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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Aug;31(9):1043–1048. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201702069

同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折手术疗效分析

Effectiveness analysis of surgical treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck fracture and subtrochanteric fracture

Qi SUN 1, Gen LI 1, Wei GE 1, Guanghua LU 1, Ming CAI 1,*, Shaohua LI 1,*
PMCID: PMC8458421  PMID: 29798559

Abstract

Objective

To discuss the effectiveness of intramedullary nail fixation with selective cable wiring in the treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck fracture and subtrochanteric fracture.

Methods

Between June 2012 and December 2015, a total of 19 patients with ipsilateral femoral neck fracture and subtrochanteric fracture underwent closed reduction of femoral neck fracture and intramedullary nail fixation combined with selective cable wiring. There were 5 males and 14 females with a median age of 52 years (range, 35-77 years). The cause of injury included traffic accident injury in 17 cases and falling injury in 2 cases. According to Garden classification for femoral neck fractures, 7 cases were rated as type Ⅱ, 8 as type Ⅲ, and 4 as type Ⅳ. Femoral subtrochanteric fractures were classified by Seinsheimer classification, with 9 cases as type Ⅱ, 5 as type Ⅲ, 3 as type Ⅳ, and 2 as type V. The interval from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 7 days with an average of 3.7 days.

Results

The operation time was 58-125 minutes (mean, 82.4 minutes) and the intraoperative blood loss was 225-725 mL (mean, 289.5 mL). All incisions achieved healing by first intention and no early complication such as infection was observed. All patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 13.9 months). At 1 month after operation, the tip apex distance was 9-23 mm (mean, 15.2 mm). All patients achieved bone union with the healing time of 18-42 weeks (mean, 27.4 weeks). One case of hip varus and femoral neck re-displacement (femoral neck shaft angle was 122°) occurred at 3 months after operation, which achieved bone union at 42 weeks after operation. Five patients complained of postoperative pain with the visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 1-3 (mean, 1.8), which did not influence normal life. A total of 16 patients recovered preoperative hip function. During follow-up, no fracture nonunion, femoral head necrosis, implant failure, screw cut-out, and loosening of cable wiring was observed. The Harris hip score (HSS) was 72-92 (mean, 82.8) at last follow-up and 15 patients (78.9%) achieved good hip function.

Conclusion

Intramedullary nail fixation combined with selective cable wiring was effective in the treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck fracture and subtrochanteric fracture.

Keywords: Subtrochanteric fracture, femoral neck fracture, intramedullary nail, cable wiring, internal fixation


近年,人口老龄化导致骨质疏松患者增多,股骨近端骨折发生率逐年增加,有报道认为未来 25 年,股骨近端骨折患者将是目前的 2 倍[1-2]。同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折患者占股骨转子下骨折患者的 1%~9%[3-4],该类骨折手术治疗难度很大。转子下区域的特殊解剖结构决定其需要承受髋部肌肉拉力和高弯曲应力[5],骨折断端易发生移位,同时该区域有限的血管分布也影响转子下骨折的愈合。因此,股骨转子下骨折在复位及固定等方面仍存在不少难题。此外,股骨颈骨折的手术治疗并发症发生率较高[6-7],恢复股骨颈骨折的良好复位并维持有效固定具有重要意义[7]。因此,同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折的手术治疗对于骨科医师是一个挑战。

目前对于同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折治疗策略各异,文献报道该类骨折保守治疗疗效不佳[8-9],但对于股骨颈和转子下骨折的最佳手术治疗并未达成共识。同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折的主要治疗方式包括股骨锁定钢板联合股骨颈螺钉、重建钉、滑动髋部螺钉联合防旋螺钉以及髓内钉联合钢缆环扎等[10-15]。髓内钉因其良好的生物力学特性以及微创特性,被逐渐应用于同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子间骨折的治疗[14, 16]。髓内钉合并钢缆环扎可增强骨折固定的稳定性,并促进患者早期活动[17],且闭合复位股骨颈骨折可减少对股骨颈血供的损伤以及减少股骨颈骨折不愈合风险。2012 年 6 月—2015 年 12 月,我们通过闭合复位股骨颈骨折,应用微创切口髓内钉联合选择性钢缆环扎固定同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折 19 例,获较好疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折。排除标准:① 开放性骨折;② 既往有患肢骨折或合并其他部位骨折;③ 陈旧性髋部骨折;④ 病理性骨折;⑤ 合并严重的心肺肝肾以及严重的血液系统疾病。2012 年 6 月—2015 年 12 月共 19 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。本研究获本院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。

