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. 2021 Jul 7;117(3):457–462. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20190774
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Associação da Composição Corporal com Rigidez Arterial em Longevos

Flávia Veríssimo Melo e Silva 1, Franciellen Bruschi Almonfrey 1, Cinthia Medice Nishide de Freitas 2, Flávia Kurebayashi Fonte 1, Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro Sepulvida 1, Clineu de Mello Almada-Filho 1, Maysa Seabra Cendoroglo 1, Egli Belinazzi Quadrado 1, Celso Amodeo 1, Rui Povoa 1, Roberto Dischinger Miranda 1
PMCID: PMC8462957  PMID: 34287568

Resumo

Fundamento

Pouco se conhece sobre a relação entre sarcopenia e hemodinâmica central em idosos longevos.

Objetivo

Estudar a relação da rigidez arterial com a composição corporal em idosos longevos.

Métodos

A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio da absortometria de Raio X de dupla energia (DEXA) e dos parâmetros de circulação central (PCC) obtidos por método oscilométrico não invasivo, com o Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor®. Os parâmetros centrais avaliados foram: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), augmentation index (AIx), índice de amplificação da pressão de pulso (iAPP) e pressão de pulso central (PPc). Estes foram correlacionados com massa magra total (MM) e apendicular (MA), percentual de gordura corporal e índice de Baumgartner (IB). Aceitou-se nível de significância de 5%.

Resultados

Participaram 124 longevos, com idade média de 87,1 anos (DP±4,3 anos), sendo 74,2% mulheres e 57,3% brancos. Houve correlação inversa do AIx com as variáveis MM (r = - 0,391, p < 0,001), MA (r= -0,378, p< 0,001) e IB (r = -0,258, p 0,004). A PPc apresentou associação inversa com MM (r= -0,268, p =0,003), MA (r=-0,288, p= 0,001) e IB (r= -0,265, p = 0,003). Houve relação direta apenas entre AIx e percentual de gordura corporal (r= 0,197, p= 0,029).

Conclusão

Em idosos longevos, o percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial e tem associação inversa com a quantidade de MM. Esses achados podem estar associados ao maior risco cardiovascular.

Keywords: Idoso, Gordura, Rigidez Arterial, Composição Corporal, DEXA

Introdução

O envelhecimento é um fenômeno global, e a população com 80 anos ou mais (idosos longevos) irá triplicar de 2015 a 2050, sendo esse aumento mais acelerado nos países em desenvolvimento.1

Em faixas etárias mais elevadas, há maior prevalência de doenças crônicas. Assim, além da própria idade, somam-se vários fatores de risco que elevam a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares (CV), que continuam sendo a principal causa de morbimortalidade nessa faixa etária.2 - 4 A rigidez arterial também contribui para o aumento do risco de eventos CV maiores, tais como infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), independentemente da presença de hipertensão arterial (HA), em adultos e idosos jovens.5 - 7 Existem poucos estudos correlacionando a rigidez arterial ao risco CV na população de idosos longevos.6 , 7

Outro fator que apresenta correlação com o risco CV é a distribuição e a quantidade de gordura e de massa magra (MM) corporal. A gordura visceral abdominal está associada ao aumento da síndrome metabólica e do risco CV, mesmo naqueles que possuem um peso adequado para a altura.8 , 9 Esta representa uma melhor associação com o risco CV do que o índice de massa corporal (IMC) na população idosa.10 - 12 Além disso, a redução da MM associa-se com maior mortalidade global e CV.13 , 14

Alguns estudos sugerem que a rigidez arterial contribua para a relação entre a composição corporal e o aumento do risco CV.15 - 17 Entretanto, essa relação não está clara, principalmente quando se trata de idosos longevos, pois apesar de serem uma população em crescimento exponencial, ainda são pouco estudados.

Dessa maneira, mesmo não se conhecendo exatamente o mecanismo que une a obesidade e a sarcopenia ao dano vascular, acredita-se que possa haver associação com a rigidez arterial.18 , 19

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre rigidez arterial e composição corporal em idosos longevos que vivem na comunidade.

Método

Foi realizada uma análise transversal de uma coorte prospectiva de idosos com 80 anos ou mais, com independência funcional e cognitiva (Estudo Longevos). Este foi composto tanto por uma avaliação clínica, cognitiva, funcional e nutricional quanto pela realização de exames de rotina e de interesse científico. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para serem admitidos no programa.

Foram excluídos os indivíduos que apresentavam: insuficiência renal em programa de diálise; instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de uso de fármacos vasoativos; insuficiência cardíaca com classe funcional III ou IV; doenças psiquiátricas que pudessem comprometer a realização das avaliações propostas no protocolo; doenças graves e/ou câncer com prognóstico menor que um ano.

