Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with haematologic malignancies and COVID-19 suggest that prolonged SARS-CoV-2 carriage is an important issue

Abstract

Specificities of COVID-19 disease course in patients with haematologic malignancies are still poorly studied. So, we aimed to compare patients with haematologic malignancies to patients without malignancies, matched by sex and age and hospitalised for COVID-19 at the same time and in the same centre. Among 25 patients with haematologic malignancies, we found that mortality (40% versus 4%, p < 0.01), number of days with RT-PCR positivity (21.2 ± 15.9 days [range, 3–57] versus 7.4 ± 5.6 days [range, 1–24], p < 0.01), maximal viral load (mean minimal Ct, 17.2 ± 5.2 [range, 10–30] versus 26.5 ± 5.1 [range, 15–33], p < 0.0001) and the delay between symptom onset and clinical worsening (mean time duration between symptom onset and first day of maximum requirement in inspired oxygen fraction, 14.3 ± 10.7 days versus 9.6 ± 3.7 days, p = 0.0485) were higher than in other patients. COVID-19 course in patients with haematologic malignancies has a delayed onset and is more severe with a higher mortality, and patients may be considered as super-spreaders. Clinicians and intensivists need to be trained to understand the specificity of COVID-19 courses in patients with haematological malignancies.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00277-021-04656-z.

Introduction

Since December 2019, an outbreak of a previously unknown coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread around the world, inducing a disease called COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2020. COVID-19 has caused a pandemic with more than 70 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide in December 2020, along with consecutive mortality, especially in populations with comorbidities [1]. Patients with haematologic malignancies may exhibit a higher incidence of severe and lethal forms of COVID-19 [2] than other patients [3]. Few studies, however, precisely compared COVID-19 evolution in patients with and without underlying haematologic malignancies, treated in the same centre by the same medical team [4]. We report our experience in taking care of such 2 groups of patients during the fall 2020 and compared 2 matched populations of patients.

Material and methods

We retrospectively included all consecutive adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) admitted to our hospital (La Conception, University Hospital of Marseille, France) between September and November 2020. Inclusion criteria were a WHO-defined haematologic malignancy and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs. The control cohort consisted of a 1:1 sex- and age-matched randomised patients (from the medical database of our hospital) with symptomatic and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal samples but without haematologic malignancy admitted into the same hospital, between September and November 2020. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, all patients were followed by the same medical team and, when necessary, were transferred into the same intensive care unit (ICU). Clinical, biological and follow-up data of these patients were collected from electronic medical records. We registered day 1 of oxygen supplementation as D1O₂. The first day of maximum requirement in inspired oxygen fraction during hospitalisation was considered D1maxO₂. The number of days of viral positivity was defined as those comprised between the first positive RT-PCR test and subsequent negative test. Viral load was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs. Negative results for viral RNA detection were defined as a cycle threshold (Ct) value ≥ 35. Patients underwent a low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) and were classified into five grades (minimal, moderate, intermediate, severe and critical) based on the extent of lesions in the pulmonary parenchyma (< 10%, 10–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, > 75%, respectively).

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Marseille (GDPR number PADS21-4). The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Quantitative variables were described using means and standard deviation (SD) or range; categorical variables were described using numbers and percentages. Quantitative data were compared using the Student’s t or Mann–Whitney U test, while qualitative data were compared with the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. The tests were two-sided. p values < 0.05 were considered significant. All analyses were performed with R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

