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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Feb;31(2):203–209. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201610050

Quadrant 系统下 3D 打印导航模块辅助腰椎精准植钉的应用研究

Clinical application of accurate placement of lumbar pedicle screws using three-dimensional printing navigational templates under Quadrant system

Xuanhuang CHEN 1, Zhengxi YU 1, Changfu WU 1, Xing LI 1, Xu CHEN 1, Guodong ZHANG 1, Zugao ZHENG 1, Haibin LIN 1,*
PMCID: PMC8458153  PMID: 29786254

Abstract

Objective

To explore the feasibility and the effectiveness of the accurate placement of lumbar pedicle screws using three-dimensional (3D) printing navigational templates in Quadrant minimally invasive system.

Methods

The L1-5 spines of 12 adult cadavers were scanned using CT. The 3D models of the lumbar spines were established. The screw trajectory was designed to pass through the central axis of the pedicle by using Mimics software. The navigational template was designed and 3D-printed according to the bony surface where the soft tissues could be removed. The placed screws were scanned using CT to create the 3D model again after operation. The 3D models of the designed trajectory and the placed screws were registered to evaluate the placed screws coincidence rate. Between November 2014 and November 2015, 31 patients with lumbar instability accepted surgery assisted with 3D-printing navigation module under Quadrant minimally invasive system. There were 14 males and 17 females, aged from 42 to 60 years, with an average of 45.2 years. The disease duration was 6-13 months (mean, 8.8 months). Single segment was involved in 15 cases, two segments in 13 cases, and three segments in 3 cases. Preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) was 7.59±1.04; Oswestry disability index (ODI) was 76.21±5.82; and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was 9.21±1.64.

Results

A total of 120 screws were placed in 12 cadavers specimens. The coincidence rate of placed screw was 100%. A total of 162 screws were implanted in 31 patients. The operation time was 65-147 minutes (mean, 102.23 minutes); the intraoperative blood loss was 50-116 mL (mean, 78.20 mL); and the intraoperative radiation exposure time was 8-54 seconds (mean, 42 seconds). At 3-7 days after operation, CT showed that the coincidence rate of the placed screws was 98.15% (159/162). At 4 weeks after operation, VAS, ODI, and JOA score were 2.24±0.80, 29.17±2.50, and 23.43±1.14 respectively, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative ones (t=14.842, P=0.006; t=36.927, P=0.002; t=–36.031, P=0.001). Thirty-one patients were followed up 8-24 months (mean, 18.7 months). All incision healed by first intention, and no complication occurred. During the follow-up, X-ray film and CT showed that pedicle screw was accurately placed without loosening or breakage, and with good fusion of intervertebral bone graft.

Conclusion

3D-printing navigational templates in Quadrant minimally invasive system can help lumbar surgery gain minimal invasion, less radiation, and accurate placement.

Keywords: Quadrant system, lumbar pedicle screws, three-dimensional printing technology, minimal invasion, accurate placement


微创脊柱外科旨在以最小创伤达到最佳疗效[1-2]。临床常用的 Quadrant 系统通过建立可扩张的工作通道,无需广泛剥离肌肉及软组织,从而达到微创效果[3]。但其暴露的术野较小,手术中可辨认的解剖标志有限,如合并腰椎形态变异,螺钉植入仅依靠术者经验,具有一定难度。狭小通道内植钉一旦偏移,易损伤脊髓、神经[4]。手术精确化、微创化、数字化是现代外科发展趋势,数字化设计和 3D 打印技术辅助骨科手术已逐步应用于临床[5]。研究表明,基于 3D 打印的导航模块能按术前计划钉道实现个性化椎弓根植钉,术中无需反复透视,明显缩短了手术时间[6-8],在微创脊柱外科领域具有广阔应用前景[9]

目前,已有多种微创脊柱外科常用技术联合应用于临床手术的研究报道[10-11],但罕见 Quadrant 系统结合 3D 打印导航模块应用于脊柱微创植钉的报道。为更好进行术前策划、提升手术精确性和安全性,我们对经 Quadrant 系统微创通道以 3D 打印导航模块辅助腰椎植钉的基础和临床进行研究,探讨其可行性、关键技术及疗效。报告如下。

1. 基础研究

1.1. 实验方法

1.1.1 三维重建腰椎模型 防腐成人尸体腰椎(L1~5)标本 12 具,男性 10 具,女性 2 具,均由莆田学院基础医学院解剖实验室提供。CT 扫描腰椎标本,扫描参数 130 kV、21.6 mAs,螺距 0.625 mm;将获得的数据输入 Mimics 14.0 软件(Materialise 公司,比利时),设定阈值(148 Hu),区域增长(Region Growing)。将腰椎 Masks 通过三维编辑(Edit Mask in 3D)进行逐个三维重建(Calculate 3D),获得腰椎三维模型。见图 1

图 1.

