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. 2021 Sep 9;9:e69856. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e69856

New records of German Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea) from the collection of the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart

Jessica Awad 1,✉, Cristina Vasilita 2, Sophie Wenz 3, Hamdow Alkarrat 3, Olaf Zimmermann 4, Claus Zebitz 3, Lars Krogmann 1
PMCID: PMC8445911  PMID: 34602838

Abstract

Background

Scelionid wasps are arthropod egg parasitoids, many of which are relevant to global biosecurity. However, the scelionid fauna of Germany has not received much attention from professional taxonomists.

New information

Eleven species and four genera are recorded for the first time from Germany, including species of interest to agriculture and biological control. First genus records include Baryconus Förster, Macroteleia Westwood, Paratelenomus Dodd and Probaryconus Kieffer. First species records include B.europaeus (Kieffer), Idrisnigroclavatus (Kieffer), Idrissemiflavus (Kieffer), M.bicolora Kieffer, M.pannonica Szabo, Paratelenomussaccharalis (Dodd), Trimorusvaricornis (Walker), Trissolcusbasalis (Wollaston), Trissolcusbelenus (Walker), Trissolcuscolemani (Crawford) and Trissolcusflavipes (Thompson). COI barcodes are identified for the first time from B.europaeus and M.bicolora. Each species is illustrated and updated world distributions are provided. Implications for agriculture are discussed.

Keywords: parasitoid wasps, DNA barcoding, Trissolcus , Paratelenomus , dark taxa

Introduction

Platygastroidea is the third largest superfamily of Hymenoptera in terms of the number of described species, exceeded only by Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea. The current number of valid species is ca. 6,500, with a worldwide estimate of about 10,000 (Hymenoptera Online 2020, Masner 1993, Johnson 2011). At the time of writing, the superfamily comprises two extant families, Scelionidae and Platygastridae (Talamas and Buffington 2015, Popovici et al. 2017).

In the 19th century, several notable experts published on German Platygastroidea. The earliest was Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, who described dozens of species in Sparasion, Scelio, Platygaster and Teleas (Nees von Esenbeck 1834). Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg described species of Platygaster and Teleas associated with forest pests (Ratzeburg 1852). Soon after, Arnold Förster published his "Hymenopterologische Studien", establishing 26 platygastroid genera, many of which remain valid today (Förster 1856). In the early 20th century, Jean-Jacques Kieffer described numerous genera and species from central Europe, including German material (Kieffer 1926).

Since Kieffer, there has not been much research on the Platygastroidea of Germany. The most recent catalogue of German insects (Dathe et al. 2001) lists 136 platygastroid species, including 56 Scelionidae. However, these numbers are certainly low. The section was based on a relatively short reference list and many common European taxa were not included. Thus, Platygastroidea has been identified as a priority for research within the German Barcode of Life III: Dark Taxa project (Hausmann et al. 2020). Dark taxa are insect groups, mainly in Hymenoptera and Diptera, which pose a taxonomic impediment to biodiversity studies. Such taxa are abundant and diverse in insect monitoring projects, but a lack of usable diagnostic literature makes species identification difficult to impossible.

Scelionid wasps parasitise the eggs of arthropods, including many invasive or noxious pest species (Austin et al. 2005). Thus, their accurate identification is critical to agricultural research, especially in the context of the global plant trade. For example, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorphahalys Stål, 1855, is an invasive species in Europe and North America. Its most effective natural enemy, Trissolcusjaponicus (Ashmead, 1904), has been detected or established as an adventive species throughout the introduced range (Talamas et al. 2015, Abram et al. 2019, Stahl et al. 2019). Most recently, T.japonicus was detected in Germany (Dieckhoff et al. 2021). Similarly, Paratelenomussaccharalis (Dodd, 1914) has followed the kudzu bug, Megacoptacribraria (Fabricius, 1798), from the Palearctic into North America (Gardner et al. 2013).

The current work represents a first update to the German platygastroid fauna within the German Barcode of Life (GBOL) III initiative. As these findings occurred within the first several months of the project, further discoveries are expected over the next three years. Identification of Platygastridae is still underway, as the state of taxonomic disarray in this group is more severe.

