Self-management of patients with heart valve replacement and its clinical outcomes: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction

For patients with heart valve replacement, self-management can play an essential role in the management of their condition.

Aim

This review aimed to identify the aspects of self-management and its clinical outcomes in patients with heart valve replacement.

Material and methods

In this systematic review, the peer-reviewed research literature on self-management of patients with heart valve replacement was assessed. Since May 2020, the PubMed, Scopus, and web of science databases were searched regardless of time and language limitations. The eligibility of the articles was assessed by title or abstract according to the search strategy. Article selection was applied regarding to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Also, article screening was conducted by 2 independent authors.

Results

Twenty-five studies were considered in this systematic review. For inclusion, the self-management of patients had to have prerequisites, appropriate training, and be applicable in the aspects of anticoagulation therapy self-management, international normalized ratio (INR) self-testing, low-dose INR self-management, and heart valve function self-monitoring. In this method, through proper management of INR levels and anticoagulation therapy, the complications rate could be reduced and the patients would be able to diagnose functional disorders in the early stages by monitoring the valve function. This procedure was able to prevent the progression of complications.

Conclusions

Self-management is an applicable protocol in the field of anticoagulation therapy, INR control, low-dose INR management, and the monitoring of cardiac valve function. This protocol could improve the quality of treatment for these patients through upgrading the care standards.

Introduction

Valvular heart disease is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, affecting over 100 million patients worldwide [1]. This number is rising due to the ageing population, which leads to growing public health problems [2]. Prosthetic heart valve (mechanical or bioprosthetic) replacement is an effective intervention for severe valvular heart disease. Approximately 30 million heart valves are implanted every year globally [1]. As heart valve surgery has markedly improved the survival and health-related quality of life in the last decades [3], the rate of this type of surgery has increased [4]. Also, mechanical prostheses exhibit higher stability but require anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists. Anticoagulation remains a critical issue for patients with valvular prostheses, with an annual risk of bleeding of 1–2%. Anticoagulation administration is responsible for 60–75% of mechanical valve-related mortality [5, 6]. The aim of the application of bioprosthetic valves is to avoid the inconvenience and risks associated with long-term anticoagulation administration [7–9]. Among the patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, long-term mortality rates were similar to those who received bioprosthetic grafts. However, mechanical valves and bioprostheses were associated with a higher long-term risk of reoperation and endocarditis with a lower risk of stroke and haemorrhage [9]. Nonetheless, the return to daily life after surgery is faced with physical, mental, and social challenges [10]. After the surgical procedure of mechanical valve replacement, the patient must adhere to lifelong anticoagulation therapy. In this case, the limited therapeutic index of warfarin requires regular assessment of international normalized ratio (INR) to adjust its anti-coagulation intensity, improve the quality of anticoagulation management, and prevent complications with either higher or lower blood-coagulation levels [11]. Frequent long-term monitoring of INR values can lead to proper management, which has physical, psychological, social, and financial consequences for both patients and the health care system [12]. In developed western countries, patients in need of oral administration of warfarin anticoagulation have initiated the application of portable coagulometers for self-testing and self-management [13, 14]. The literature indicates that self-monitoring might increase the patient’s monitoring frequency and reduce the incidence of complications [15, 16].

Aim

The purpose of this review was to identify the aspects of self-management and its clinical consequences in patients with heart valve replacement.

Material and methods

In this systematic review, the PRISMA statement was used to clarify the present report [17]. The question addressed in this review was: What are the aspects of self-management and its clinical outcomes in patients with heart valve replacement? In this systematic review, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched since May 2020, with no limitations of time and language. The authors also reviewed the references of eligible studies. The search was applied as follows: (self-care OR self-management) AND (heart valve replacement OR Heart valve surgery OR Heart valve prosthesis implantation OR Heart valve prosthesis OR Mechanical heart valve replacement OR prosthetic heart valve replacement).

Titles and abstracts of all identified articles were screened by BI and SZ to exclude any irrelevant papers. The full text of the remaining articles was reviewed to find the relevant studies based on the inclusion criteria. Any repeated studies, reviews, case reports, or letters to editors were excluded.

The following information was extracted independently by 2 authors: the name of first author, year of publication, country of research, study design, duration of follow-up, type of valve, main finding, and practical points.

Ethical approval

This study is the result of a student thesis that has been registered in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences of Iran with the ethical code IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.332.

