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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Aug;31(9):1098–1101. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201704032

前锯肌肌瓣在乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造中的应用

Application of serratus anterior muscle flap combined with breast implants for breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy

Lijun CHAI 1, Xuehui ZHANG 2,*
PMCID: PMC8458417  PMID: 29798568

Abstract

Objective

To investigate effectiveness of the combination of serratus anterior muscle flap and breast implants for breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy.

Methods

Between January 2015 and December 2015, 25 female patients with breast cancer were enrolled, aged 24-62 years (mean, 40.6 years). The tumor located at left side in 9 cases and right side in 16 cases; 14 cases were in the left upper quadrant, 4 cases were in the left lower quadrant, 7 cases were on the top of the breast. All cases were invasive ductal carcinoma. According to TNM staging, 14 cases were at stageⅠand 11 cases were at stageⅡA. The diameter of lumps were all less than 3 cm. All those lumps were solitary and without distant metastasis. The sentinel nodes were all negative. After modified radical mastectomy, the breasts were reconstructed by serratus anterior muscle flap and breast implants. The nipples were spared in 22 cases.

Results

The operation time was 113-148 minutes (mean, 136 minutes). All breasts survived and incisions healed at stageⅠ. There was no complication such as hematoma, infection, etc. All patients were followed up 6-18 months (mean, 15 months). Except 1 case, the others were evaluated according to the criteria of the reconstructed breast at 12 months after operation. Among them, 23 cases were evaluated as good and 1 case as fair. There was no tumor recurrence during the follow-up period.

Conclusion

The combination of serratus anterior muscle flap and breast implants after the modified radical mastectomy is a handy approach of breast reconstruction which is less harmful with few postoperative complications. It also gains a high degree of satisfaction from patients for good breast shape.

Keywords: Breast cancer, modified radical mastectomy, breast reconstruction, serratus anterior muscle flap, implant


乳腺癌是临床常见恶性肿瘤之一,在我国居女性恶性肿瘤发病率首位,且发病率逐年上升,呈年轻化趋势[1-2]。改良根治术是乳腺癌综合治疗的首选方法,但会造成患者形体创伤,严重影响患者生活质量[3]。因此根治术后进行乳房再造具有重要意义。目前,临床主要选择背阔肌皮瓣、横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣来修复乳房缺损,再造乳房[4]。但采用背阔肌皮瓣损伤相对较大,额外增加了背部切口及相关并发症发生率[5];横行腹直肌肌皮瓣对腹壁创伤大,手术时间相对较长,并发症相对较多,不宜作为较小乳房患者首选术式[6]。2015 年 1 月—12 月,我们收治 25 例乳腺癌患者,于乳腺癌改良根治术后采用前锯肌肌瓣联合假体植入再造乳房,获得满意效果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

本组患者均为女性;年龄 24~62 岁,平均 40.6 岁。左侧 9 例,右侧 16 例。均为浸润性导管癌。TNM 分期:Ⅰ期 14 例,ⅡA 期 11 例。肿瘤位于外上象限 14 例,上方 7 例,外下象限 4 例。均为单发肿块,直径<3 cm。前哨淋巴结均为阴性。患者乳房体积均为中-小型,无明显下垂,均有乳房再造要求。

1.2. 术前设计

术前患者站立位,测量并标记双乳胸乳距、乳头间距、乳房下皱襞、健侧乳房突度、基底径、高度及假体腔的分离范围等;根据健侧乳房高度、基底径、突度选择合适假体[7]。见图 1

图 1.

图 1

Preoperative right mammary design

右乳腺癌术前设计

1.3. 手术方法

患者取仰卧位,双上肢外展 90° 固定,患侧肩下垫一薄枕,患侧胸部靠近床边。根据肿块位置及大小设计手术切口。全麻下,首先行乳腺肿块切除术,切除组织送快速冰冻病理检查,结果示乳腺浸润性导管癌;然后行前哨淋巴结活检、乳头后组织快速冰冻病理检查及乳腺癌改良根治术。本组 22 例行保留乳头乳晕的乳房再造;2 例术中乳头后组织快速冰冻病理检查结果提示乳头后组织有癌细胞浸润、1 例肿块距乳头<2 cm,切除乳头乳晕复合体,行保留皮肤的乳房再造。于胸大、小肌之间分离假体腔,离断胸大肌内侧下段和下方肋骨附着点,向下游离至乳房下皱襞标记线,向内分离至胸骨旁标记线,建立胸大肌后方假体囊袋。自胸小肌外缘分离前锯肌,切开前锯肌前缘,沿前锯肌前、后面向背后方向分离前锯肌,根据假体体积决定分离前锯肌的面积,建立胸大肌和前锯肌下方假体囊袋[8]。本组 1 例健侧乳房体积稍大、下垂,为与健侧对称防止假体下垂度不足,切断部分前锯肌。游离过程中注意保护胸长神经、胸外侧动脉、胸背神经等结构。将假体植入假体囊袋内,间断缝合胸大肌与前锯肌,完全覆盖假体。为防止假体移位,可将胸大肌外上与胸壁缝合 1~2 针。彻底止血,检查无渗血后,假体囊袋内、外分别放置负压引流管,用可吸收线连续皮内缝合皮肤,无菌敷料包扎固定。见图 2

图 2.