图 1

Lumbar spine three-dimensional model a. Region growing; b. 3D editing; c, d. 3D reconstruction

腰椎三维模型 a. 区域增长; b. 三维编辑; c、d. 三维重建

1.1.2 钉道设计 以下步骤均于 Mimics 软件中完成。① 切割椎弓根:通过腰椎弓根中心长轴,直接纵行切割(菜单命令 Simulation\Cut orthogonal to Screen)。见图 2a。② 布置钉道:在椎弓根纵切面上沿椎弓根中心布置钉道(菜单命令 MedCAD\Cylinder)。放大钉道规格至临床常用腰椎椎弓根螺钉直径 6.5 mm,观察是否穿破皮质。见图 2b~d

图 2.

图 2

Design of screw path a. Cutting pedicle; b. Decorating screw path; c. Top view of enlarged screw path; d. Left view of enlarged screw path

钉道设计 a. 切割椎弓根; b. 布置钉道; c. 放大钉道上视图; d. 放大钉道左视图

1.1.3 设计并打印导航模块 以下步骤均于 Mimics 软件中完成。① 设计支持柱:复制钉道并放大至直径 10 mm,调节长度为距骨面约 70 mm。② 设计卡位模块:三维切割出导航模块卡位范围(Quadrant 系统通道下可剥离骨面):上关节突、乳突、副突及“人”字棘下凹。见图 3a。所切割模型放大(菜单命令 Simulation\Rescale)1.2 倍,获得厚度约 4 mm 的卡位模块雏形。见图 3b。③ 设计导航模块。通过布尔运算支持柱、卡位模块及椎骨获得最终导航模块。见图 3c。④ 将导航模块以 STL 格式文件输出,采用 Replicator 2 3D 打印机(Makerbot 公司,美国)以聚乳酸材料打印。见图 3d~f

图 3.

图 3

Design and manufacture of the navigational template a. Cutting of the bony surface; b. Enlarged model; c. Navigational template; d. The navigational template model ready for printing; e. Complete print; f. The fabricated navigational templates

设计并打印导航模块 a. 切割骨面; b. 放大模型;c. 导航模块; d. 3D 打印文件; e. 3D 打印实体;f. 打印成品

1.1.4 导航模块辅助植钉 ① 螺钉准备:根据术前 Mimics14.0 软件测量结果选择螺钉规格;② 手术入路:椎旁肌间隙入路(Wiltse 入路)剥离暴露卡位骨面;③ 导航模块卡位;④ 植钉:通过导航模块植入克氏针,空心锥丝攻,拧入螺钉。见图 4

图 4.

图 4

Placement of pedicle screws using the navigational template a. Navigational template clamping; b. Inserted pedicle screws

导航模块辅助腰椎椎弓根植钉 a. 导航模块卡位; b. 导航辅助植钉后

1.1.5 三维配准 植钉后标本再次进行 CT 扫描及三维重建,与原设计的三维模型逐个进行配准(菜单命令 Registration\Point & Global Registration):在术后三维模型上选择棘突中点为配准点,然后在术前三维模型上选择相同位置定位点,重复以上操作添加椎体两侧横突,共成 3 对配准点即可自动配准。将合并后的植入螺钉的腰椎模型与术前三维模型最大程度重叠,观察配准效果。标记术前设计以及术后实际进、出钉点,比较二者差异。

1.2. 结果

12 具标本 60 个节段共植入 120 枚螺钉,X 线片及 CT 检查示植钉效果良好,钉体均准确通过腰椎弓根中心长轴,实现术前设计,三维配准显示植钉符合率 100%。见图 5

图 5.