Materials and methods

We examined recent and historical collections of Scelionidae at the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS). Recent material was collected for earlier stages of the GBOL project or for long-term insect monitoring programmes, generally by Malaise trap. Recently-collected specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol. Specimens collected for the GBOL project had DNA extracted non-destructively with the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Extraction Kit from Qiagen following the updated protocol provided by Cruaud et al. (2019). COI barcodes were amplified by PCR with the LCO1490/HCO2198 primers (Folmer et al. 1994). Barcode sequences are available at GenBank accession numbers MW829349–MW829358.

Illustrations were created with a Keyence imaging system. Adobe Photoshop was used for image processing and plate construction.

Taxon treatments

Baryconus europaeus

(Kieffer, 1908)

E836DBB2-FC5C-5087-8B97-66E095BE47F5

  • Hoploteleia europaea Kieffer, 1908

  • Hoploteleia graeffei Kieffer, 1908

  • Baryconus graeffei (Kieffer): Kieffer, 1926

  • Baryconus europaeus (Kieffer): Bin, 1974

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Krogmann; individualCount: 3; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Baryconuseuropaeus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Markgröningen; locality: Entomological Society of Stuttgart property in the Rotenacker; verbatimLocality: EVS-Vereinsgrundstück am Rotenacker; verbatimElevation: 280 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; year: 2009; month: 8; day: 4; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; bibliographicCitation: Baryconuseuropaeus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001093, 1094, 1095); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. Kothe, M. Engelhardt, C. König; individualCount: 1; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829358; Taxon: scientificName: Baryconuseuropaeus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Tübingen; verbatimCoordinates: 48.504317°N, 8.9956°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 17–31; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; bibliographicCitation: Baryconuseuropaeus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000715); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

Baryconuseuropaeus (Fig. 1) was described from Italy and has also been recorded from Croatia, Cyprus, France, India, Japan, Morocco, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Turkey and UAE (Popovici et al. 2013). It is expected in Romania (Spiridon et al. 2019). We here provide the first genus and species record for Germany and the first identified barcode for Baryconuseuropaeus. Identification is based on Popovici et al. (2013).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Baryconuseuropaeus (Kieffer), female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_1093. A. Lateral habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Idris nigroclavatus

(Kieffer, 1908)

CD88CF46-FB53-5F2B-A453-0CB3C358A516

  • Acolus nigroclavatus Kieffer, 1908

  • Acolus striativentris Kieffer, 1909

  • Acolus coxalis Kieffer, 1912

  • Idris coxalis (Kieffer): Szabo, 1965

  • Idris striativentris (Kieffer): Kozlov, 1978

  • Idris nigroclavatus (Kieffer): Huggert, 1979

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Reibnitz; individualCount: 2; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Idrisnigroclavatus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Markgröningen; locality: Rotenacker Forest east; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: sieve; year: 2019; month: 4; day: 2; habitat: maple, forest edge; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; bibliographicCitation: Idrisnigroclavatus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001098, 1099); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

Idrisnigroclavatus (Fig. 2) was described from Italy and has also been recorded from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Hungary, Spain and Sweden (Huggert 1979, Kononova and Kozlov 2001). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Huggert (1979).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Idrisnigroclavatus (Kieffer), female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_001098. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Idris semiflavus

(Kieffer, 1908)

B6C0C640-8847-530D-81AD-61BE4EFFC84B

  • Acolus semiflavus Kieffer, 1908

  • Idris semiflavus (Kieffer): Huggert, 1979

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: O. Zimmermann, S. Wenz, M. Renninger, A. Reißig; individualCount: 1; sex: female; associatedSequences: Genbank: MZ334547; Taxon: scientificName: Idrissemiflavus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Weil am Rhein; verbatimCoordinates: 47.579614°N, 7.606160°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Klaus Schrameyer; Event: samplingProtocol: suction sampler; year: 2020; month: 7; day: 14; habitat: ruderal area dominated by Ailanthusaltissima; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; bibliographicCitation: Idrissemiflavus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001147); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: O. Zimmermann, S. Wenz, M. Renninger, A. Reißig; individualCount: 1; sex: female; associatedSequences: Genbank: MZ334548; Taxon: scientificName: Idrissemiflavus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Weil am Rhein; verbatimCoordinates: 47.586876°N, 7.619260°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Klaus Schrameyer; Event: samplingProtocol: suction sampler; year: 2020; month: 7; day: 14; habitat: ruderal area dominated by Paulownia sp.; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; bibliographicCitation: Idrissemiflavus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001148); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  3. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: O. Zimmermann, M. Trautmann; individualCount: 1; sex: female; associatedSequences: Genbank: MZ334549; Taxon: scientificName: Idrissemiflavus (Kieffer, 1908); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Konstanz; Identification: identifiedBy: Klaus Schrameyer; Event: samplingEffort: suction sampler; year: 2020; month: 8; day: 7; habitat: ruderal area near apple production; Record Level: type: Physical Object; bibliographicCitation: Idrissemiflavus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001149); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