COVID-19 was diagnosed in 25 patients with haematologic malignancies, 19 male patients, mean age 64.8 ± 16.0 years (range, 20–93), with a mean follow-up duration of 43.3 ± 31.6 days (range, 4–102). Eight patients had acute myeloid leukaemia, 3 acute lymphoid leukaemia, 5 diffuse large B cell lymphoma, 3 low-grade lymphoma, 1 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1 chronic lymphoid leukaemia and 4 multiple myeloma. Twenty-three patients were given systemic anti-cancer therapy at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis: particularly, eight patients were treated with rituximab and one with daratumumab. The most frequent comorbidities included undernutrition (64%), hypertension (40%), cardiovascular disease (32%), dyslipidaemia (28%), diabetes (20%), current smoking (20%), chronic lung disease (16%) and chronic kidney failure (4%). Twenty-one patients were symptomatic, while 16 needed oxygen and 5 patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring mechanical ventilation. At the admission, 8 patients were neutropenic, and 21 patients were lymphocytopenic. Lung CT showed COVID-19 typical lesions in 17 of 19 patients, consisting in minimal, moderate, intermediate, severe and critical lesions in 31.6%, 10.5%, 26.3%, 15.8% and 5.3%, respectively. Twenty-four patients received treatment for COVID-19: 80% empirical antibiotics, 76% heparin, 36% dexamethasone, 28% and 16%, respectively, received off-label anakinra and ruxolitinib, 12% hydroxychloroquine and 8% remdesivir. The mean time for oxygen supplementation was 11.2 ± 13.6 days (range, 0–48). Two patients developed a documented pneumonia (one due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and one due to Klebsiella aerogenes) from the lower respiratory tract specimens. Two patients developed a bacteraemia (one due to Staphylococcus hominis and one due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Nine patients were admitted into the ICU. Overall, the 28-day mortality rate was 40%. The control cohort consisted in 25 patients (19 male patients; mean age, 66.7 ± 11.1 years; range, 47–91; p > 0.05) (Table 1). All patients needed oxygen supplementation, but only one patient developed ARDS and received mechanical ventilation. Lung CT showed COVID-19 typical lesions in 25 patients, consisting in minimal, moderate, intermediate, severe and critical lesions in 4%, 48%, 40%, 8% and 0%, respectively. Six patients required admission into the ICU, and the 28-day mortality was 4% (p < 0.01) (Fig. 1). At the admission, no patients were neutropenic, and 21 patients were lymphocytopenic. The SARS-CoV-2 strain was the original strain from Wuhan in all patients. The mean number of days of viral positivity (21.2 ± 15.9 days [range, 3–57] versus 7.4 ± 5.6 days [range, 1–24], p < 0.01) and the maximal viral load on a nasopharyngeal sample (mean minimal Ct, 17.2 ± 5.2 [range, 10–30] versus 26.5 ± 5.1 [range, 15–33], p < 0.0001) were higher in patients with haematologic malignancy than in the control cohort. The mean time duration between the first positive RT-PCR and D1O₂ and the first positive RT-PCR and D1maxO₂ was higher in onco-haematologic patients (7.2 ± 5.7 versus 3.6 ± 3.5 days, p = 0.0011, and 15.3 ± 10.9 versus 6.2 ± 4.3 days, p = 0.0022, respectively). There was no difference in the delay between symptom onset and D1O₂ in both groups of patients (6.1 days versus 6.3 days, p > 0.05). However, the mean time duration between symptom onset and D1maxO₂ was higher in patients with haematologic cancer than in the control cohort (14.3 ± 10.7 days versus 9.6 ± 3.7 days, p = 0.0485) (Supplemental Fig. 1). ARDS was the only factor associated with death in patients with haematologic malignancies (40% versus 4%, p = 0.0412). Anakinra was more frequently used in patients who died (50% versus 13.3%, p = 0.0455). There were only three surviving patients (33.3%) out of the nine with haematologic malignancies transferred into the ICU.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	Patients with haematologic malignancy (n = 25)	Patients without haematologic malignancy (n = 25)	p
Age (years)a	64.8 ± 16.0	66.7 ± 11.1	NS
Male genderb	19 (76)	19 (76)	NS
Haematologic cancerb
- AML   - ALL   - DLBCL   - Hodgkin lymphoma   - Low-grade lymphoma   - CLL   - MM	8 (32) 3 (12) 5 (20) 1 (4) 3 (12) 1 (4) 4 (16)
Number of oncologic treatment linesb
- 0   - 1   - 2   - 3	2 (8) 17 (68) 5 (20) 1 (4)
Comorbiditiesb
- Undernutrition   - Hypertension   - Cardiovascular disease   - Dyslipidaemia   - Diabetes   - Currently smoking   - Chronic lung disease   - Chronic kidney failure	16 (64) 10 (40) 8 (32) 7 (28) 5 (20) 5 (20) 4 (16) 1 (4)	0 (0) 11 (44) 4 (16) 8 (32) 14 (56) 2 (8) 4 (16) 3 (12)	< 0.001 NS NS NS 0.019 NS NS NS
Symptomsb   - Oxygen need   - Fever   - ARDS	21 (84) 16 (64) 15 (60) 5 (20)	25 (100) 25 (100) 18 (72) 1 (4)
Minimal Cta	17.2 ± 5.2	26.5 ± 5.1	< 0.0001
Days of RT-PCR positivitya	21.2 ± 15.9	7.4 ± 5.6	< 0.01
Grade of lung involvementb
- No lesion   - Minimal   - Moderate   - Intermediate   - Severe   - Critical	2 (10.5) 6 (31.6) 2 (10.5) 5 (26.3) 3 (15.8) 1 (5.3)	0 (0) 1 (4) 12 (48) 10 (40) 2 (8) 0 (0)	NS 0.032 0.01 NS NS NS
COVID-19 managementb
- Heparins   - Antibiotics   - AZT   - Dexamethasone   - Anakinra   - Ruxolitinib   - HCQ   - Remdesivir	19 (76) 20 (80) 10 (40) 9 (36) 7 (28) 4 (16) 3 (12) 2 (8)	25 (100) 25 (100) 24 (96) 25 (100) 1 (4) 3 (12) 8 (32) 0 (0)	0.022 NS  < 0.0001  < 0.0001 0.049 NS NS NS
Oxygen durationa	11.2 ± 13.6	9.9 ± 4.9	NS
Mechanical ventilationb	5 (20)	1 (4)	NS
ICU transferb	9 (36)	6 (24)	NS
Deathb	10 (40)	1 (4)	< 0.001

