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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Aug;31(9):1055–1058. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201704016

人工全膝关节置换术中采用骨水泥联合螺钉修复胫骨平台骨缺损的近期疗效

Short-term effectiveness of bone cement combined with screws for repairing tibial plateau defect in total knee arthroplasty

Shaofeng LIU 1, Sen WANG 1, Tianhao WU 1, Zhongwei FAN 1, Yue ZHANG 1, Yong RAO 1, Meiyun TAN 1,*
PMCID: PMC8458431  PMID: 29798561

Abstract

Objective

To summarize the effectiveness of bone cement combined with screws for repairing tibial plateau defect in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

Between March 2013 and March 2016, 30 patients were treated with TKA and bone cement combined with screws for repairing tibial plateau defect. Of the 30 patients, 8 were male and 22 were female, with an average age of 64.7 years (range, 55-71 years). And 17 cases were involved in left knees and 13 cases in right knees; 22 cases were osteoarthritis and 8 cases were rheumatoid arthritis. The disease duration ranged from 9 to 27 months (mean, 14 months). Knee Society Score (KSS) was 41.63±6.76. Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS) was 38.10±7.00. The varus deformity of knee were involved in 19 cases and valgus deformity in 11 cases. According to the Rand classification criteria, tibial plateau defect were rated as type Ⅱb.

Results

All incisions healed by first intention, without infection or deep vein thrombosis. All the patients were followed up 27.5 months on average (range, 10-42 months). At last follow-up, HSS score was 90.70±4.18 and KSS score was 93.20±3.75, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative values (t=–58.014, P=0.000; t=–60.629, P=0.000).

Conclusion

It is a simple and safe method to repair tibial plateau defect complicated with varus and valgus deformities with bone cement and srews in TKA.

Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty, tibial plateau, bone defect, bone cement, screw


严重膝内、外翻畸形常合并不同程度胫骨平台骨缺损,多为非包容性骨缺损,胫骨平台内外侧均可见,但以内侧为主。初次人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中,胫骨平台骨缺损处理方法有骨水泥填充[1-2]、同种异体植骨[3-4]、金属加强块[5],需要根据缺损位置、形态与深度进行选择[6-7]。对于较小的胫骨平台骨缺损通常采用骨水泥加强或植入同种异体骨;对于较大的缺损通常采用结构性植骨或金属加强块[8-9]。但是以上方法也有自身不足及适应证。如植骨术多用于 TKA 术中胫骨平台包容性骨缺损[10],存在如细菌性和病毒性感染风险,免疫应答、骨吸收、应力性骨折等问题,可能导致假体松动下沉等风险[11-12]。金属加强块适用于 Rand Ⅱ型骨缺损,操作简便,并对假体的承重和关节活动提供良好的生物力学支持[13-15];但价格高、需要特殊定制,而且存在术前定制的假体与术中实际情况不完全吻合的风险,进而增加了手术难度是其不足。另外金属与骨之间的摩擦容易造成骨质流失,加之金属块与韧带长期磨损会出现不同程度的慢性疼痛,因此不适用于年轻患者[16]。2013 年 3 月—2016 年 3 月,我们对 30 例骨关节炎或类风湿性关节炎患者行初次 TKA,术中采用骨水泥联合螺钉修复胫骨平台骨缺损,获得良好近期疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 初次行 TKA;② 内侧或外侧胫骨平台骨缺损深度达 5~15 mm,面积占胫骨平台的 25%~50%;③ 经保守治疗后膝关节疼痛无缓解。排除标准:① 伴有严重内科疾病或绝对手术禁忌证患者;② 伴严重骨质疏松;③ 临床资料不完整。2013 年 3 月—2016 年 3 月,共 30 例(30 膝)患者符合选择标准,纳入研究。

1.2. 一般资料

本组男 8 例,女 22 例;年龄 55~71 岁,平均 64.7 岁。左膝 17 例,右膝 13 例。骨关节炎 22 例,类风湿性关节炎 8 例。病程 9~27 个月,平均 14 个月。患者主要临床症状为膝关节疼痛,活动受限。膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)评分为(41.63±6.76)分,美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分为(38.10±7.00)分。术前 X 线片显示膝内翻畸形 19 例,膝外翻畸形 11 例;均合并胫骨平台骨缺损。