Idrissemiflavus (Fig. 3) was described from France and has been recorded from Egypt, Hungary, Italy, Mongolia, Spain and Switzerland (Huggert 1979). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Huggert (1979).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Idrissemiflavus (Kieffer), female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_001149. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Head, frontal view; D. Clava and mandible. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Macroteleia bicolora

Kieffer, 1908

C75C0263-F32F-59CF-95BE-4B93A51F17B0

  • Macroteleia bicolora Kieffer, 1908

  • Macroteleia bicolor (Kieffer): Kozlov, 1978

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Patricia Gut; individualCount: 2; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829349, 829350; Taxon: scientificName: Macroteleiabicolora Kieffer, 1908; Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Emmendingen; verbatimCoordinates: 48.128533°N, 7.738301°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2017; month: 8; day: 2–16; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Macroteleiabicolora (SMNS_HYM_Sce_000729, 000731); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

Macroteleiabicolora (Fig. 4) was described from Italy and has also been recorded from Denmark, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (Kozlov 1987, Notton et al. 2014). We here provide the first genus and species record for Germany and the first identified barcode for Macroteleiabicolora. Identification is based on Kozlov (1987).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Macroteleiabicolora Kieffer, female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000731. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Macroteleia pannonica

Szabo, 1966

0D4C10C0-1C92-597C-9125-A5BDEB997E73

  • Macroteleia pannonica Szabo, 1966

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: H.-J. Flügel; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Macroteleiapannonica Szabo, 1966; Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Hessen; municipality: Hersfeld-Rotenburg; locality: Rockensüß, Eschkopf; verbatimElevation: 339 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2012; verbatimEventDate: 25 Jul.–15 Aug. 2012; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Macroteleiapannonica (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000159); institutionCode: SMNS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

Macroteleiapannonica (Fig. 5) was described from Hungary and has also been recorded from Romania (Fabritius and Popovici 2007, Kononova and Kozlov 2008). We here provide the first genus and species record for Germany. Identification is based on Kononova and Kozlov (2008).

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Macroteleiapannonica Szabo, female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000159. A. Ventral head; B. Lateral habitus; C. Dorsal habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Paratelenomus saccharalis

(Dodd, 1914)

53891D70-A263-57F2-80D6-D57A6EA67B8C

  • Telenomus saccharalis Dodd, 1914

  • Liophanurus saccharalis (Dodd): Kieffer, 1926

  • Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd): Johnson, 1988

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Krogmann; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Taxon: scientificName: Paratelenomussaccharalis (Dodd, 1914); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Markgröningen; locality: Entomological Society of Stuttgart property in the Rotenacker; verbatimLocality: EVS-Vereinsgrundstück am Rotenacker; verbatimElevation: 280 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; year: 2009; month: 8; day: 4; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Paratelenomussaccharalis (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001096); institutionCode: SMNS

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. Kothe, M. Englehardt, Ch. König; individualCount: 1; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829355; Taxon: scientificName: Paratelenomussaccharalis (Dodd, 1914); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Tübingen; locality: Wurmlingen, Gegental; verbatimElevation: 377 m; verbatimCoordinates: 48.513233°N, 8.991767°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Jessica Awad; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2014; month: 5; day: 13–23; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Paratelenomussaccharalis (SMNS_HYM_Pla_000305); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Paratelenomussaccharalis (Fig. 6) was described from Indonesia and has also been recorded from Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, China, Ghana, India, Ivory Coast, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Moldova, Nigeria, Philippines, Romania, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Uganda, USA, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Johnson 1996). We here provide the first genus and species record for Germany. Identification is based on Johnson (1996).