Esta análise inclui todos aqueles indivíduos que realizaram uma avaliação da composição corporal e uma medida não invasiva dos parâmetros da circulação central (PCC), com um intervalo de tempo de no máximo um ano entre elas. Projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (CEP- UNIFESP) com Nº CEP 0190/2017 e Nº do parecer 2.381.489.

Os PCC foram obtidos de modo não invasivo com a utilização do equipamento Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor® (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany) validado para essa finalidade, o qual capta simultaneamente a pressão arterial braquial e a forma da onda de pulso.20 - 22

A pressão arterial foi aferida em todos os pacientes no dia de aplicação do protocolo, usando como base as recomendações da VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial.23 Utilizamos a média das medidas válidas dos seguintes parâmetros centrais: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), augmentation index (Alx), índice de amplificação da pressão de pulso (iAPP), pressão de pulso central (PPc), e os correlacionamos aos dados da composição corporal.

A composição corporal foi avaliada pela DEXA (Absortometria de Raio X de Dupla Energia ou Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiormetry) com o equipamento de densitometria Hologic (Modelo Discovery A, Waltham, USA), permitindo quantificar a MM total, a massa apendicular (MA) e o percentual de gordura corporal.24 , 25 A MA foi calculada pela razão da quantidade de MM em braços e pernas, em gramas, e a altura do indivíduo ao quadrado, em metros (MA em g/m2). Além disso, a DEXA permite calcular o índice de Baumgartner (IB), que utiliza a MA no numerador da fórmula do IMC, em substituição à massa corporal total.

Análise estatística

Como o estudo utilizou uma coorte prospectiva de idosos longevos, o tamanho da amostra foi decidido por conveniência. Inicialmente os dados foram analisados descritivamente.

As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como frequências absolutas e relativas. As variáveis contínuas numéricas com distribuição normal foram descritas como média e desvio-padrão.

Para se avaliar a associação linear entre duas variáveis numéricas, foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson. Foram apresentadas também as correlações parciais ajustadas pela idade.

Para todos os testes estatísticos, foi utilizado um nível de significância de 5%.

As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o uso do software estatístico SPSS 20.0.

Resultados

Foram analisados 124 idosos longevos, dos 74,2% eram mulheres e 57,3% eram de cor branca, com média de idade de 87,1±4,3 anos, sendo observada uma idade mínima de 80 anos e máxima de 100 anos.

O tempo médio entre a realização das medidas de pressão e da DEXA foi 43,4 dias. Da amostra obtida, 41,9% eram eutróficos, pela classificação de Lipschitz (IMC 22 a 27 kg/m2) e 41,1% obesos (IMC>27 kg/m2). Na distribuição do percentual de gordura obtido na DEXA em tercis, percebeu-se que 1/3 da amostra possuía mais de 42,9% da composição corporal composta por massa gorda, 1/3 possuía de 36,4 a 42,9%, e 1/3 possuía menos de 36,4% de massa gorda.

Houve uma associação inversa da quantidade de MM, seja apendicular ou total, com a rigidez arterial ( Figura 1 ). Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante de dois PCC (PPc e AIx) com a MM ( Tabela 1 ).

Figura 1. – Gráfico de dispersão mostrando a relação inversa (r= 0,378; p<0,001) entre AIx (%) e massa magra apendicular (g).

Figura 1

Tabela 1. – Correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis de rigidez arterial e a massa magra corporal, após ajuste pela idade.

  MM (g) Massa apendicular (g) Indice de Baumgartner (Kg/m2)

r p r p r p
PPc (mmHg) -0,267* 0,003 -0,283* 0,002 -0,263* 0,003
AIx (%) -0,393** <0,001 -0,382** <0,001 -0,260** <0,004
VOP (m/s) -0,052 0,571 -0,082 0,369 -0,102 0,263
iAPP (%) 0,168 0,063 0,147 0,106 0,128 0,159

* p<0,01; ** p<0,001. N=124; MM (massa magra total); PPc (pressão de pulso central); AIx (augmentation index); VOP (velocidade de onda de pulso): iAPP (índice de ampliação da pressão de pulso).

Foi observada uma associação inversamente proporcional entre o AIx e as variáveis MM (r=-0,391, p<0,001), MA (r=-0,378, p<0,001) e IB (r=-0,258, p=0,004). A PPc também apresentou significância estatística em suas relações inversas com a MM (r = -0,268, p = 0,030), MA (r= -0,288, p = 0,001) e IB (r = -0,265, p = 0,003). A VOP não apresentou significância estatística nesta análise.

Houve relação direta, mas sem significância estatística, entre iAPP e MM ( Tabela 1 ).