本组男 5 例,女 14 例;年龄 35~77 岁,中位年龄 52 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 17 例,摔伤 2 例。左侧 4 例,右侧 15 例。股骨颈骨折根据 Garden 分型:Ⅱ 型 7 例,Ⅲ 型 8 例,Ⅳ 型 4 例;股骨转子下骨折根据 Seinsheimer 分型:Ⅱ 型 9 例,Ⅲ 型 5 例,Ⅳ 型 3 例,Ⅴ 型 2 例。所有患者均通过 X 线片及髋关节、股骨 CT 确诊。受伤至手术时间 2~7 d,平均 3.7 d。

1.2. 手术方法

全麻下,患者仰卧于可透视的骨科牵引床上,健侧肢体取半截石位,方便术中透视和远端锁钉。应用 C 臂 X 线机正侧位透视髋关节和转子下骨折处,透视下首先闭合复位股骨颈骨折:将患肢大腿上端向外侧并纵向牵引,解除股骨颈骨折的嵌插;在双向牵引前提下,将患肢内收内旋,仔细调节角度和牵引力度,恢复股骨颈骨折的解剖复位,透视确认股骨颈骨折复位情况。然后 C 臂 X 线机透视定位股骨转子下骨折。在股骨转子下骨折外侧作一长 4~6 cm 的皮肤纵切口,切开阔筋膜,钝性分离股外侧肌,直至露出转子下骨折端。直视下彻底清除骨折断端嵌插的软组织,将三爪持骨钳放置于转子下骨折处便于辅助骨折复位。通过患肢旋转牵引等方式,调整骨折远端位置以达到转子下骨折的解剖复位,然后将三爪持骨钳旋紧固定骨折,在髓内钉固定前不移动持骨钳位置。自股骨大转子上方 3 cm 处作一长 3~5 cm 的纵切口,打开阔筋膜,选取大结节顶点作为进针点。按照股骨髓内钉 InterTan(施乐辉公司,美国)的常规固定方式进行髓内钉内固定术。本组所有髓内钉均为长钉,远端进行静态锁钉。对于转子下骨折端进行选择性地钢缆环扎辅助固定:适度松开三爪持骨钳保持原位,观察转子下骨折断端移位情况,若骨折移位>5 mm,则进行钢缆环扎固定(本组 7 例);若骨折移位<5 mm,则不进行钢缆环扎固定(本组 12 例)。C 臂 X 线机透视确认骨折复位良好,冲洗切口,检查有无活动性出血,逐层关闭切口。

1.3. 术后处理及随访指标

术后 1 周鼓励患者进行患肢被动运动,并逐渐增加活动范围。术后 8 周内禁止负重,8 周后逐渐开始部分负重;根据影像学判定骨折愈合后开始完全负重练习时间。

记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间及相关并发症。首次随访时(术后 1 个月)摄 X 线片测量尖顶距,观察骨折移位情况;采用 Harris 髋关节功能评分(HHS)评价髋关节功能,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价患者术后疼痛情况。

2. 结果

本组手术时间 58~125 min,平均 82.4 min;术中出血量 225~725 mL,平均 289.5 mL。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等早期并发症发生。19 例均获随访,随访时间 12~18 个月,平均 13.9 个月。术后 1 个月患者尖顶距为 9~23 mm,平均 15.2 mm。患者骨折均愈合,愈合时间 18~42 周,平均 27.4 周;其中 1 例术后 3 个月出现轻度髋内翻,股骨颈出现轻度移位,颈干角约 122°,术后 42 周骨折愈合。5 例患者主诉骨折处轻微疼痛,不影响正常生活,VAS 评分为 1~3 分,平均 1.8 分;其余患者 VAS 评分均为 0 分。16 例患者逐渐恢复至术前行走水平。随访期间无骨不连、股骨头缺血性坏死、内固定失败、螺钉切出及钢缆松动等并发症发生。末次随访时 HHS 评分为 72~92 分,平均 82.8 分;患者髋关节功能优 3 例、良 12 例、中 4 例,优良率为 78.9%。见图 1

图 1.