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

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Paratelenomussaccharalis (Dodd), female, SMNS_Hym_000305. A. Head, frontal view; B. Dorsal habitus; C. Lateral habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Probaryconus

Kieffer, 1908

E7D415C4-CDD3-55E5-ACE2-783FD3A6E875

  • Procacus Kieffer, 1910

  • Neurocacus Kieffer, 1913

  • Amblyconus Kieffer, 1913

  • Urundia Risbec, 1957

  • Probaryconus

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. Kothe, M. Englehardt, Ch. König; individualCount: 2; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Probaryconus Kieffer, 1908; Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Tübingen; locality: Wurmlingen, Gegental; verbatimElevation: 377 m; verbatimCoordinates: 48°30.794’N, 8°59.506’E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2014; month: 5; day: 13–23; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Probaryconus sp. (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000344, 000345); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Probaryconus (Fig. 7) was described from France and has also been recorded from Australia, Azerbaijan, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, French Guiana, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Jamaica, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Venezuela and the Virgin Islands (Hymenoptera Online 2020, Kieffer 1926, Kozlov 1987). We here provide the first genus record for Germany. Identification is based on Kozlov (1987) and Talamas et al. (2011).

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

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Probaryconus Kieffer, female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000344. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Trimorus varicornis

(Walker, 1836)

6E7D2762-B4C7-5892-99E9-DE48646F01BC

  • Teleas varicornis Walker, 1836

  • Teleas metabus Walker, 1836

  • Prosacantha minor Thomson, 1859

  • Prosacantha grandis Thomson, 1859

  • Prosacantha variicornis (Walker): Marshall, 1873

  • Prosacantha metabus (Walker): Marshall, 1873

  • Prosacantha varicornis (Walker): Walker, 1874

  • Prosacantha spinosa Szepligeti, 1901

  • Pentacantha variicornis (Walker): Kieffer, 1908

  • Pentacantha minor (Thomson): Kieffer, 1908

  • Pentacantha grandis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1908

  • Pentacantha rufimanus Kieffer, 1908

  • Pentacantha varicornis (Walker): Kieffer, 1913

  • Hoplogryon metabus (Walker): Kieffer, 1926

  • Propentacantha varicornis (Walker): Kieffer, 1926

  • Propentacantha minor (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Propentacantha grandis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Propentacantha spinosa (Szepligeti): Kieffer, 1926

  • Propentacantha rufimanus (Kieffer): Kieffer, 1926

  • Trisacantha varicornis (Walker): Szabo, 1957

  • Trimorus grandis (Thomson): Sundholm, 1967

  • Trimorus minor (Thomson): Sundholm, 1967

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: M. Hermann; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Trimorusvaricornis (Walker, 1836); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Klettgau; locality: Jestett; verbatimLocality: Flachshof BF1N; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: year: 1996; month: 6; day: 3; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trimorusvaricornis (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001100); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Trimorusvaricornis (Fig. 8) was described from Ireland and has also been recorded from Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (Fabritius and Popovici 2007, Hymenoptera Online 2020, Kononova and Kozlov 2001). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Kozlov (1987).

Figure 8.

Figure 8.

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Trimorusvaricornis (Walker), female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_001100. A. Head, frontal view; B. Dorsal habitus; C. Lateral habitus. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Trissolcus basalis

(Wollaston, 1858)

3C3D96C9-CEE1-5B6A-8C95-B176848E3210

  • Telenomus basalis Wollaston, 1858

  • Telenomus maderensis Wollaston, 1858

  • Telenomus megacephalus Ashmead, 1894

  • Telenomus megalocephalus Schulz, 1906

  • Telenomus piceipes Dodd, 1920

  • Liophanurus megacephalus (Ashmead): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus africanus Fouts, 1934

