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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Aug;31(8):982–986. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201703113

齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的诊治

Treatment of odontoid fracture combined with lower cervical spinal cord injuries without fracture or dislocation

Wei ZHANG 1, Haiyang YU 1,*, Chengmin LIANG 1, Wei JIAO 1, Jie CAO 1, Chao LI 1
PMCID: PMC8458596  PMID: 29806437

Abstract

Objective

To discuss the clinical characteristics, mechanism, and treatment of odontoid fracture combined with lower cervical spinal cord injuries without fracture or dislocation.

Methods

According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 7 male patients aged 37-71 years (mean, 51.4 years), suffered from odontoid fractures combined with lower cervical spinal cord injuries without fracture or dislocation were analyzed retrospectively between June 2007 and October 2015. The trauma causes were traffic accidents in 2 cases, fall in 2 cases, and hit injury in 3 cases. The time from injury to admission was 2 hours to 3 days with an average of 9 hours. According to Anderson-Grauer classification of odontoid fracture, 1 case of type IIA, 3 cases of type IIB, 2 cases of type IIC, and 1 case of shallow type III were found. The cervical spinal cord injuries affected segments included C4, 5 in 1 case, C4–6 in 2 cases, and C5–7 in 4 cases. All the cervical spine had different degenerative changes: 2 of mild, 3 of moderate, and 2 of severe. The lower cervical spinal cord injury was assessed by Sub-axial Injury Classification (SLIC) with scoring of 4-6 (mean, 5.1). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the occipital neck pain with scoring of 7.8±1.0; the neurological function was assessed by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) as grade B in 1 case, grade C in 4 cases, and grade D in 2 cases; and Japanese Orthopedic Association score (JOA) was 9.2±3.9. For the odontoid fractures, 4 cases were fixed with anterior screw while the others were fixed with posterior atlantoaxial fixation and fusion. For the lower cervical spine, 4 cases were carried out with anterior cervical corpectomy and titanium fusion while the others with anterior cervical disecotomy and Cage fusion.

Results

The operation time was 178-252 minutes (mean, 210.2 minutes); the intraoperative blood loss was 60-140 mL (mean, 96.5 mL) and with no blood transfusion. All incisions healed primarily. All the patients were followed up 12-66 months (mean, 18 months). There was no direct surgical related complications during operation, and all bone grafting got a fusion at 6-9 months (mean, 7.7 months) after operation. There was no inter-fixation failure or loosening. At last follow-up, the VAS score declined to 1.7±0.7 and JOA score improved to 15.1±1.7, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative ones (t=18.064, P=0.000; t=–7.066, P=0.000). The neurological function of ASIA grade were also improved to grade D in 5 cases and grade E in 2 cases, showing significant difference (Z=–2.530, P=0.011).

Conclusion

Complex forces and degeneration of lower cervical spine were main reasons of odontoid fracture combined with lower cervical spinal cord injuries without fracture or dislocation. The type of odontoid fracture and neurological deficit status of lower cervical spinal cord were important to guide making strategy of one-stage operation with a satisfactory clinic outcome.

Keywords: Odontoid fracture, cervical spinal cord injury, internal fixation


据统计,齿状突骨折占颈椎骨折的 7%~27%[1-2];无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤是指外力作用后出现急性颈髓损伤临床表现,但 X 线片等影像学检查未见骨折脱位征象,多发生于下颈椎。这两种损伤的单一研究较多[3-4],但齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤尚罕见报道。现回顾分析 2007 年 6 月—2015 年 10 月我院收治的 7 例齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤患者临床资料,探讨其损伤特点、机制及诊治策略。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 新鲜齿状突骨折,且颈椎 X 线片、三维 CT 均未见下颈椎骨折脱位;② 根据美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)感觉区标准查体,并结合术前 MRI 定位颈髓损伤为 C3 椎体水平以远。排除标准:① 陈旧性或病理性齿状突骨折;② 齿状突骨折伴有上颈髓损伤表现。2007 年 6 月—2015 年 10 月共 7 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。

1.2. 一般资料

本组患者均为男性;年龄 37~71 岁,平均 51.4 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 2 例,摔伤 2 例,击打伤 3 例。受伤至入院时间 2 h~3 d,平均 9 h。齿状突骨折采用 Anderson-Grauer 分型[5],ⅡA 型 1 例,ⅡB 型 3 例,ⅡC 型 2 例,浅 Ⅲ 型 1 例。颈髓损伤受累节段:C4、5 1 例,C4~6 2 例,C5~7 4 例;MRI 显示损伤节段均见长 T2 信号改变。颈椎退变程度依据椎间盘突出、骨赘增生、椎间隙及椎管狭窄程度等进行分度[6-7],其中轻度 2 例,中度 3 例,重度 2 例;且外伤前合并 C3、4 椎体分节不良、无症状颈髓压迫、脊髓型颈椎病各 1 例。下颈髓损伤采用下颈椎损伤分型系统评分(SLIC)[8]为 4~6 分,平均 5.1 分。枕颈部疼痛采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(7.8±1.0)分。神经功能采用 ASIA 分级,B 级 1 例,C 级 4 例,D 级 2 例;日本骨科协会(JOA)评分为(9.2±3.9)分。齿状突骨折术前复位 5 例,未复位 2 例。6 例伴合并伤,其中合并头枕部或额部外伤 4 例,右耳及右髋部损伤 1 例,右臂丛损伤 1 例。

