To the Editor,
Ten years have passed since the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) [1]. Okuma is one of the towns where the FDNPS is located, and its evacuation order was lifted in 2019, eight years after the accident.
The rate of return to Kawauchi, a village in the Fukushima Prefecture where the return began in 2012, about two years after the accident was higher than 80%. In comparison, the return rate in Okuma, where the return began in 2019, was about 3% as of early 2021 [2,3].
From December 2020 to January 2021, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents on their intention to return (ITR) to Okuma in the second year after the evacuation order had been lifted. With the cooperation of Okuma’s town office, the survey was distributed to approximately 5000 residents, who were the Okuma town resident card holders in April 2020. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (No.20060103-2).
Of 1134 respondents, those who had returned home (Group 1) accounted for 3.4% (38) of people, those who wanted to return (Group 2) accounted for 9.8% (111) of people, those who could not decide whether to return (Group 3) accounted for 24.3% (276) of people and those who had decided not to return (Group 4) accounted for 62.5% (709) of people.
The characteristics of each group were analyzed using the chi-squared test. In Group 1, the percentage of people who lived alone was higher than that in the other groups (36.8%, p < 0.01). In Group 2, the percentages of older people aged 60 years and over (72.1%, p < 0.01) and of people who were born in Okuma (66.7%, p < 0.01) were higher than those in the other groups. In Group 3, there were higher percentages of people with children aged 18 years or younger (22.1%, p = 0.03), with high levels of anxiety about the effects of radiation from the FDNPS accident on their health (64.1%, p < 0.01), and with concerns about the health effects on their descendants (64.9%, p < 0.01). Finally, in Group 4, the percentages of people with anxiety toward the consumption of foods (59.7%, p < 0.01) and tap water in Okuma (68.8%, p < 0.01) were significantly higher than those in the other groups.
No differences between sexes in each group of ITR were found (p = 0.86), those who did physical activity for more than 1 hour per day (p = 0.28), or those who felt that life was worth living (p = 0.67) (see Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, psychological status, and perception of the effects of radiation exposure on heath by group
| Items | Unit | Group 1 n = 38 | Group 2 n = 111 | Group 3 n = 276 | Group 4 n = 709 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 24 (63.2%) | 59 (53.2%) | 143 (51.8%) | 329 (46.4%) | 0.86 |
| Age (years) | ≥ 60 | 25 (65.8%) | 80 (72.1%) | 157 (56.9%) | 475 (67.0%) | < 0.01 |
| Living with children aged <18 years | Yes | 3 (7.9%) | 13 (11.7%) | 61 (22.1%) | 138 (19.5%) | 0.03 |
| Living alone | Yes | 14 (36.8%) | 30 (27.0%) | 58 (21.0%) | 102 (14.4%) | < 0.01 |
| Born in Okuma town | Yes | 23 (60.5%) | 74 (66.7%) | 165 (56.9%) | 355 (50.1%) | < 0.01 |
| Physical activity for more than one hour a day | Yes | 20 (52.6%) | 60 (54.1%) | 146 (56.9%) | 419 (59.1%) | 0.28 |
| Life is worth living | Yes | 27 (71.1%) | 69 (62.2%) | 177 (56.9%) | 471 (66.4%) | 0.67 |
| Reluctance to consume foods from Okuma | Yes | 8 (21.1%) | 47 (42.3%) | 158 (56.9%) | 423 (59.7%) | < 0.01 |
| Reluctance to drink tap water from Okuma | Yes | 7 (18.7%) | 57 (51.4%) | 177 (64.1%) | 488 (68.8%) | < 0.01 |
| Belief that living in Okuma will be associated with health effects from radiation | Yes | 9 (23.7%) | 43 (38.7%) | 177 (64.1%) | 413 (58.3%) | < 0.01 |
| Belief that genetic effects will appear in the next generation | Yes | 11 (28.9%) | 53 (47.7%) | 179 (64.9%) | 417 (58.8%) | < 0.01 |
| Recognition of consultation services with radiation experts | Yes | 29 (76.3%) | 41 (36.9%) | 111 (40.2%) | 343 (48.4%) | 0.01 |
| Consultation requests with radiation experts | Yes | 15 (39.5%) | 50 (45.0%) | 117 (42.4%) | 141 (19.1%) | < 0.01 |
Note. The chi-squared test was used for analysis. Group 1 had already returned home, Group 2 wished to return home, Group 3 was unsure about whether to return home, and Group 4 had decided not to return home.
The results of a logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with Group 4, Groups 2 and 3 had lower levels of awareness about a consultation service on radiation in Okuma and that their desire to consult experts on radiation and its health effects had an independent effect on their ITR (Table 2). Thus, while people considering a return to Okuma, such as those in Groups 2 and 3, wanted to consult experts on radiation and its health effects, our findings showed that they tended not to know about the consultation service.
Table 2.
Logistic regression analyses of Group 2 vs Group 4 and Group 3 vs Group 4
| Group 2 (ref.) vs Group 4 | Group 3 (ref.) vs Group 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Items | Unit | OR | 95%Cl | OR | 95%Cl |
| Age (years) | < 60/≥ 60 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | 1.6** | 1.2–2.1 |
| Born in Okuma town | Yes/No | 1.9** | 1.2–3.0 | 1.5** | 1.1–2.0 |
| Reluctance to consume foods from Okuma | Yes/No | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 0.6** | 0.4–0.9 |
| Belief that living in Okuma will be associated with health effects from radiation | Yes/No | 0.4** | 0.2–0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.0 |
| Recognition of consultation services with radiation experts | Yes/No | 0.5** | 0.3–0.8 | 0.7* | 0.5–0.9 |
| Consultation requests with radiation experts | Yes/No | 4.6** | 2.9–7.2 | 3.2** | 2.3–4.3 |
Note. OR; odds ratio, CI; confidence interval. Group 2 wished to return home, Group 3 was unsure about whether to return home, and Group 4 had decided not to return home.
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.01.
A previous study reported that there are likely to be almost no health effects from the FDNPS accident [4]. However, similar to our earlier work, the present study showed that concerns about health effects from the accident had negative effects on the ITR of residents [5].
About 30% of the respondents to this study (Groups 2 and 3) were thinking about a return to Okuma. Therefore, the creation of an environment in which these residents can access consultation services on radiation and its health effects is an urgent issue. Similar to the results of a previous study, our findings also demonstrated a greater tendency for older people to want to return compared with younger people [5]. In systems that make it possible for the residents who want to return to do so, enhancements are needed to support systems for all aspects of daily living so that people can return regardless their age or degree of interdependent in their life.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank all study participants and Okuma town staffs.
Contributor Information
Hitomi Matsunaga, Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
Makiko Orita, Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
Keiko Oishi, Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
Yasuyuki Taira, Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
Noboru Takamura, Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
FUNDING
This work was supported by Research on the Health Effects of Radiation organized by Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
References
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