  • Microphanurus basalis (Wollaston): Nixon, 1935

  • Microphanurus sulmo Nixon, 1938

  • Asolcus basalis (Wollaston): Delucchi, 1961

  • Trissolcus maderensis (Wollaston): Masner, 1965

  • Trissolcus piceipes (Dodd): Masner, 1965

  • Trissolcus sulmo (Nixon): Masner, 1965

  • Asolcus sulmo (Nixon): Voegele, 1969

  • Trissolcus africanus (Fouts): Bin, 1974

  • Asolcus lodosi Szabo, 1981

  • Trissolcus megacephalus (Ashmead): Johnson, 1983

  • Trissolcus lodosi (Szabo): Kononova, 2014

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Patricia Gut; individualCount: 2; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829356, MW829357; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcusbasalis (Wollaston, 1858); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Freiburg; locality: Emmendingen; verbatimCoordinates: 48.128533°N, 7.738301°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2017; month: 10; day: 11–25; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcusbasalis (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000805, 000806); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Trissolcusbasalis (Fig. 9) was described from Portugal and has also been recorded from Australia, Brazil, China, Cyprus, France, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Montenegro, Montserrat, South Africa, Spain, Tonga, Turkey, USA, Vanuatu and Zimbabwe Talamas et al. (2017). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Talamas et al. (2017).

Figure 9.

Figure 9.

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Trissolcusbasalis (Wollaston), female. A. Lateral habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000806; B. Dorsal habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000805; C. Head, frontal view, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000806. Scale bar = 500 µm.

Trissolcus belenus

(Walker, 1836)

71A37866-C39A-51FF-877C-DE3625962366

  • Telenomus belenus Walker, 1836

  • Telenomus arminon Walker, 1836

  • Telenomus nigrita Thomson, 1860

  • Telenomus frontalis Thomson, 1860

  • Telenomus grandis Thomson, 1860

  • Telenomus nigripes Thomson, 1860

  • Telenomus ovulorum Thomson, 1860

  • Teleas pentatomae Rondani, 1877

  • Telenomus nigritus Thomson: Dalla Torre, 1898

  • Telenomus pentatomae (Rondani): Dalla Torre, 1898

  • Allophanurus arminon (Walker): Kieffer, 1912

  • Aphanurus belenus (Walker): Kieffer, 1912

  • Aphanurus frontalis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912

  • Aphanurus grandis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912

  • Aphanurus nigrita (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912

  • Aphanurus nigripes (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912

  • Liophanurus pentatomae (Rondani): Kieffer, 1912

  • Allophanurus arminon (Walker): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus belenus (Walker): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus frontalis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus grandis (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus nigripes (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Microphanurus nigritus (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Asolcus grandis (Thomson): Masner, 1959

  • Trissolcus grandis (Thomson): Viktorov, 1967

  • Asolcus nixomartini Javahery, 1968

  • Asolcus silwoodensis Javahery, 1968

  • Trissolcus pentatomae (Rondani): Bin, 1974

  • Trissolcus belenus (Walker): Fergusson, 1978

  • Trissolcus nigripes (Thomson): Fergusson, 1978

  • Trissolcus nixomartini (Javahery): Fergusson, 1978

  • Trissolcus silwoodensis (Javahery): Fergusson, 1978

  • Trissolcus arminon (Walker): Fergusson, 1983

  • Trissolcus ovulorum (Thomson): Tortorici et al., 2019

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Gauss; individualCount: 12; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcusbelenus (Walker, 1836); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Hartheim Breisach; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; year: 1971; month: 6; day: 14; habitat: ex. Heteroptera Eier [from Heteroptera eggs]; Record Level: institutionCode: SMNS

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. Kothe, M. Englehardt, Ch. König; individualCount: 3; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829354, MW829353; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcusbelenus (Walker, 1836); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Tübingen; verbatimCoordinates: 48.504317°N, 8.9956°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 17–31; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcusbelenus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000713, 000716, 000719); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Trissolcusbelenus (Fig. 10) was described from the UK and has also been recorded from China, France, Iran, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland and Tanzania (Tortorici et al. 2019). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Tortorici et al. 2019.

Figure 10.

Figure 10.

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Trissolcusbelenus (Walker), female. A. Lateral habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000719 (scale bar = 100 µm); B. Dorsal habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000719 (scale bar = 200 µm); C. Head, frontal view, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000719 (scale bar = 200 µm); D. Preserved host material (scale bar = 500 µm).