Results

The literature search and selection process are depicted in Figure 1. In total, 385 relevant records and their references were searched from 3 different databases. Based on the endnote application, duplicated papers were removed. Three hundred and fifty-one articles were screened based on title and abstract. During the screening process, 307 records removed by checking title and abstract, and in 44 records the full text was reviewed completely. As shown in Table I, following full-text evaluation, 19 full texts were removed, and 25 full text articles met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review [18–41] (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of the study selection for the review process

Table I.

Aspects of self-management in heart valve patients

Anticoagulation therapy self-management	Christensen TD (2003), Christensen TD (2001), Christensen TD (2016), Sidhu P (2001), Thompson JL (2013), Hasenkam JM (1998), Soliman Hamad MA (2009), Koertke H (2007), Mair H (2012)
INR self-testing	Azarnoush K (2014), Thompson JL (2008), Jeon HR (2015), Körtke H (2001), Eitz T (2008), Kortke H (2001), Koertke H (2003), Chen QL (2015), Koertke H (2000).
Low-dose INR self-management	Koertke H (2015), Koertke H (2005), Koertke H (2007), Koertke H (2010)
Heart valve function self-monitoring	Fritzsche D (2007), Fritzsche D (2007), Fritzsche D (2004)

These studies were conducted between 1998 and 2016. Four studies were conducted in Denmark [18, 22, 26, 39]; 14 in Germany [21, 23, 28–34, 36, 37, 40–42]; 2 in the United States [20, 25]; 1 in China [35]; 1 in France [27]; 1 in the Netherlands [38]; 1 in Northern Ireland [19], and 1 in South Korea [24] (Table II).

Table II.