^amean ± standard deviation

^bn (%)

NS, non-significant; AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukaemia; DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; CLL, chronic lymphoid leukaemia; MM, multiple myeloma; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; Ct, cycle threshold; AZT, azithromycin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; ICU, intensive care unit

Fig. 1.

A 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients

Discussion

Few studies compared COVID-19 patients with and without haematologic malignancy, followed and treated by the same medical team in the same hospital over the same period of time. Our study fulfils these requirements, therefore avoiding bias due to differences in patients care given by different physician teams over different periods of time. Nevertheless, in our retrospective work, the 2 groups were not strictly comparable. Particularly, patients without haematologic malignancies were more frequently treated with dexamethasone than patients with haematologic neoplasm. That was due to the prolonged viral phase in patients with haematologic malignancies; they were not good candidates to receive immunosuppressive drug (according to the treatment protocol of our hospital, patients were given dexamethasone when the viral phase was about to end, when Ct was ≥ 30). Despite limitations due to the limited number of patients, our results clearly confirm the higher mortality rate observed in COVID-19 patients with haematologic malignancies [3–6] and highlight the fact that clinical symptoms may worsen later, beyond the 8–10 days of disease course, in these patients [7]. Compared to the reported 3 stages of COVID-19 [8], haematologic patients appeared to have a longer duration of the viral phase (stages 1 and 2A) which may induce a delayed hyperinflammation phase (stage 3) and a delayed (~ 12–20 days) clinical deterioration, thus requiring longer monitoring. In addition, prolonged viral persistence in the nasopharynx of haematologic patients may have significant implications for management. First, the prolonged SARS-CoV-2 carriage may complicate the treatment of the viral-induced inflammatory phase. Indeed, the use of steroids or other immunomodulating agents, such as anakinra, in the absence of an effective antiviral therapy may in fact favour the viral disease. The use of convalescent plasma or antiviral antibodies to decrease the viral load may thus be absolutely required, especially when immunomodulation is considered in these patients. Moreover, uncontrolled prolonged viral disease may delay chemotherapy treatments, resulting in cancer progression. Second, during this viral period, haematologic patients presented a higher viral load resulting in possible increased contagiousness which may increase the likelihood of nosocomial epidemic clusters, notably in onco-haematology departments. Worse outcomes, longer viral period and higher viral load in haematologic patients should then encourage to aggressively prevent COVID-19, in a protective environment and to quickly isolate suspected patients from other haematologic patients. Third, it may favour the emergence of new viral variants, as RNA viruses are characterised by a high mutation rate proportional to the carriage time duration, constituting an important epidemiologic issue [9, 10]. Therefore, the specific aspects of COVID-19 in patients with haematologic malignancies may lead to specific epidemiologic measures and therapies.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Author contribution

RA, JC, RC, MK, GV and GK made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work and drafted the work.

PAJ, RJ, AB, JL, AT, ALC, LF and RC critically revised the work.

All the authors made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of data, approved the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Data availability

Available on reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval

This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Marseille (GDPR number PADS21-4). The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.