Trissolcus colemani

(Crawford, 1912)

AE504BBC-3B9E-5B85-89F3-BF18A0193771

  • Telenomus colemani Crawford, 1912

  • Microphanurus djadetshko Ryakhovskii, 1959

  • Microphanurus pseudoturesis Ryakhovskii, 1959

  • Microphanurus rossicus Ryakhovskii, 1959

  • Asolcus nigribasalis Voegele, 1962

  • Asolcus djadetschko (Ryakhovskii): Viktorov, 1964

  • Asolcus pseudoturesis (Ryakhovskii): Viktorov, 1964

  • Asolcus bennisi Voegele, 1964

  • Trissolcus djadetschko (Ryakhovskii): Viktorov, 1967

  • Trissolcus pseudoturesis (Ryakhovskii): Viktorov, 1967

  • Trissolcus waloffae Javahery, 1968

  • Trissolcus bennisi (Voegele): Kozlov & Le, 1977

  • Trissolcus nigribasalis (Voegele): Kozlov & Le, 1977

  • Trissolcus crypticus Clarke, 1993

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Fischer; individualCount: 7; sex: 1 male, 6 females; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcuscolemani (Crawford, 1912); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; locality: Bopserwald; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; year: 1932; month: 7; day: 12; habitat: aus Wanzeneiern [from bug eggs]; Record Level: institutionCode: SMNS

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Patricia Gut; individualCount: 2; sex: female; associatedSequences: GenBank: MW829352, MW829351; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcuscolemani (Crawford, 1912); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Bahlingen; verbatimCoordinates: 48.128533°N, 7.738301°E; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2017; month: 9; day: 13–27; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcuscolemani (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000796, 000797); institutionCode: SMNS

  3. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: University of Hohenheim insect summer course; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcuscolemani (Crawford, 1912); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Baden-Württemberg; municipality: Tübingen; locality: Steinenberg; verbatimElevation: 460–490 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: year: 2019; month: 7; day: 1–2; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcusbelenus (SMNS_Hym_Sce_001097); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Trissolcuscolemani (Fig. 11) was described from India and has also been recorded from China, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Morocco, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kindgom (Tortorici et al. 2019). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Tortorici et al. (2019).

Figure 11.

Figure 11.

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Trissolcuscolemani (Crawford), female. A. Lateral habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000796; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000797; D. Historical mounting method. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Trissolcus flavipes

(Thompson, 1860)

48519DEC-BCFB-5DCF-9BE4-022E9D76D818

  • Telenomus flavipes Thomson, 1860

  • Aphanurus flavipes (Thomson): Kieffer, 1912

  • Microphanurus flavipes (Thomson): Kieffer, 1926

  • Trissolcus circus Kozlov & Le, 1976

  • Trissolcus crassus Kononova, 2014

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: H.-J. Flügel; individualCount: 2; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcusflavipes (Thompson, 1860); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Hessen; municipality: Vogelsbergkreis; locality: Ober-Moos; verbatimLocality: Windwurffläche, SNR 5121a; verbatimElevation: 473 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2012; verbatimEventDate: 29 May–18 Jun. 2012; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcusflavipes (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000188, 000190); institutionCode: SMNS

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. Koch; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Taxon: scientificName: Trissolcusflavipes (Thompson, 1860); Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; municipality: Insel Rügen; locality: Kniepow; verbatimElevation: 50 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Cristina Vasilita; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; year: 2014; month: 8; day: 3–9; Record Level: bibliographicCitation: Trissolcusflavipes (SMNS_Hym_Sce_000236); institutionCode: SMNS

Distribution

Trissolcusflavipes (Fig. 12) was described from Sweden and has also been recorded from Austria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Japan, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (Talamas et al. 2017). We here provide the first species record for Germany. Identification is based on Talamas et al. (2017).

Figure 12.

Figure 12.

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Trissolcusflavipes (Thompson), female, SMNS_Hym_Sce_000188. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Discussion

Of the two families of Platygastroidea, Scelionidae is better resolved. High-quality revisions and keys are available for many genera of Scelionidae, due to careful attention from professional taxonomists, as well as data regarding ecological and biological aspects. Platygastridae has been somewhat more neglected and, in large genera, such as Platygaster Latreille and Synopeas Förster, better diagnostic tools are needed for accurate species identification. This is the case with some genera of Scelionidae as well, such as Gryon Haliday and Telenomus Haliday. For example, one-hundred-year-old specimens of Telenomus still remain unidentified in the collection of SMNS. As taxonomic issues are resolved, it will become possible to accurately identify material for barcode reference libraries.