图 2

Sketch map of operation design

手术设计示意图

1.4. 术后处理

术后保持负压引流管通畅,妥善固定,防止引流液返流,造成逆行感染。严密观察引流液的颜色、性质及引流量,待 24 h 引流量少于 10~15 mL 时,结合患者情况决定拔管时间。根据术后病理及免疫组织化学检查结果,本组 25 例患者术后均接受化疗。

2. 结果

本组手术时间 113~148 min,平均 136 min。术后再造乳房均全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合,无血肿、感染等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间 6~18 个月,平均 15 个月。术后 12 个月时参照再造乳房评价标准[9],以健侧作为标准,从形态、大小、位置及患者满意度评价,分为良、中、差 3 个等级。良:重建乳房及乳头、乳晕大小与健侧基本相同,位置对称,患者非常满意;中:重建乳房大小、位置与健侧无显著差异,着装后双乳无明显差别,患者比较满意;差:重建乳房与健侧明显不对称,乳头乳晕大小、位置与健侧不对称,着装后双乳差别明显,患者不满意。除1例患者未随访至12个月外,其余24例患者中获良 23 例,中 1 例(再造乳房位置稍偏高)。随访期间无肿瘤复发。见图 3

图 3.

A 38-year-old female patient with the invasive ductal carcinoma of right breast

患者,女,38 岁,右乳浸润性导管癌

a. 术前;b. 术后 6 个月

a. Before operation; b. At 6 months after operation

图 3

3. 讨论

前锯肌位于胸壁外侧面,是一块四边形的宽大扁肌,起自第 1 肋至第 8 肋或第 9 肋,止于同侧肩胛骨内侧缘。各个肌束呈多指状排列,从上至下肌束逐渐变大、变长,下部肌束相对较厚[10]。采用前锯肌肌瓣再造乳房具有以下优点:① 供区隐蔽,并发症少[11],血管变异少,血管网丰富;② 肌瓣能无张力转移至受区,可保持乳房外形而不萎缩;③ 切取方式灵活,利用部分前锯肌肌瓣行乳房再造术后,患者不会出现“翼状肩”,也不会影响患侧上肢功能;④ 无需额外作切口,再造乳房的外形较为美观;⑤ 手术操作简便,时间较短,本组平均手术时间为 136 min,较背阔肌皮瓣乳房再造及横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造手术时间明显缩短[12],减少了损伤,有利于患者术后恢复;⑥ 适合于术后仍有生育要求的患者。

手术注意事项:① 根据健侧乳房体积,术前仔细评估所需假体体积及术中需要游离假体腔的范围,如健侧乳房体积过大或下垂可行健侧乳房缩小或上提术。② 术中勿挤压前锯肌肌瓣,注意保护其血供。③ 术后保持引流管通畅,以利于积液引流,预防血肿形成。④ 行改良根治术时,游离皮瓣皮下保留 3~5 mm 组织;尽可能薄一些,以降低肿瘤复发率;另外乳头乳晕皮下应保留较多组织,达 5 cm 左右,有利于术后乳头乳晕的成活。⑤ 术中经快速冰冻病理检查,确定乳头乳晕皮下组织无肿瘤细胞残留后,才能行保留乳头乳晕的乳房再造。⑥ 为达到乳房再造后双侧乳房对称,假体选择应以健侧作为参考。但是因假体放置后,假体表面有胸大肌与前锯肌保护,故选择的假体宽度应较健侧缩小 1 cm;而术前测量健侧乳房突度时会受到肋弓及脂肪影响,所以选择的假体突度应超过健侧 1 cm。⑦ 术前注意保护胸肩峰动脉和胸前神经,维持胸大肌血液供应,预防胸大肌萎缩,确保再造乳房外形。⑧ 关闭切口时进行内固定,即近腋窝处将胸大肌与胸壁缝合固定,以避免术后假体移位。⑨ 参照健侧乳房下皱襞形态和位置,重塑患侧乳房下皱襞。本组术后无 1 例肌瓣坏死,无严重并发症发生。但是与背阔肌皮瓣及带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造相比,前锯肌肌瓣联合假体乳房再造的适应证相对较高,要求患者乳房体积为中-小型且下垂度不明显。

综上述,前锯肌肌瓣联合假体植入乳房再造术不仅能满足肿瘤规范治疗的要求,也不增加局部复发的风险[13],具有手术操作简便、手术时间短、损伤小、术后恢复较快、并发症少,乳房再造形态良好,患者满意度高的优点,还避免了供区组织损害或瘢痕[14]。此外,如假体乳房再造失败后还可以应用自体组织进行乳房再造。该术式是乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造较好方法之一。

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