1.3. 治疗方法

1.3.1 术前处理 患者入院后均行颅骨牵引,中立位起始 2 kg 适应后,根据损伤类型逐渐调整为后伸或前屈位,并增加牵引质量至 3~5 kg,心电监护各生命体征。每 1~2 天复查床旁颈椎侧位 X 线片,及时调整牵引质量与屈伸角度。伤后 8 h 内入院者(3 例)给予激素冲击疗法,均于入院后 1 周内手术。

1.3.2 手术方法 患者先取仰卧位,双肩垫高使颈部略后仰,全麻下维持颅骨牵引;于拟行次全切除的椎体平面作右侧颈前纵切口,依次切开皮下,分别向两侧牵开颈前血管神经鞘与内脏鞘,钝性分离至颈椎体前缘;C 臂 X 线机定位拟切除椎体,牵开颈长肌显露并切开前纵韧带,撑开器先后撑开拟切除椎体上、下椎间隙,摘除病变椎间盘后行椎体次全切除术;咬除椎体后缘增生的骨赘及后纵韧带,见硬膜囊复膨;处理上、下椎体终板面,于一侧髂前剔取适量松质骨,将碎骨粒填满合适长度的钛网后植入椎间,选取合适长度钢板以螺钉固定于椎前;止血冲洗后放置负压引流管逐层缝合切口。维持颅骨牵引、轴向翻转为俯卧位,沿颈后正中线作纵切口逐层切开,显露 C1、C2 侧块、椎板至关节突外缘,确定进针点后以 2 mm 球形磨钻去除皮质骨;保持 C1 内倾 10~15°、头倾 5~10°,C2 内倾 25~30°、头倾 20~25°,以尖锥经侧块缓慢钻入椎体;探查四壁为骨性,测深并拧入合适长度椎弓根螺钉,装入预弯连接棒,适度提拉复位,C 臂 X 线机透视满意后拧紧螺帽;将 C1、2 椎板面打磨粗糙,植入剔取的髂前松质骨,彻底冲洗、止血、留置负压引流后逐层缝合切口。

手术均由同一组医生完成。齿状突骨折中,2 例 ⅡC 型和 1 例术前未复位 ⅡB 型患者行后路寰枢椎固定融合术,余 4 例均行前路螺钉固定术。下颈髓损伤中,4 例下颈椎骨赘增生明显、脊髓呈跨节段连续压迫者采用椎体次全切除钛网植骨融合术,3 例压迫呈间断性且以前方椎间盘为主者采用椎间盘切除 Cage 植骨融合术。手术顺序:除 1 例 ⅡB 型齿状突骨折伴明显不稳,先行后路齿状突手术外,其余均先行下颈椎减压手术。

1.4. 术后处理及观测指标

术后常规予以预防感染、脱水、营养神经等对症处理,24~48 h 拔除引流管后行头颈胸部支具固定辅助下床。

记录患者手术时间、术中出血量及手术相关并发症发生情况。所有患者门诊定期随访,术后第 3、6、9 个月及之后每年复查 X 线片,观察植骨融合情况,融合标准:X 线片示椎体与植入骨间隙消失、出现骨小梁桥接即为融合,桥状骨小梁>50% 为完全融合[9]。采用 VAS、JOA 评分及神经功能 ASIA 分级评价疗效。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验,等级资料比较采用秩和检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

本组手术时间 178~252 min,平均 210.2 min;术中出血量 60~140 mL,平均 96.5 mL,均未输血。术后切口均 Ⅰ 期愈合。7 例患者均获随访,随访时间 12~66 个月,平均 18 个月。术前 1 例患者后伸牵引时出现右上肢麻痛加重,减重并调整至近中立位时症状消失;1 例术后次日开始出现高热,加强抗感染未见明显疗效,术后第 4 天完全停药后体温逐渐下降至正常,考虑药物热所致;1 例右臂丛损伤者 15 个月时出现明显右上肢废用性萎缩,均未出现与颈椎手术直接相关的并发症。术后植骨均完全融合,融合时间 6~9 个月,平均 7.7 个月。随访期间未见内固定物松动、脱落。末次随访时枕颈部疼痛 VAS 评分为(1.7±0.7)分,JOA 评分为(15.1±1.7)分,均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(t=18.064,P=0.000;t=–7.066,P=0.000)。末次随访时神经功能 ASIA 分级为 D 级 5 例,E 级 2 例,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(Z=–2.530,P=0.011)。见图 1

图 1.