Main characteristics of included studies

Author (year))	Country	Design	Sample size	Duration of follow-up	Type of valve	Results	Practical points
Azarnoush K (2014)	France	Quasi-experiment	178	4.2 ±1 years	Mechanical	There were significantly fewer bleeding complications and complications related to VKA in self-measured patients, and feelings of security and quality of life were also better	Self-monitoring device should be provided and self-monitoring INR method and training of vitamin K antagonists should be given. Also, financial support should be provided
Christensen TD (2003)	Denmark	Quasi-experiment study	197	2.1 years	Mechanical	SM of oral anticoagulant therapy provides a good treatment quality for mechanical heart valve patients. Therefore self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy is an equally good or potentially better treatment option compared to conventional management	Training SM to patients, training of blood sampling and analysis. Start SM gradually and under supervision. Start SM after taking the ability test. Patient’s relationship with medical centres and report of test results, drugs, complications, and asking questions. Family support
Christensen TD (2001)	Denmark	Quasi-experiment study.	48	4 years	Mechanical	SM of OAT is a feasible and safe concept also on a long-term basis. It provides at least as good and probably better quality of anticoagulant therapy than conventional management assessed by time within the therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) target range	For self-monitoring, the patient should be trained to use the CoaguChekb coagulometer and PT-test strip and finger puncture. Practicing blood specimen and analysis. Start SM gradually and under supervision. Must be assured of patient's SM capacity
Christensen TD (2016)	Denmark	Matched Cohort Study	615 + 3,075	5 year	Mechanical	PSM was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Self-managed oral anticoagulant therapy potentially improves the standard of care	All patients need to undergo an educational program including basic theoretical and practical skills that involved use of the coagulometer, interpretation of international normalized ratio values, and VKA dosing
Fritzsche D (2007)	Germany	RCT	541	25.2 months	Mechanical	Analysis of sound frequency spectra by the ThromboCheck identified prosthetic heart valve dysfunction before clinical symptoms developed, and promoted early therapy. By using the ThromboCheck device the patients felt safer with regards to prosthetic valve dysfunction	Patients should receive instructions on the use of the ThromboCheck early after surgery. The device was calibrated by recording the baseline valve sound characteristics of each patient. Use of this device should be monitored
Thompson (2008)	USA	RCT	50	1 month	Mechanical	Patients are able to learn INR self-testing, and most will continue to use the method without the need for interval instruction	Instructions for using a coagulometer. Review of the importance of using anticoagulation, the correct way to obtain a sample of blood using a fingerstick, and the importance of hand hygiene
Jeon HR (2015)	Korea	RCT	33			SM program based on PT INR monitoring showed that it is effective in improving self-management knowledge, self-efficacy, and SM behavior as well as maintaining the treatment range of PT INR of patients with cardiac valve replacement	Individual training on opiates, diet, daily living, exercise, stress management, PT and INR self-examination methods, precautions for anticoagulant use, drug interactions, side effects of medications, surgical wound management, and telephone counseling
Koertke H (2015)	Germany	RCT	1800	18 months	Mechanica	Telemedicine-guided very low-dose INR self-control is comparable with low-dose INR in thrombotic risk, and is superior in bleeding risk. Weekly testing is sufficient	Several factors such as the vitamin K content of the diet, concomitant medications, alcohol consumption, climate, stress, and physical activity. Training must be given for procedures that are performed if the measured INR value lies outside the target range and how to adjust the daily dose of anticoagulants to optimize the INR value
Sidhu P (2001)	Northern Ireland	RCT	100	4 months	Mechanical	Self-managed anticoagulation is a reliable, easily learned method of controlling anticoagulation, and it is suitable for approximately two thirds of patients, with excellent results	Providing information on blood coagulation, diagnosis of anticoagulation, and infection complications, drugs, diet, alcohol consumption, training on the use of the CoaguChek device, and the importance of hand hygiene. Evaluation of patients' SM ability
Thompson J (2013)	USA	RCT	200	3 months	Mechanical	Management of anticoagulation is improved with self-testing, even during the early postoperative phase when international normalized ratio testing is performed frequently	The educational program must include an overview of INR self-testing and the coagulometer and the proper methods for sampling using a finger stick, the use of the coagulometer, and recording the test results
(2007)	Germany	Quasi-experiment	483	15.1 months	Mechanical	Digital frequency analysis represents a reasonable addition to the monitoring of patients to detect prosthesisrelated complications early on	Frequency of prosthetic dysfunction can be detected by ThromboCheck. The early detection of dysfunction should enable suitable treatment strategies to be deduced. In all patients an altered frequency range must be evaluated as early detection of a mechanical valve dysfunction and recommended medical clarification
Hasenkam (1998)	Denmak	Quasi-experiment	41	9 months	Mechanical	SM of oral anticoagulation is feasible for these patients. The CoaguChek monitor seems sufficiently accurate and reliable for self-testing	Training of self-analysis, instructions for using the using the CoaguChek monitor, and blood specimen analysis based on capillary blood samples
Körtke H (2001)	Germay	IRC	1158	2 years	Mechanical	The results differed slightly in quality between patient groups with different levels of training. Overall, 91.7% of these patients are self-managed. Quality of oral anticoagulation also improved	Training SM to patients. Instructions for using a coagulometer
Fritzsche D (2004	Germay	Quasi-experiment	30	6 months	Mechanical	This study presents a reliable method for early detection of prosthetic valve dysfunction, which can be applied daily with minimal effort by the patient	Online recording of acoustic phenomena by home monitoring of patients is useful for detecting even minimal changes in prosthesis function
Soliman Hamad (2009)	Netherlands	RCT	62	1 year	Mechanical	SM program after adequate training improves the INR control. Postoperative improvement in the quality of life was significant in the physical component summary only	Patients should receive special information. CoaguChek and all disposable items should be provided to patients. Patient must receive sufficient training. Patients have to pass an exam of SM
Eitz T (2008)	Germany	RCT	765	2 years	Mechanical	Anticoagulation SM can improve INR profiles up to 2 years after prosthetic valve replacement and reduce adverse events	Instructions on use of the CoaguChek device. Adjustments of warfarin dosages cannot be predefined because of varying needs for vitamin K antagonism. Dosage adjustments must consider previous dosages and INR profiles. Ensure patient SM skills
Koertke H (2005)	Germany	RCT	1818	2 years	Mechanical	Low-dose INR SM is a promising tool to achieve low haemorrhagic complications without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications. INR SM is applicable for all patients in whom permanent anticoagulation therapy is indicated	The low-dose had a target range of 1.8 to 2.8 for aortic valve recipients and 2.5 to 3.5 for mitral or double valve recipients. Patients who depend on long-term anticoagulation therapy are able to responsibly determine the INR values and correct the dose of anticoagulants. INR measurements were performed with a coagulation monitor
Koertke H (2007)	Germay	RCT	930	12 years	Mechanical	SM of oral anticoagulation is a promising strategy to increase long-term survival in patients with mechanical prosthetic valves	Self-management must be taught
Kortke H (2001)	Germany	RCT	600	2 years	Mechanical	SM can cause improvement in the quality of ongoing oral anticoagulation. Starting this form of therapeutic control early after mechanical heart valve replacement appears to cause a further reduction in anticoagulant-induced complications	Patients with SM should receive training 6 to 11 days after surgery and then receive a coagulation monitor
Koertke H (2003)	Germany	RCT	1818	2 years	Mechanical	Early-onset INR SM under oral anticoagulation enables patients to keep within a lower and smaller INR target range, resulting in fewer bleeding complications without increasing thromboembolic event rates	SM Training began 6 to 11 days after surgery. Every patient who passed the INR self-management examination received a coagulation monitor. Every month the study center received the INR values recorded by the patients themselves. Patients were asked to report any complication (thromboembolism, bleeding) immediately
Mair H (2012)	Germay	retrospective	420	8.6 ±2.1 years	Mechanical	Self-M of OA improves long-term outcome and treatment quality	Patients trained according to the guidelines of the Anticoagulation Specialist Association. The main goals were to achieve accurate INR results by self-testing (finger-prick) and correct interpretation of the INR data with appropriate change of the anticoagulant dosage
Chen QL (2015)	China	RCT	526	6 months	Mechanical	Results of CoaguChek XS monitoring are precise and have good consistency and stability. The self-testing of anticoagulation therapy with a portable coagulometer is a safe choice	Self-testing methods are used in parallel to check and record the INR values of the patients. About 0.01 cm3 of blood at the end of the capillary of a finger is collected by the patients themselves or their caregivers, and tested with a CoaguChek XS portable coagulometer
Koertke H (2001)	Germany	RCT	600	2 years	Mechanical	INR SM reduced severe haemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications. We conclude that all patients for whom anticoagulation is indicated are candidates for INR SM regardless of education level	SM Training began 6 to 11 days after surgery. Every patient who passed the INR self-management examination received a coagulation monitor
Koertke H (2005)	Germany	RCT	1818	2 years	Mechanical	low-dose INR SM does not increase the risk of thrombo-embolic events compared with conventional-dose INR self-management. Even in patients with low INR target range, the risk of bleeding events is still higher than the risk of thrombo-embolism	The low-dose had a target range of 1.8 to 2.8 for aortic valve recipients and 2.5 to 3.5 for mitral or double valve recipients. Patients who depend on long-term anticoagulation therapy are able to responsibly determine the INR values and correct the dose of anticoagulants. INR measurements were performed with a coagulation monitor
Koertke H (2010)	Germany	RCT	1137	6 months	Mechanical	Very low-dose self-management of oral Anticoagulation is not significantly different from conventional methods in terms of clinical outcomes, such as the incidence of thromboembolic events requiring hospitalization, bleeding event, and mortality	Very low-dose self-management of oral anticoagulation is effective and safe for patients

