股骨近端是下肢重要负重结构,也是良性肿瘤和瘤样病变的好发部位。良性病变虽然症状轻微,进展缓慢,但常因合并病理性骨折导致患者生活质量严重下降。外科干预的目的就是通过完整清除病变组织,阻止病变的继续进展,进而再通过充分植骨恢复理想的骨质强度,以求恢复下肢正常功能活动[2]。然而,对于这类病变在植骨同时是否加用内固定一直存有争议,目前普遍认可的观点是如果病变累及范围超过股骨颈直径的 50% 或者有超过 50% 以上的皮质受累,表示存在高骨折风险,需要植骨同时加用内固定支撑[18]。Shin 等[19]也建议手术指征不但包括病变大小,还应包括静息痛、进行性加重的疼痛以及无明显硬化缘。虽然目前对于手术指征的研究较多,但对于内固定的指征选择尚不明确。尤其在髓内固定出现后,扩大了原有髓外固定装置的治疗范围,但治疗效果的报道并不多见。本研究纳入患者的病变范围均为累及股骨颈直径的 75% 以上且骨皮质变薄>1/2 的高骨折风险患者。同时对已出现病理性骨折的患者尽早手术并给予内固定支撑,对合并短缩畸形的患者可在成年后根据畸形情况和患者意愿综合决定手术方案。

3.3. 手术方式选择

目前可用于治疗股骨近端骨折的内固定装置包括股骨近端锁定钢板(proximal femoral locking plate,LCP)、普通型髋螺钉(cannulated hip screw,CHS)、动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)、动力髁螺钉、Gamma 钉、InterTAN、重建钉、股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail,PFN)以及 PFNA 等。而其中应用于股骨近端良性肿瘤植骨固定的装置报道较多的是 LCP、CHS、DHS 以及 PFN,而 PFNA 的报道相对较少。我们认为 PFNA 相较于前几种固定方式更具优势,主要体现在:① 与 LCP、CHS、DHS 相比,PFNA 属于中心性固定,更符合股骨的力学解剖,能承受更多应力负荷,具有更短的力臂,对头颈起到更好支撑,有效降低了髋内翻发生率和断钉风险,尤其适用于累及内侧壁如股骨距或转子下区域的病变,而且在术中无需做过多软组织剥离,可以更好地保持植骨区域血供,为骨质愈合创造条件[11-12, 20];② 与 PFN 相比,PFNA 的头钉是抗旋转的螺旋刀片,可以避免加用抗旋转螺钉,简化了操作步骤,而且在拧入过程中避免骨质丢失同时还能对周围骨质或植入骨起到加压作用,主钉远端的锁定孔和滑动孔可以满足滑动加压的需要[11-12, 20];③ 与 InterTAN 和重建钉相比,操作更为简单,手术时间、X 线照射时间更短,可减少患者术中出血量,有利于患者术后康复[21]。李岩等[22]报道了 217 例股骨转子间不稳定骨折的治疗效果,其中采用髓外固定 85 例,髓内固定 132 例,通过比较术后并发症和功能得出髓内系统较髓外系统更为稳定,可有效缩短手术时间,减少出血量,术后可早期锻炼,缩短卧床时间,更适合治疗股骨转子间不稳定骨折。Yu 等[23]通过包含 17 个随机对照研究的 Meta 分析,同样得出了髓内固定在治疗股骨转子间不稳定骨折时具有更低的内固定相关并发症发生率、再手术率以及更好的术后功能的结论,但两者在其他术后并发症方面并无显著差异。Steensma 等[24]报道在治疗股骨近端病理性骨折时,82 例患者采用髓内固定,19 例患者采用髓外固定,虽然在再手术概率上髓内固定显著低于髓外固定(6.1% vs. 42.1%),但两者再手术的原因基本相同,分别为疼痛进行性加重、骨不连、内固定物断裂和螺钉切出。

3.4. 入路选择及植骨分析

Watson-Jones 入路能同时显露 PFNA 的入点和病灶,十分适用于本组患者。通过股骨近端前外侧皮质开窗,绝大多数病灶可以得到完整刮除,对于极少部分通过外侧不能显露的病灶,可以将切口向前方延长,或者辅助 S-P 切口或内侧切口暴露[25-26]。由于本组患者的病变范围广泛,单纯取自体骨植骨在数量上无法满足需要,因此我们在植骨材料的选择上采用自体松质骨联合人工骨混合植入。该人工骨具有良好的生物安全性、相容性和骨传导性,术后 3~5.5 个月可见新骨长入,联合自体骨植入后可以得到更好的成骨效应[27-28]。在植骨操作上,尤其注意要在股骨颈和股骨距区域进行充分植骨,因为这是股骨近端最重要的负重区域,是要优先保证愈合的部位,所以我们在这些区域会选择植入更多自体松质骨,复查结果表明这些区域的成骨情况优于其他植骨区域。

3.5. 治疗效果及主要并发症

本组 4 例患者术前出现明显的肢体短缩和髋内翻畸形,PFNA 固定外侧楔形截骨可以很好地纠正畸形,相比 DHS 具有更好的力学稳定性,降低了再发髋内翻的概率,远期愈合效果更好[29-30]。而对于部分畸形严重的患者,分期截骨联合 PFNA 也是可以尝试的手段[31]

目前,文献报道的 PFNA 主要并发症是头钉切割,可能的主要原因如下:① 病变范围广泛导致骨量丢失过多;② 植骨不充分导致头钉和主钉松动;③ 外侧壁薄弱导致髋内翻几率增加,导致螺旋刀片切割股骨头[32-34]。所以术中在充分植骨同时还要注意对外侧壁的保护,入点尽量靠近大转子,但要小心操作避免大转子劈裂,可以有效避免术后头钉切出和主钉远端应力骨折的发生。虽然关节置换可以避免使用内固定带来的术后并发症,可在术后早期获得良好的术后关节功能,能够早期负重,但由于关节本身的使用寿命和相关术后并发症的限制,仅适用于高龄且合并严重骨关节炎、严重侵袭性肿瘤或内固定失效的患者[35-36]

综上述,经 Watson-Jones 入路刮除植骨后联合 PFNA 内固定治疗股骨近端良性病变,能够在彻底清除病灶的同时获得良好的即刻稳定性,且术后并发症少,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。但本研究仅为单中心的回顾性研究,病例数量、观察指标、随访时间有限,需要更进一步的前瞻性研究加以论证。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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