1.3. 手术方法

手术均由同一术者完成。采用蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉,患者取仰卧位,患肢上止血带。取膝前正中切口,分离皮肤及皮下组织,从髌旁内侧入路切开关节囊,暴露膝关节。切断交叉韧带及去除半月板,适当松解内、外侧软组织并清理周围骨赘。股骨采用髓内定位,对股骨远端外翻 6° 截骨。综合参考后髁轴及 Whiteside 线作股骨后 3° 外旋角截骨。胫骨采用髓外定位,以胫骨最高点为基点,垂直于胫骨机械轴行 8~10 mm 截骨,平衡内、外侧软组织。截骨后显露胫骨平台骨缺损面积及形态,均为非包容性骨缺损,根据 Rand[8]分型标准均为Ⅱb 型;剔除覆盖于骨缺损区表面的硬化骨,并于骨面钻多个小孔,垂直关节线拧入 1~3 枚直径 5 mm、长 20 mm 或 25 mm 的皮质骨螺钉,钉尾高度与截骨面齐平。根据骨缺损区面积加压填充聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥,并安放假体;本组采用德国 Heraeus Medical GmbH 公司骨水泥 12 例,美国 DePuy 公司骨水泥 18 例;美国 Zimmer 公司 NexGen 类型假体10例,北京优材京航生物科技有限公司全膝关节假体2例,美国 DePuy 公司 PFC 假体 18 例。术毕,常规留置引流管后,关闭切口。

1.4. 术后处理

术后常规抗凝、抗感染治疗,待 24 h 引流量低于 50 mL 后拔除引流管;拔管后在 CPM 机协助下开始功能锻炼。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

本组术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间 10~42 个月,平均 27.5 个月。末次随访时,HSS 评分为(90.70±4.18)分、KSS 评分为(93.20±3.75)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=–58.014,P=0.000;t=–60.629,P=0.000)。X 线片复查示,本组均未出现假体下沉、骨溶解、骨吸收、螺钉松动、骨水泥断裂等并发症。见图 1

图 1.

A 62-year-old female patient with osteoarthritis combined with valgus deformity and tibial plateau defect

患者,女,62 岁,右膝骨关节炎伴膝外翻畸形、胫骨平台骨缺损

a、b. 术前正侧位 X 线片;c、d. 术后即刻正侧位 X 线片;e、f. 术后 2 年正侧位 X 线片;g. 术后 2 年膝关节伸屈功能

a, b. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films before operation; c, d. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at immediate after operation; e, f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 2 years after operation; g. Knee function at 2 years after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

骨水泥技术运用于临床的时间较长,1991 年 Lotke 等[17]首先报道胫骨平台骨缺损深度<20 mm 以及缺损面积<50% 时,单纯骨水泥填充即可获得满意效果。但是由于骨水泥有生物弹性以及抗变形能力较差,在硬化收缩时可能导致骨水泥与硬化骨出现分离,因此对预计假体寿命较短的患者不适用。Ritter 等[1]首次报道运用骨水泥加螺钉技术修复 57 例深度为 4~13 mm 的胫骨平台骨缺损,均获 13 年以上随访,未出现手术失败。Chen 等[15]提出了运用梯形截骨以加强剪切力的观点,当缺损深度<5 mm 时行单纯胫骨平台填充;对于缺损深度为 5~10 mm、面积未达胫骨平台 50% 时,宜选择骨水泥联合螺钉修复胫骨平台。Berend 等[18]报道对于深度超过 5~10 mm、面积超过胫骨平台 50% 的骨缺损,使用螺钉联合骨水泥修复后手术失败率无明显增加。以上研究提示,螺钉联合骨水泥可用于修复 TKA 中胫骨平台骨缺损。

本组 30 例患者 TKA 术中均采用骨水泥联合螺钉修复胫骨平台骨缺损,术后经 10~42 个月随访,患者膝关节内、外翻畸形均获得矫正,生活基本自理,HSS、KSS 评分较术前改善明显。但与植骨术相比,骨水泥联合螺钉自身无骨组织修复能力,必然存在无菌性松动以及骨水泥断裂的风险[19-21],但本组尚未见明显假体松动、断裂,骨水泥填充区域未见明显透亮带,螺钉无明显松动、移位及断裂等并发症,这可能与本组患者随访时间有限有关,远期并发症发生情况有待进一步观察。我们认为螺钉联合骨水泥修复胫骨平台骨缺损的优势在于:① 与单纯骨水泥填充相比,联合螺钉植入可获得更好的稳定性以及强度;② 骨水泥获得以及操作相对简便,固定较稳定,降低了感染风险,近期疗效较好[22-23]。③ 与骨植入、金属加强块相比,手术成本较低。

术中注意事项:① 尽量剔除覆盖在胫骨平台骨缺损处硬化的皮质骨,并于骨面钻多个小孔,以利于骨水泥灌入;② 根据骨缺损的形态以及深度,本组患者植入直径 5 mm、长度 20 mm 或 25 mm 的皮质骨螺钉,均获得良好的稳定性;螺钉方向尽量与关节线垂直,钉尾高度与截骨面对齐,有利于减少螺钉周围受到骨水泥的剪切力;③ 填充骨水泥修复骨缺损与植入假体同时进行。

综上述,运用骨水泥联合螺钉修复TKA术中胫骨平台骨缺损近期疗效较好、并发症少,有利于膝关节功能恢复,患者满意度高。但本研究为回顾性研究,样本量有限,随访时间短,未与其他方法进行对比,对于的远期效果以及用于面积较大的骨缺损的疗效,仍需要进一步随访观察。

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