Baryconuseuropaeus and Macroteleiabicolora are here barcoded for the first time. A comparison with existing records in BOLD Systems (https://www.boldsystems.org/) showed no matches to identified material. For the M.bicolora sequences, the highest match (93.62%) was to unidentified specimens from Gabon. The B.europaeus sequence was most similar (97.63%) to unidentified specimens from South Africa. As expected, all Trissolcus sequences matched well (at least 99%) with appropriately identified material.

Based on preliminary data, several species of Probaryconus are found in Germany, but their nomenclature is uncertain, due to the aforementioned taxonomic impediment. Historical Trissolcus specimens remained unidentified in the SMNS collection for 50 to almost 100 years. The oldest of these, T.colemani, was reared from hemipteran eggs in 1932 (Fig. 11). A series of T.belenus from 1971 are preserved along with host material (Fig. 10). It is no surprise that these specimens were never identified, since T.belenus was largely overlooked for nearly two centuries before it was properly examined and keyed by Tortorici et al. (2019).

In addition to the newly-recorded species, Trissolcus species already known from Germany, such as T.cultratus (Mayr), T.semistriatus (Nees von Esenbeck) and T.scutellaris (Thomson), have been repeatedly detected at various locations in Baden-Württemberg. The last checklist of German Scelionidae (Dathe et al. 2001) also includes T.choaspes (Nixon), T.discolor (Ratzeburg) and T.rufiventris (Mayr). Trissolcuschoaspes is now a junior synonym of T.scutellaris (Thomson) (Talamas et al. 2017). The taxonomic status of Trissolcusdiscolor is unverifiable, as there is no known type material and some authors even debate whether T.discolor should be placed in Telenomus rather than Trissolcus (Kononova 2014). As for T.rufiventris, it was not found, which we think is an intriguing matter considering the number of Trissolcus specimens examined by C.V. at SMNS.

Our results emphasise that much remains to be discovered regarding parasitoid ecosystem services in Germany. Many of the newly-recorded species parasitise the eggs of stink bugs which pose a threat to vegetable and fruit production. As wasp species differ in their host preference and biological control efficacy, accurate identification is an important factor in agroecological studies (Scaccini et al. 2020). The effect of the scelionid species assemblage on local pest populations merits further attention, especially in the context of organic or sustainable food systems.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Baryconus europaeus
XML Treatment for Idris nigroclavatus
XML Treatment for Idris semiflavus
XML Treatment for Macroteleia bicolora
XML Treatment for Macroteleia pannonica
XML Treatment for Paratelenomus saccharalis
XML Treatment for Probaryconus
XML Treatment for Trimorus varicornis
XML Treatment for Trissolcus basalis
XML Treatment for Trissolcus belenus
XML Treatment for Trissolcus colemani
XML Treatment for Trissolcus flavipes

Acknowledgements

The research was supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Berlin, Germany, project "German Barcode of Life III: Dark Taxa" (FKZ 16LI1901B). We thank Tanja Schweizer, Michael Haas and the GBOL staff for their assistance. We also thank Sebastian Görn for helping to interpret old German specimen labels.

Funding Statement

German Barcode of Life III: Dark Taxa

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Baryconus europaeus
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment1.xml (15.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Idris nigroclavatus
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment2.xml (11.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Idris semiflavus
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment3.xml (17KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Macroteleia bicolora
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment4.xml (10.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Macroteleia pannonica
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment5.xml (9.5KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Paratelenomus saccharalis
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment6.xml (13.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Probaryconus
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment7.xml (11.4KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Trimorus varicornis
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment8.xml (18.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Trissolcus basalis
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment9.xml (15.1KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Trissolcus belenus
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment10.xml (24.3KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Trissolcus colemani
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment11.xml (19.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Trissolcus flavipes
BDJ.9.e69856-treatment12.xml (13.3KB, xml)

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