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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Mar;31(3):290–294. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201610088

强直性脊柱炎髋关节影像学特征的初步研究

Imaging features of hip joint in patients with ankylosing spondylitis undergoing total hip arthroplasty

Ke LI 1, Heng LI 2, Fenglong SUN 1, Xiang LI 2, Qingmeng ZHANG 2, Chi XU 2, Xinggui SONG 2, Jiying CHEN 2,*
PMCID: PMC8458113  PMID: 29806256

Abstract

Objective

To study the imaging features of the hip joint by measuring the imaging parameters of spine, pelvis, and hip joint before and after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) undergoing THA so as to provide reference for selection of operation methods and prosthesis.

Methods

Between January and July 2015, 38 patients (56 hips) with AS underwent primary THA as AS group, and 36 patients (45 hips) with osteonecrosis of the femoral head underwent THA as control group. There was no significant difference in side (χ2=1.14, P=0.95). The acetabular abduction angle (ABA), acetabular anteversion angle (AVA), center collum diaphyseal (CCD), offset, height from rotation center to lesser trochanter (HRCLT), femoral intertrochanteric distance (FID) were measured by CT three-dimensional morphology. The canal flare index (CFI), cortical thickness index (CTI), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic tilt (PT) were measured by X-ray film before operation. The AVA, ABA, and the filling ratio were measured on the postoperative X-ray film.

Results

There was no significant difference in preoperative AVA and ABA and postoperative ABA between 2 groups (P>0.05), but significant difference was found in postoperative AVA (t=6.71, P=0.00). The mean PI, SS, and PT in AS group were 48.37° (range, 41-58°), 5.64°(range, 2-11°), and 12.85° (range, 5-26°), respectively. There was significant difference in CCD, CFI, and CTI between 2 groups (t=3.63, P=0.04; t=5.12, P=0.02; t=3.91, P=0.04), but offset, HRCLT, and FID all showed no significant difference (t=0.41, P=0.36; t=0.33, P=0.56; t=0.59, P=0.12). On the basis of the Noble classification, medullary cavity of the femur was rated as chimney type, ordinary type, and champagne flute type in 32, 18, and 6 hips of AS group, and in 4, 28, and 13 hips of control group respectively. Filling ratio of distal segment in AS group was significantly lower than that in control group (t=5.64, P=0.02), but there was no significant difference in the filling ratio of middle and proximal segments between 2 groups (t=0.29, P=0.61; t=0.55, P=0.13).

Conclusion

Compared with patients having osteonecrosis of the femeral head, there is no significant difference in preoperative AVA and ABA, but postoperative AVA significantly increase in patients with AS. Because AS patients have mainly chimney type medullary cavity of the femur, the filling ratio of middle and distal segment is lower when tapered stems are used, and the filling ratio of anatomic stems is higher.

Keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis, CT three-dimensional reconstruction, imaging features, total hip arthroplasty


强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是以骶髂、脊柱关节受累为主的全身炎性疾病,晚期常累及髋关节引起强直畸形及功能障碍,严重影响患者日常生活[1]。人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是目前公认的治疗AS髋关节终末期病变有效方式[2-4]。然而,因此类患者骨质发生了改变,髋关节解剖结构变化明显,对手术影响较大,包括髋臼重建以及股骨假体选择。选择合适型号假体与股骨髓腔匹配是实现理想生物力学传导和假体长期稳定的关键[5-6]。此外,AS 晚期患者脊柱后凸畸形导致力线改变,引起脊柱负重区域前移,会加速髋关节假体松动不稳,增加脱位风险[7-8]。本研究通过测量 AS 患者 THA 前后影像学参数,并与股骨头缺血性坏死患者手术前后测量结果进行比较,分析变化规律及影响手术疗效因素,旨在为临床 AS 患者行 THA 时选择手术方法及假体类型提供参考。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

根据患者原发疾病,本研究分为 AS 组及对照组。AS 组患者纳入标准:① 根据纽约评定标准明确诊断为 AS[9];② 单侧或双侧髋关节受累,且病变处于终末期;③ 能耐受手术者;④ 髋关节无手术史;⑤ 无感染性疾病;⑥ 采用生物固定型假体置换。

