TABLE 1.

Alternative Hepatocyte Source for Cell Transplantation and Therapeutic Applications. Additional Data to Table 1 are Available in Supplemental Table S1

Cell Types	Definition and Clinical Applications	Drawbacks for Transplantation
Adult hepatocytes		Loss of functions in vitro
		Very low proliferation capacity under 2D culture conditions
		Cell viability after cryopreservation
	Clinic: transplantation in patients with liver diseases	Limited number of donor livers
		Limited engraftment into the liver
Fetal liver progenitors	Bipotent cells	Fetal origin
	Highly proliferative in vitro	Need of cell purification
	Preclinic: can differentiate into mature hepatocytes after transplantation in animals
	Less apoptotic and less immunogenic than adult hepatocytes
	Clinic: transplanted in two patients with advanced liver cirrhosis
MSCs	Found in bone marrow and adipose tissue
	Able to differentiate into hepatocytes
	Enhanced liver regeneration in animals	Phenotypic stability and contribution to long‐term tissue homeostasis to be demonstrated
Embryonic stem cells and induced PSCs	Can be differentiated into hepatocytes	Need for GMP‐compatible protocols
	Engraftment and rescue of ALF in animal	Careful examination of their genomic integrity needed