Study designs included those based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) (n = 17). Other designs included quasi-experiment studies (n = 6), a matched cohort study (n = 1), and a retrospective study (n = 1). The lowest sample size in these studies was 30 (40), and the highest was 1818 (29, 32, 33) (Table II). In most studies, the patients studied had mechanical valves (n = 24), and in 1 study the type of valve was not known (Table II).

These studies were aspects of anticoagulation therapy self-management (n = 9), INR self-testing (n = 9), low-dose INR self-management (n = 4), and heart valve function self-monitoring (n = 3) (Table I).

Discussion

Prerequisites and principles of training for the initiation of self-management in heart valve patients

Self-management in patients with heart valve replacement requires a series of prerequisites and training. Despite these conditions, self-management is considered as a learnable behaviour. Based on the opinion of Sidhu et al., it is a reliable method that can be easily learned for anticoagulation management [19]. One of the most important prerequisites for self-management is the financial support of these patients [27]. Azarnoush et al. showed that the main factors prohibiting INR self-measurement are its high cost and difficulty in obtaining strips [27]. Accordingly, one of the most important prerequisites for the self-management of these patients is access to self-monitoring devices and all disposables necessities [27, 38]. Another study found that these patients should have family support based on the patients’ needs [22]. In addition, following the start of self-management, these patients should contact the medical centres to report the results of tests, medications, and complications [22, 32].