对照组患者纳入标准:① 明确诊断为 Ficat Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期股骨头缺血性坏死;② 无脊柱畸形;③ 能耐受手术者;④ 髋关节无手术史;⑤ 无感染性疾病;⑥ 采用生物固定型假体置换。

2015 年 1 月—7 月中国人民解放军总医院骨科共 74 例行 THA 患者符合选择标准纳入研究,其中 AS 患者 38 例(56 髋,AS 组),股骨头缺血性坏死患者 36 例(45 髋,对照组)。

1.2. 一般资料

AS 组:男 27 例,女 11 例;年龄 25~49 岁,平均 31.6 岁。病程 5~29 年,平均 15.71 年。单髋 18 例,左髋 7 例、右髋 11 例;双髋 19 例。对照组:男 19 例,女 17 例;年龄 29~64 岁,平均 40.2 岁。病程 2~26 年,平均 13.26 年。单髋 27 例,左髋 12 例、右髋 15 例;双髋 9 例。两组患者病变侧别比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.14,P=0.95)。

两组手术均由同一组医师完成,麻醉及手术入路一致,采用生物固定型假体置换。AS 组采用 LCU 锥形柄(Link 公司,德国)27 髋,Corail 锥形柄(邦美公司,美国)19 髋,Ribbed 解剖型柄(Link 公司,德国)10 髋;对照组 LCU 锥形柄 21 髋,Corail 锥形柄 15 髋,Ribbed 解剖型柄 9 髋。

1.3. 影像学测量指标

影像学测量由 3 名医师共同完成,重复测量4 次,取均值。

1.3.1 基于 CT 的测量 采用 Lightspeed-16 排螺旋 CT 机(GE 公司,美国),两组患者术前均行髋关节螺旋横轴位扫描并三维重建,层厚 1 mm,层间距1 mm,扫描条件 120 kV、100 mA,矩阵 512×512,螺距 1。

测量参数:① 中心颈干角(center collum diaphyseal,CCD):于三维重建图像采用“两弦法”[10]确定髋臼旋转中心,然后沿股骨干中点作一条连线,其与股骨颈轴线连线的夹角即为 CCD。② 髋臼外展角:于冠状面选择髋臼与躯干纵轴相交的最大层面,髋臼上、下缘连线与双侧泪滴连线夹角即为髋臼外展角。③ 髋臼前倾角:于横截面选择髋臼最大面积层面,髋臼前、后缘连线与双侧髋臼后缘连线垂线的夹角即为髋臼前倾角。④ 于三维重建图像测量偏心距、旋转中心至小粗隆高度以及大、小粗隆间距。

1.3.2 基于 X 线片的测量 采用 DR7500 数字 X 线摄影系统(Siemens 公司,英国)摄片,像素 143 μm,焦距 90 cm。

测量参数:① 股骨髓腔开大指数(canal flare index,CFI):于术前髋关节正位片测量小粗隆上 20 mm 处的髓腔宽度及峡部髓腔宽度,两者之比即为 CFI。根据 Noble 等[11]提出的分型标准对股骨髓腔进行分型。其中,CFI 3.0~4.7 为正常型,CFI<3.0 为烟囱型,CFI>4.7 为倒立香槟型。

② 皮质指数(cortical thickness index,CTI):于术前髋关节正位片测量,小粗隆下 10 cm 处内、外皮质直径差值与外皮质直径之比即为 CTI[12]

③于 AS 组术前脊柱矢状位全长片测量以下参数[13]:骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT),观察 AS 患者骨盆矢状位影像学特征。

④ 假体髓腔填充率:于术后髋关节正位片,选择小转子上 1 cm 处以及距离股骨柄远端 1 cm、 6 cm 处(作为假体柄近、中、远端),测量假体直径和髓腔内径;按照以下公式计算假体髓腔填充率,公式:假体髓腔填充率=假体直径/髓腔内径× 100%[14]。测量假体柄轴线与股骨干轴线夹角,夹角≤3° 为假体柄呈中心性固定,夹角>3° 为假体柄内翻或外翻固定[15]

⑤ 于术后髋关节正位片测量髋臼外展角及前倾角。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;AS 组不同类型假体间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用 SNK 检验;计数资料组间比较采用 χ2 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 手术前后髋臼前倾角与外展角比较

组间比较:两组术前髋臼前倾角以及手术前后髋臼外展角比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后髋臼前倾角比较,差异有统计学意义(t=6.71,P=0.00)。组内比较:两组手术前后髋臼外展角比较,以及对照组手术前后髋臼前倾角比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);AS 组手术前后髋臼前倾角比较,差异有统计学意义(t=5.39,P=0.00)。见表 1

表 1.