图 5

Imaging and registration of the 3D models a, b. Postoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films; c, d. Postoperative CT; e, f. Registration of the preoperative and postoperative 3D models; g, h. Registration of the screw

影像学检查及三维配准 a、b. 植钉后正侧位 X 线片; c、d. 植钉后 CT; e、f 三维配准;g、h. 螺钉配准

2. 临床应用

2.1. 临床资料

2.1.1 患者选择标准 纳入标准:① 存在下腰痛、神经放射痛、麻木、跛行、活动受限等神经根、马尾及血管受压症状 6 周以上,经保守治疗无效者。② 直腿抬高试验阳性。③ 影像学检查显示病变节段腰椎骨质增生、韧带肥厚、椎间盘突出、腰椎不稳、腰椎滑脱及脊柱侧弯等需手术减压、重建稳定性。④ 愿意接受导航模块辅助植钉并获随访者。

排除标准:① 临床症状与影像学表现不符。② 有腰椎手术史。③ 腰椎肿瘤、腰椎结核、创伤骨折、关节疾患等非腰椎退行性病变者。④ 存在腰椎感染或身体其他部位急性炎症者。⑤ 存在凝血功能障碍等手术禁忌证、心肺功能差不能接受手术者。

2014 年 11 月—2015 年 11 月,共 31 例退行性腰椎不稳患者符合选择标准纳入研究。患者均知情同意,本研究通过莆田学院附属医院伦理委员会批准。

2.1.2 一般资料 本组男 14 例,女 17 例;年龄 42~60 岁,平均 45.2 岁。病程 6~13 个月,平均 8.8 个月。单节段 15 例,两节段 13 例,三节段 3 例;病变节段:L3、4 6 个节段,L4、5 26 个节段,L5、S1 18 个节段。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)[12]为(7.59±1.04)分,Oswestry 功能障碍指数(ODI)评分[13]为(76.21±5.82)分,日本骨科协会(JOA)评分[14]为(9.21±1.64)分。

2.1.3 手术方法 术前本组患者均行 CT 扫描,并按照 1.1 方法制备导航模块。全麻下,患者俯卧于骨科手术床,C 臂 X 线机定位手术节段。采用两侧上、下椎弓根间连线的椎旁肌间隙入路,沿切口方向逐层切开,采用不同导管逐级扩张,选择合适深度的 Quadrant 叶片建立通道。显露术野,去除导航模块卡位骨面软组织,模块准确卡位后植入克氏针,空心锥丝攻,植入椎弓根螺钉,逐步完成减压、椎间融合,锁紧固定装置,透视确认内植物位置,放置引流管后缝合切口。术后 48 h 内术区引流量<30 mL 后拔除引流管,并开始功能锻炼。

2.1.4 统计学方法 采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数 ± 标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α = 0.01。

2.2. 结果

本组 31 例患者 50 个节段共植入 162 枚螺钉。手术时间 65~147 min,平均 102.23 min;术中出血量 50~116 mL,平均 78.20 mL;术中辐射暴露时间为 8~54 s,平均 42 s。术后 3~7 d 行 CT 三维重建,将术后腰椎三维模型按前述方法与术前模型重叠配准,植钉符合率为 98.15%(159/162)。术后 4 周 VAS 评分为(2.24 ± 0.80)分,ODI 评分为(29.17 ± 2.50)分,JOA 评分为(23.43 ± 1.14)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=14.842,P=0.006;t=36.927,P=0.002;t=–36.031,P=0.001)。

31 例患者均获随访,随访时间 8~24 个月,平均 18.7 个月。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无手术并发症发生。随访期间复查腰椎 X 线片及 CT 显示椎弓根螺钉准确在位,无松动、断裂,椎间植骨融合良好。见图 6

图 6.