In these patients, training is a factor affecting the quality of the self-management [41], and these patients need to receive the necessary training before initiation of self-management [22, 30]. Some studies have proposed the start time of self-management training at 6–11 days post surgery [31, 32, 36]. At the end of the training courses, the patients should be evaluated for self-management competence [19, 38]. This process should then be started gradually and continued under supervision [22]. In self-management training, theoretical and practical skills should be considered. Patients should be taught how to use coagulometer devices, pt-test strips, etc. [26, 28]. Self-management requires a blood sampling technique that uses a punctured finger, which must be learned in a precise method, as well as principles hygiene [20, 25]. These patients should also be trained regarding, for example, vitamin K antagonists, diet, drug interactions, methods of INR control outside the target range, precautions in anticoagulant administration, complications of medications, surgical wound management, alcohol consumption, use of narcotics, daily life, exercise and physical activity, stress management, and ways of communicating with the hospital [21, 24, 27].

Anticoagulation therapy in self-management

Most studies of self-management in heart valve replacement patients have been conducted in the field of INR self-management and anti-coagulation therapy. The results of these studies showed that self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy provides an accurate treatment quality for mechanical heart valve patients [22]. Self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy is a feasible and safe concept for selected patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses, in whom this method provides better quality of anticoagulant therapy than conventional management methods [26, 39]. Based on the better clinical outcomes, self-managed oral anticoagulant therapy could potentially improve the standard of care for patients with mechanical heart valves [18].

Moreover, through the application of self-management methods and programs, self-efficacy, knowledge, and self-management behaviours will be strengthened in these patients. Thus, they will feel more safe and experience a better quality of life [24, 27, 34]. In fact, oral anticoagulant self-management is a promising strategy to increase long-term survival in patients with mechanical prosthetic valves [30]. In a prospective cohort study, Christensen et al. showed that the incidence rate could be at a lower level in self-management of anticoagulant therapy. They also concluded that the patients’ self-management showed a lower risk of all-cause mortality after 5 years compared to the conventional management [18]. According to the published studies, the patients with self-management of anticoagulant therapy were significantly within the target therapeutic range of the INR in comparison with conventional methods [19, 26, 28, 31, 38, 39]. It has also been shown that the complications associated with anticoagulant therapy (including haemorrhagic and thromboembolic incidences) in patients with self-management are significantly less common [28, 30–32, 34, 36]. If the self-management program is applied in the early stages of heart valve replacement, it will be more effective in the alleviation of side effects of anticoagulant therapy [31, 32]. Thus, self-management in patients with sufficient training could improve the INR control [38]. In this regard, the study of Christensen et al. (2016) showed that the rate of thromboembolic events in the self-management and conventional groups were 1.62% and 1.97%, respectively. In both groups, the bleeding rate was 1.11% and 1.44%, respectively [18]. In another study, the rate of thromboembolic incidences was 1.2% in the self-management group and 2.1% in the conventional group. Also, in this study the rate of bleeding was 1.7% and 2.6%, respectively [31].

INR self-testing

INR self-testing is one of the most commonly investigated aspects of self-management in studies. Chen et al. stated that the self-testing in anticoagulation therapy with a portable coagulometer is a safe choice for patients receiving anticoagulation therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement. This method has a promising future because it reduces the cost and time required for re-examination [35]. Thompson et al. showed that management of anticoagulation with warfarin after mechanical valve replacement is improved with self-testing, even during the early postoperative phase when international normalized ratio testing is performed frequently [25]. Thompson et al. reported that the mean results of INR testing obtained from a coagulometer and self-testing correlated well with the values obtained by laboratory determination [20]. Evidence also shows that this method has a positive effect on health and quality of patients’ life. Also, by using INR self-testing, anticoagulant management could be improved. However, different studies regarding the prevalence of complications in both traditional and self-testing methods have obtained different results. As was shown in the study of Azarnoush et al. (2014), the rate of bleeding was 15.4% in the self-testing group and 37.5% in the traditional group. Also, the rate of all events related to VKA in both groups was 15.4 and 42.5, respectively [27]. However, in the study of Thompson et al. from 2013, the prevalence of transient ischaemic attack was 2% in the self-testing group and 1% in the traditional method group; the rate of bleeding in the groups was 5% and 3%, respectively [25].