Comparison of the ABA and AVA between 2 groups before and after operation (°, Inline graphic)

两组手术前后髋臼外展角及前倾角比较(°, Inline graphic

组别
Group
髋数
Hip
髋臼外展角
ABA
髋臼前倾角
AVA
术前
Preoperative
术后
Postoperative
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
术后
Postoperative
统计值
Statistic
AS 组
AS group
56 41.03±3.77 40.78±4.02 t =0.18
P=0.89
19.56±7.39 25.27±7.32 t =5.39
P=0.00
对照组
Control group
45 39.72±5.33 40.29±2.89 t =0.25
P=0.73
20.49±6.22 21.55±6.20 t =0.41
P=0.35
统计值
Statistic
t =0.14
P=0.89
t =0.27
P=0.60
t =0.31
P=0.58
t =6.71
P=0.00

2.2. AS 患者骨盆矢状位影像学特征

AS 组患者 PI 为 41~58°,平均 48.37°;SS 为 2~11°,平均 5.64°;PT 为 5~26°,平均 12.85°。其中 4 例髋关节完全强直,1 例处于髋关节伸直位强直,其余 3 例处于不同程度屈曲位强直,PT 分别为 24.5、6.5、7.7、11.5°。

2.3. 股骨侧影像学形态特征

AS 组患者 CCD、CFI、CTI 与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.63,P=0.04;t=5.12,P=0.02;t=3.91,P=0.04);而偏心距、旋转中心至小粗隆高度以及大、小粗隆间距比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.41,P=0.36;t=0.33,P=0.56;t=0.59,P=0.12)。见表 2。根据 Noble 等[11]提出的分型标准,AS 组中股骨髓腔为烟囱型 32 髋、正常型 18 髋、倒立香槟型 6 髋,以烟囱型为主;对照组烟囱型 4 髋、正常型 28 髋、倒立香槟型 13 髋,以正常型为主。

表 2.

Comparison of the measured parameters of femur between 2 groups ( Inline graphic)

两组股骨侧测量参数比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
髋数
Hip
CCD(°) 偏心距(mm)
Offset(mm)
大、小粗隆间距(mm)
FID (mm)
旋转中心至小粗隆高度(mm)
HRCLT(mm)
CFI CTI
AS 组
AS group
56 132.26±7.69 38.29±4.52 63.77±5.61 55.77±7.86 3.23±0.87 0.52±0.09
对照组
Control group
45 128.89±3.39 39.47±4.43 67.46±4.28 54.61±6.12 3.79±0.67 0.55±0.06
统计值
Statistic
t =3.63
P=0.04
t =0.41
P=0.36
t =0.59
P=0.12
t =0.33
P=0.56
t =5.12
P=0.02
t =3.91
P=0.04

2.4. 术后股骨侧假体评估

AS 组假体柄近、中、远端髓腔填充率分别为 89.61%±6.36%、82.26%±5.27%、71.14%±3.16%,对照组分别为91.63%±3.22%、85.26%±6.35%、79.12%±7.28%。AS 组远端髓腔填充率显著低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.64,P=0.02);两组近端及中段髓腔填充率比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.29,P=0.61;t=0.55,P=0.13)。

AS 组中 LCU、Corail 假体中、远端髓腔填充率明显低于 Ribbed 假体,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);近端髓腔填充率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。LCU 与 Corail 假体近、中、远端髓腔填充率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3.

Comparison of filling ratio of the prosthesis in AS group after the operation (%, Inline graphic)

AS 组术后各类型假体髓腔填充率比较(%, Inline graphic

假体类型
Type of prosthesis
髋数
Hip
股骨近端
Proximal
segment
股骨中段
Middle
segment
股骨远端
Distal
segment
* 与 Ribbed 假体比较P<0.05,# 与 LCU 假体比较P<0.05
* Compared with Ribbed prosthesis, P<0.05;# compared with LCU prosthesis, P<0.05
LCU 27 90.57±8.21 83.10±4.27* 73.45±6.74*
Corail 19 88.92±6.73 79.91±5.83* 70.10±8.31*
Ribbed 10 86.57±7.26 88.36±3.52# 81.75±4.69#
统计值
Statistic
F=0.79
P=0.43
F=3.82
P=0.02
F=16.61
P= 0.00