A 37-year-old male patient with odontoid fracture (type IIB) combined with spinal cord injury of C4–6, and with mild cervical spine degeneration. Posterior atlantoaxial fixation and fusion combined with anterior cervical corpectomy and titanium fusion was carried out

患者,男,37 岁,齿状突骨折(ⅡB 型)伴 C4~6 脊髓损伤,颈椎轻度退变,采用后路寰枢椎固定融合术+前路椎体次全切除钛网植骨融合术治疗

a. 术前侧位 X 线片;b. 术前 CT;c. 术前 MRI;d. 牵引后颈椎侧位 X 线片;e. 术后 1 周 CT;f. 术后 12 个月侧位 X 线片

a. Lateral X-ray film before operation; b. CT before operation; c. MRI before operation; d. Lateral X-ray film after skull traction; e. CT at 1 week after operation; f. Lateral X-ray film at 12 months after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

3.1. 齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的特点

结合本研究 7 例患者,我们总结其损伤特点主要包括:① 遭受复合暴力或伴合并伤。② 以中老年患者为主,伴颈椎退变甚至合并颈椎病。有研究表明颈椎疾病的亚临床或临床状态是无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的主要因素[7]。③ 齿状突骨折以 Ⅱ 型为主,下颈髓损伤以 C5、6 为中心多节段受累,这可能是老年颈椎退变后曲度增加致颈曲顶点下移所致。④ 下颈髓损伤多为不完全性,以中央管综合征和 C5~7 神经根受累表现为主,其 SLIC 评分均在 4~6 分。⑤ 本组患者颈椎 MRI 均见下颈髓损伤节段呈长 T2 信号改变。了解此类损伤特点,可避免因只重视齿状突骨折而漏诊无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤。但值得注意的是,当齿状突骨折同时合并上、下颈髓非连续性损伤时,可能由于上颈髓损伤平面的掩盖,而遗漏对无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的诊断。

3.2. 齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的机制

本组 3 例患者头颈部遭受直接冲击,4 例明确伴二次、复合暴力,故此类损伤可由单一暴力所致,也可由二次损伤共同作用所致。生物力学试验显示,外力由垂直逐渐向水平方向改变时,齿状突骨折将由Ⅲ型转变为 Ⅱ 型,同时受齿状突与其周围韧带的覆盖关系影响[10-11];齿状突发生骨折后,未完全衰减的外力将继续向下传导,钩椎关节在下颈椎稳定作用减弱,颈、胸交界近端易产生一过性不稳,退变所致的静态压迫转变为动态压迫,从而造成下颈髓挫伤、水肿及出血,导致无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤[12],其症状及预后与颈椎退变程度成正相关[7, 12-13]。本组患者均有不同程度颈椎退变,甚至伴有脊髓型颈椎病,中度退变者术前与术后的 ASIA 分级均优于重度退变者,与此相符。但有 1 例轻度退变者神经症状却最重,其合并一侧臂丛严重损伤,说明暴力的大小和复杂程度也是影响无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤症状的重要因素。

3.3. 齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的治疗策略

首先,本组患者齿状突骨折以 Ⅱ 型多见,手术可降低骨折不愈合率[1, 9]。牵引后获得近乎解剖学复位是使用齿状突螺钉固定的前提,但由于颈椎管容积、椎间孔大小与颈椎屈伸程度明显相关[14],牵引时可能造成二次损伤。故合并下颈髓损伤者,其牵引必须在严密心电监护下进行并及时调整。本组 1 例后伸角度过大,牵引时出现右上肢麻痛加重,立即减小后伸角度、减轻牵引质量后缓解。本组 ⅡC 型和伴寰枢椎明显不稳的 ⅡB 型骨折共 3 例,采用后路寰枢椎固定融合术[1],需注意 C1、2 固定角的大小是避免远期并发症的关键[15-16]。其次,尽早减压是无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤治疗的关键[4, 12],本组 7 例压迫均主要来源于前方破裂突出的椎间盘或椎体后缘骨赘,其下颈椎 SLIC 评分均在 6 分以内,均行一期前路减压并获得良好效果,与王建元等[17]及 Samuel 等[18]报道的下颈椎损伤 6 分以内采用单纯前路手术的研究结果一致。

齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤的一期手术顺序尚无标准,有学者认为脊柱非连续损伤中导致神经症状者为主要损伤,应首先处理[19-20],但本组 1 例 ⅡB 型齿状突骨折复位不确切、伴有明显寰枢椎不稳,考虑一旦上颈髓受压,短时间内将造成灾难性后果,故予以先行后路寰枢椎融合固定,术后无神经症状加重。Li 等[19]在处理无神经症状的齿状突骨折合并下颈椎小关节交锁时,牵引复位后先行齿状突固定再行下颈椎手术,术后也未出现神经并发症,提示两种术式可能并无绝对次序,需依据齿状突骨折类型及下颈髓损伤状态而定。但本组其余 6 例原则上仍先行下颈椎减压,解除已知压迫,再行齿状突固定。

综上述,齿状突骨折合并无骨折脱位型下颈髓损伤患者多存在相应的下颈椎退变,复合暴力和下颈椎退变的程度是影响齿状突骨折类型和下颈髓损伤程度的重要因素;本研究依据齿状突骨折的分型和下颈髓损伤的状态制定并实施一期手术,术后神经功能均至少提高 1 级,临床效果满意。但由于临床上此类损伤罕见,本组病例数较少,因此所得结论和经验仍需更多临床样本和长期随访的验证。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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