Low-dose INR self-management

International normalized ratio self-management can significantly reduce INR fluctuations, bleeding, and thromboembolic events compared to INR control managed by general practitioners. However, even patients with INR self-management may have an increased risk of bleeding if their INR value is above 3.5 [29]. There are various studies in this field which evaluated the compliance, clinical complications, and survival rates of patients after mechanical heart valve replacement with low-dose INR self-management compared with conventional-dose anticoagulation [21, 29, 33, 42]. In two of these studies, low-dose anticoagulation is considered with a target INR range of 1.8–2.8 for aortic valve replacement and 2.5–3.5 for mitral or double valve replacement [29, 33]. These studies demonstrated that low-dose INR self-management is a promising tool for the achievement of fewer bleeding complications without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications [29]. Also, low-dose INR self-management does not increase the risk of thrombo-embolic events in comparison with the conventional dose of INR self-management, even in patients with a low INR target range. The risk of bleeding events is still higher than the risk of thromboembolism [33]. In this regard, the study of Koertke et al. (2005) showed that the thromboembolic incidence rate in the low-dose INR self-management group was 0.18%, and in the conventional-dose anticoagulation group it was 0.4%. The bleeding rate in these 2 groups was 0.74% and 1.2%, respectively [29]. In another study, the rate of thromboembolic events was 0.19% in the low-dose INR self-management group and 0.37% in the conventional-dose anticoagulation group. Also, the rate of bleeding in both groups was 1.42% and 1.52%, respectively [33].

Another study evaluated a telemedicine-guided, very low-dose, international normalized ratio, INR target range of 1.6–2.1 for aortic valve replacement and 2.0–2.5 for mitral valve replacement or double valve replacement, this study has shown that telemedicine-guided, very low-dose INR self-control is comparable with low-dose INR in thrombotic risk, and has a high bleeding risk [21]. However, another study showed that very low-dose self-management of oral anticoagulation is not significantly different from conventional methods in terms of clinical outcomes, such as the incidence of thromboembolic events requiring hospitalization, bleeding events, and mortality [42]. The results of this study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of very low-dose INR self-management.

Heart valve function in self-monitoring

One of the complications of heart valve replacement in post-surgery, which causes severe problems affecting treatment quality as well as the life quality, is valve dysfunction. Although the diagnosis can be made by imaging studies, clinical symptoms commonly precede the diagnostic procedures. In this regard, 3 studies have been conducted with the aim of determining the ability and advantages of diagnosing valvular dysfunction by the patient and self-monitoring through home monitoring methods [23, 37, 40].

Digital frequency analysis represents a reasonable addition to the monitoring of patients after artificial heart valve replacement to detect prosthesis related complications early on [37]. The Thrombo Check device is used to diagnose dysfunction of the valve frequency spectrum, which shows that this device as part of a monitoring system is frequently associated with recognizable valve dysfunction [23, 37, 40]. This is a reliable diagnostic method for early detection of prosthetic valve dysfunction, which can be applied daily with minimal effort by the patient [40]. Application of this method detects valve dysfunction prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms, and it improves primary treatment [23]. Before the application of this device, the patients should be trained, and the device should be calibrated by recording the baseline valve sound characteristics [23].

Therapeutic range of INR

For patients with mechanical heart valves, it is necessary to consider the treatment range based on the position of the valve for proper INR control. As a result of this systematic review, it has been found that in several studies the therapeutic range of INR has been considered 2.5 to 4.5 in both traditional and self-management methods and in each type of valve position [31, 34, 36, 38, 41]. In some studies, the range of INR therapy is considered 2–3 in each position [26, 39]. In another study, the therapeutic range of INR was considered 2 to 3 for aortic and tricuspid valves and 2.5–3.5 for mitral and multiple valves, respectively [22]. In low-dose INR self-management studies, the therapeutic range has been considered 1.8–2.8 for aortic valves and 2.5–3.5 for mitral and double valves, respectively [29, 32, 33, 42]. In the study of Koertke (2010) in the filed of very low dose self-management method, the therapeutic range in aortic valves was 1.6–2.1, and in mitral and double valves was 2–2.5 [42]. In another study in which the low-intensity anticoagulation therapy method was examined, the therapeutic range of INR was considered 1.5–1.8 in aortic valves, 1.8–2 in mitral and double valves, and 2–2.5 in TVR valves [35].

Conclusions

According to this review study, self-management is a learnable behavior for these patients that if the necessary prerequisites and training are provided, these patients can manage their condition. Self-management in these patients is applicable in the aspects of anticoagulation therapy self-management, INR self-testing, low-dose INR self-management, and heart valve function self-monitoring, and mostly mechanical valve studies. In this method, with proper control of INR levels and anticoagulation therapy, the incidence of complications will be reduced, and patients can diagnose functional disorders in the early stages through monitoring of the valve function to prevent the progression of complications. Thus, self-management in these patients is safe, with better clinical and psychological results than for the usual management method, which eventually can improve the quality of treatment and quality of life in these patients.

Biography

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.