A 43-year-old male patient with femoral neck fracture (Garden type ) and subtrochanteric fracture (Seinsheimer type ) at right by traffic accident injury

患者,男,43 岁,交通事故伤致右侧股骨颈骨折(Garden 分型 型)合并转子下骨折(Seinsheimer分型 型)

a. 术前髋关节 X 线片;b. 术前股骨近端 X 线片;c. 术前 CT 示股骨颈骨折;d. 术前 CT 示股骨转子下骨折;e、f. 股骨颈骨折复位固定术后即刻正侧位 X 线片;g. 术后即刻股骨远端锁钉 X 线片;h、i. 术后 1 年股骨近端锁钉正侧位 X 线片;j、k. 术后 1 年股骨远端锁钉正侧位 X 线片;l、m. 术后 1 年髋关节功能位

a. X-ray film of hip joint before operation; b. X-ray film of proximal femur before operation; c. CT before operation, showing femoral neck fracture; d. CT before operation, showing subtrochanteric fracture; e, f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at immediate after reduction and fixation of femoral neck fracture; g. X-ray film of distal femoral nail at immediate after operation; h, i. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of proximal femoral nail at 1 year after operation; j, k. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of distal femoral nail at 1 year after operation; l, m. Functional position of hip joint at 1 year after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

虽然同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折占股骨干骨折比例不高,但该类骨折手术治疗非常困难[18]。本研究中,我们通过应用微创入路复位钳辅助复位转子下骨折,髓内钉联合选择性钢缆固定同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折,术后 15 例(78.9%)患者髋关节功能恢复良好,16 例(84.2%)患者恢复术前行走水平,仅 1 例出现股骨颈轻度内翻,但骨折最终愈合。随访过程中,未出现内固定失败、螺钉切出、早期股骨头缺血性坏死及钢缆松动等严重并发症。

对于同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折的最佳固定方式尚无统一意见。同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折的固定方式主要分为髓内固定和髓外固定[19]。有研究应用股骨近端钢板联合股骨颈螺钉治疗 47 例同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折,5 例(10.6%)出现骨折不愈合[12]。同时有研究认为,股骨近端骨折应用股骨近端锁定钢板固定治疗失败率较高(41.1%)[20]。与之相比,髓内钉有良好的生物力学特性,可作为承重轴,利于患者早期活动。髓内钉作为承重轴的作用对于内侧柱丢失的转子下骨折更为重要[17, 21];应用髓内钉固定股骨转子下骨折的并发症发生率明显低于髓外固定[19, 22-24]。Jain 等[14]运用股骨重建钉固定同侧股骨颈骨折合并股骨干骨折,发现 23 例患者中出现 1 例股骨颈不愈合,1 例股骨头坏死,4 例股骨干不愈合。有文献报道髓内钉 2 枚头钉在增强骨折固定方面的生物力学稳定性优于 1 枚头钉[25-26]。因此我们研究中选用 InterTan 进行骨折固定,InterTan 有 2 枚头钉,其加压螺钉和拉力螺钉的组合形成特有的线性加压技术,能够有效减少股骨颈骨折移位以及螺钉切出等并发症。本研究中我们选用的髓内钉为远端静态锁钉,因为静态锁定具有软组织剥离少、生物稳定性好及减少肢体短缩等优势[27],骨折愈合时间短于动态锁钉[28-29],同时可为股骨颈骨折合并转子间骨折提供有效稳定性[30-31]。此外,患者术中出血量平均 289.5 mL,明显低于其他手术方式(动力髋螺钉 525 mL,髓内钉+松质骨螺钉 422.9 mL)[32]