图 6

A 50-year-old female patient with L3-5 spinal stenosis and instability a, b. Preoperative over-flexion and over-extension X-ray films; c. Preoperative cross-sectional CT; d. Design of the screw path and navigational templates; e. Placement of pedicle screws using the navigational template; f-h. CT at 4 days after operation; i, j. CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 1 year after operation, showing accurate position of internal fixation and intervertebral bone graft fusion

患者,女,50 岁,L3~5 腰椎管狭窄伴不稳 a、b. 术前过伸过屈位 X 线片; c. 术前 CT 横断面; d. 术前椎弓根植钉设计图;e. 术中于导航模板辅助下植钉; f~h. 术后第 4 天 CT; i、j 术后 1 年 CT 三维重建见内固定物准确在位,椎间植骨融合

3 讨论

3.1. Quadrant 系统下 3D 打印导航模块实现腰椎精准植钉的微创优势

微创脊柱外科技术是在保证良好手术效果的前提下,尽可能减少手术创伤及副损伤。这种高要求必须通过术前对椎弓根的全面评估、合理手术设计及准确实施才能实现[15]。数字化设计的显著特点是可以在虚拟环境中通过反复修改获得最适合病情的手术方案,在设计层面即可预测手术效果,而 3D 打印技术使得虚拟设计方案在临床实践中准确实施。我们的基础研究使用了导航模块辅助腰椎椎弓根植入螺钉 120 枚,无螺钉穿出椎弓根皮质,植钉与术前设计一致,植钉符合率达 100%,显著高于国内外腰椎椎弓根植钉成功率报道结果[16-17]。临床研究中导航模块辅助植钉 162 枚,其中 159 枚与术前设计一致,植钉符合率达 98.15%。

结合基础研究及临床应用,我们认为 Quadrant 系统下应用 3D 打印导航模块辅助植钉有如下优势:① 3D 打印导航模块可以克服空间限制,达到精确植钉[18];② 术者学习曲线短,术中只需暴露卡位骨面,实现良好卡位后即可植钉;③ 缩短了手术时间,减少了麻醉药用量,术中出血量及术后感染风险均降低,与文献报道一致[19-20],达到以微小创伤获得满意疗效的目的[21]

3.2. Quadrant 系统下 3D 打印导航模块设计要点

3.2.1 理想钉道设计要点 传统植钉方法是根据椎体后部骨性解剖标志选择最佳进钉点(即螺钉通过腰椎弓根中心长轴)后植钉,但椎体后部结构存在个体差异,每位患者最佳进钉点均可能变化。与传统首先选择最佳进钉点不同,本研究先设计通过腰椎弓根中心长轴的理想钉道,然后设计 3D 打印模块导航,解决了最佳进钉点与理想钉道间的矛盾。我们认为理想钉道应符合以下标准:① 在不穿出骨质前提下,螺钉在骨质中的长度最长,实现良好固定效果[22];② 钉道在单一节段以及腰椎整体上的钉道对称,实现良好生物力学性能。我们布置钉道的方法是通过腰椎弓根中心长轴,直接纵行切割椎弓根布置钉道,根据个体解剖结构选择最佳进钉点,最终实现个性化精准植钉。

3.2.2 导航模块设计要点 ① 以应用解剖学研究指导 Quadrant 系统微创通道下暴露模块可剥离骨面;② 卡位面形态学因素:卡位面不能过于平坦,对于骨质疏松症并严重骨质增生患者,构建导航模块时可适当扩大卡位面范围;③ 根据 Quadrant 套筒的特点设计钉道倾斜角和外展角。

3.3. Quadrant 系统下 3D 打印导航模块辅助腰椎植钉的实施要点

3D 打印导航模块辅助下腰椎植钉准确性取决于术中导航模块与骨面是否实现良好卡位。通过实际操作我们总结以下注意事项:① 骨膜剥离干净,以免影响卡位及导航效果;② Quadrant 系统微创通道下术野狭窄,必须通过牢靠卡位感来判断是否已经正确卡位,即多次卡位均为同一位置,表明已牢靠卡位,卡位后导航模块与骨质间摩擦力大,使之完全咬合;③ 符合钉道对称原则,指单一节段左、右钉道在同一水平面上,并与椎骨正中矢状面基本对称。植钉过程中两侧导航模块同时卡位及植入克氏针,再根据钉道对称原则进行左、右参照,有助于纠正导航模块的错位卡位,提高植钉准确率。

Funding Statement

福建省中青年教师教育科研项目(JA14274);福建省自然科学基金项目(2016J01607);福建省卫生和计划生育委员会青年科研课题(2015-2-32);福建省医学创新课题(2012-CX-34)

Young and Middle-aged Teachers Education Scientific Research Projects of Fujian Province (JA14274); Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2016J01607); Youth Scientific Research Projects of Fujian Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission (2015-2-32); Medical Innovation Projects of Fujian Province (2012-CX-34)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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