AS 组假体柄呈中心性固定 49 髋(87.5%),外翻固定 3 髋,内翻固定 4 髋;对照组假体柄呈中心性固定 43 髋(95.6%),外翻固定 2 髋。假体柄内、外翻固定者中,AS 组股骨髓腔呈烟囱型 6 髋、正常型 1 髋,对照组 2 髋均为烟囱型。

3. 讨论

研究表明 CT 检查可以明确髋关节周围骨赘位置,准确性高于 X 线片[16],因此本研究选择术前行 CT 扫描及三维重建,在此基础上测量患者髋关节外展角及前倾角。本研究结果提示,AS 患者术前髋臼外展角与股骨头缺血性坏死患者相比无明显差异。THA 术中髋臼假体外展角的选择主要根据髋关节旋转中心以及周围骨量确定。部分 AS 患者髋臼虽存在内陷或者中心上移,但外展角无明显变化,可以按原角度放置。需要注意的是,当患者存在脊柱侧弯融合畸形时,术中侧卧位时其骨盆未处于冠状面中立位,在此基础上判断外展角可能偏大或偏小。但本研究 AS 患者术后髋臼外展角与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,我们分析主要有以下原因:① AS 组无脊柱侧弯畸形者;② 术前体位固定时,术者根据脊柱、骨盆失衡状态进行了初步纠正,将患者尽量固定在冠状面中立位进行手术,这是保证术中准确判断外展角的重要因素。

本研究术前髋臼前倾角的测量选择在 CT 图像中髋臼最大面积层面进行,但因 AS 患者解剖结构发育与正常人群有差别,获得的前倾角仅为解剖位前倾角,并非术中所需功能位前倾角。有研究报道,髋关节安全前倾角范围为 5~25°[17],但该安全范围仅适用于无脊柱疾患、脊柱融合患者。对于骶髂关节融合的 AS 患者,参考 PI=PT+SS 的矢状位平衡公式,提示 PI 是固定角度,而鉴于 AS 融合患者的 PT 无法在改变体位时代偿改变角度,此时若仅按照患者原前倾角放置髋臼假体,其脱位风险将明显升高。

Noble 等在 1988 年提出 CFI 概念[11],本研究 AS 组股骨髓腔以烟囱型为主,对照组以正常型为主。AS 组中烟囱型明显多于对照组,与 AS 炎性活动引起髓腔内径改变,股骨近端皮质变薄有关,此为导致关节假体松动的原因之一。CTI 也是判断骨质的重要指标,与皮质厚度成正比,CTI 越大,峡部皮质越厚[18]。本研究中我们发现 AS 患者股骨峡部皮质萎缩变薄,因此在术前摆放体位以及术中脱位髋关节时,应避免过度用力扭转股骨干造成股骨劈裂;术中也应避免过度扩髓,导致股骨干骺端或股骨干劈裂。

AS 股骨近端存在严重骨质疏松、髓腔形态呈烟囱型,晚期肌肉常有废用性萎缩,因此术前应关注患者髓腔形态,选择与髓腔匹配的关节假体[19-20]。本研究 AS 组所用假体为锥形生物柄(LCU、Corail)和解剖型柄(Ribbed),术后 Ribbed 假体远端髓腔填充率显著高于 LCU、Corail 假体,与刘宏伟等[21]的研究结果相似。分析原因为 Ribbed 柄为解剖型股骨柄,更能实现与髓腔的紧密填充。我们也发现 AS 组髓腔填充率低于对照组,其中中、远端髓腔填充率两组比较差异有统计学意义;同时术后两组假体呈内、外翻固定患者中,其股骨髓腔以烟囱型改变为主。因此,我们认为股骨近端严重骨质疏松以及髓腔形态呈烟囱型是影响髓腔填充率,降低假体安放准确性的重要因素。

综上述,AS 患者术前髋臼外展角、前倾角与股骨头缺血性坏死患者相比无明显差异,但是术后髋臼假体前倾角明显偏大。AS 患者股骨髓腔多为烟囱型,宜选择生物解剖型假体以达到满意髓腔填充率。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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