目前大部分骨科医师认为应首先复位固定股骨颈骨折[33-34]。股骨颈骨折的手术治疗常伴发股骨头缺血性坏死、内固定失败及再手术等并发症[24],因此骨折内固定过程中股骨颈良好复位及有效的骨折固定十分重要[17]。我们首先闭合复位股骨颈骨折,可减少对股骨颈骨折周围血供的影响,同时减少手术时间[35]。本研究中,仅有 1 例(5.3%)患者出现股骨颈骨折轻度移位,最终股骨颈骨折愈合。该患者股骨颈骨折为 Garden Ⅳ 型,转子下骨折为 Seinsheimer Ⅴ 型,骨折移位严重,骨折复位困难导致手术时间增长、术中出血量增多,可能对术后骨折愈合造成了不良影响;且该患者为 57 岁中年女性,骨折条件较差导致内固定稳定性较差,这也是造成术后股骨颈骨折内翻的重要因素之一。对于此类患者,我们建议在抗骨质疏松和促进成骨的同时,适当减缓患者患肢康复锻炼的进程。随访过程中我们未观察到骨折不愈合或早期股骨头缺血性坏死发生,但由于随访时间较短,还需要更长时间随访观察股骨头缺血性坏死发生率。

股骨近端肌肉的应力通常导致转子下骨折出现特征性的骨折模式,股骨近端外旋外展移位,股骨远端内收短缩移位[5]。转子下骨折的复位不良、骨折对位不佳会造成骨折畸形愈合、不愈合,甚至出现内固定失败。诸多辅助复位方法和工具,例如骨钩、霍夫曼拉钩及“joystick”等,可以用于复位转子下骨折,但上述方法难以在整个手术过程中有效地维持骨折复位[36]。本研究中,我们应用微创切口通过复位钳辅助复位固定转子下骨折,可在手术全程中维持良好的转子下骨折复位。Hernández-Vaquero 等[37]应用长 Gamma 钉固定反转子间斜行骨折,47 例患者中仅81%获得骨折复位,我们认为此类骨折应用复位钳可以获得更好复位。此外,钢缆环扎可用于辅助髓内钉固定转子下骨折,以维持骨折的良好复位[38]。Hoskins 等[38]认为解剖复位是治疗转子下骨折成功的关键,通过回顾性研究发现钢缆环扎能够有效恢复骨折复位,对于需要切开复位的转子下骨折,作者推荐应用钢缆环扎辅助固定转子下骨折。Müller 等[39]的生物力学试验也支持应用钢缆环扎,增强对内侧骨皮质的有效支撑,减少固定失败风险。Ban 等[40]认为钢缆环扎能够辅助髓内钉固定不稳定转子下骨折,有效维持骨折的良好复位,并且骨折不愈合风险无明显增加。但不少研究认为钢缆环扎会影响骨膜血供,进而影响骨折愈合[5, 41-42],同时钢缆环扎导致更多软组织剥离,增加手术时间和手术感染风险[5, 42]。因此,在本研究中,我们对于髓内钉固定后位置良好的转子下骨折不做进一步处理,尽可能减少潜在的对骨膜血供的影响。对于髓内钉固定后移位较大的转子下骨折(>5 mm),应用钢缆环扎进行辅助固定,以维持转子下骨折的良好复位。

综上述,髓内钉合并选择性钢缆环扎固定同侧股骨颈骨折合并转子下骨折,能够通过提供良好的稳定性恢复髋关节功能。但本研究不足之处在于无对照组,且研究样本量较小、随访时间较短,还需要开展长期随访的大样本临床对照试验进一步验证其疗效。

Funding Statement

上海市自然科学基金项目(14ZR1432600)

Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (14ZR1432600)

Contributor Information

明 蔡 (Ming CAI), Email: cmdoctor@tongji.edu.cn.

少华 李 (Shaohua LI), Email: tjdxsq@tongji.edu.cn.

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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