As correlações entre as variáveis de rigidez arterial e composição corporal foram ajustadas pela idade, e os resultados apresentaram-se semelhantes ( Tabela 1 e Figura 1 ). Assim, o AIx continuou a apresentar relação inversa com a quantidade de MM e o IB. O mesmo ocorreu na comparação ajustada pela idade entre a PPc e a MM. ( Tabela 1 )

Ao avaliar a relação da gordura corporal e os parâmetros da rigidez arterial, houve uma relação direta e estatisticamente significante entre o AIx e o percentual de gordura corporal, mas não com o peso total de gordura corporal (r= -0,029, p= 0,746). Esta associação se manteve após ajuste para a idade, conforme demonstrado na Tabela 2 . Os demais parâmetros analisados (VOP, iAPP e PPc) não apresentaram relação estatística com a gordura corporal. Nenhum dos parâmetros de rigidez arterial analisados (PPc, AIx, VOP, iAPP) mostrou relação com o IMC ( Tabela 2 ).

Tabela 2. – Correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis de rigidez arterial e gordura corporal após o ajuste para a idade.

  MM (g) % massa gorda

r p r p
PPc (mmHg) -0,004 0,962 0,174 0,054
AIx (%) -0,042 0,642 0,197* 0,029
VOP (m/s) 0,005 0,952 0,048 0,601
iAPP (%) 0,064 0,479 -0,042 0,647

* p<0,05. N=124; MG (massa gorda); PPc (pressão de pulso central); AIx (augmentation index); VOP (velocidade de onda de pulso); iAPP (índice de ampliação da pressão de pulso)

Discussão

Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar a associação entre a rigidez arterial e composição corporal em idosos longevos. Nesta avaliação, houve relação entre a composição corporal e rigidez arterial, sendo que, quanto maior a quantidade de massa muscular, menor a rigidez da parede das artérias centrais. Esse resultado se deu pela associação do AIx e da PPc com a MM e a MA, com significância estatística (p<0,001), mesmo após a correção para a idade.

Observou-se também relação direta entre o percentual de gordura corporal e a rigidez arterial por meio do AIx (p= 0,029).

Esses resultados foram equivalentes àqueles encontrados em alguns estudos com adultos de meia idade. Wohlfahrt et al. avaliaram 136 voluntários com idade média de 45 anos, não obesos e sem doenças CV.19 Concluíram que os indivíduos com maior MM e menor percentual de gordura possuíam artérias mais elásticas, e também foi mais forte a associação da rigidez aórtica com a MM do que com a massa gorda. Schouten et al.,26 acompanharam adultos saudáveis e constataram que o aumento da gordura abdominal ou a perda de MA estava relacionado à maior rigidez arterial.26

Por outro lado, Benetos et al.,27 ao analisarem 169 idosos, não encontraram associação da MM com a VOP, apenas com a gordura corporal. Porém, a amostra desse estudo era formada apenas por homens e com uma faixa etária mais jovem de 60 a 85 anos, em que 90% da amostra tinha abaixo de 75 anos. Além disso, não foram avaliados outros marcadores de rigidez arterial, como a PPc e o AIx.

Já Tanaka et al.,28 avaliaram uma população exclusivamente de mulheres diabéticas, com idade média de 65 anos, e apontaram a associação de rigidez arterial, medida pela VOP, tanto com o percentual de gordura corporal quanto com a MM.28

No presente estudo, não houve relação estatística entre VOP e composição corporal, diferentemente dos artigos supracitados. Porém, o estudo PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population), realizado com 1.126 idosos com mais de 80 anos, ou seja, com idade similar à dos participantes do presente estudo, também não demonstrou correlação da VOP com desfechos CV e mortalidade global.7 Nesse estudo, o iAPP se mostrou o melhor marcador de risco para os eventos, podendo sugerir que, em idosos longevos, para medir a rigidez arterial, além da VOP, outros parâmetros devam ser analisados. É necessário destacar que o estudo aqui apresentado avaliou idosos da comunidade, enquanto, no PARTAGE, os idosos eram institucionalizados, apesar de também independentes para atividades básicas de vida diária.

Para a obtenção dos parâmetros arteriais centrais, utilizamos o equipamento não invasivo Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor®, que utiliza um método oscilométrico validado. Uma revisão sistemática com metanálise publicada recentemente comparou os equipamentos comercialmente existentes para aferição indireta dos PCC.29 Sua conclusão foi de que não há evidências suficientes para recomendar uma forma não invasiva de estimar a pressão arterial central como padrão-ouro. Apesar de a tecnologia do SphygmoCor® ter sido a mais estudada e validada até então, apresenta maior erro na estimativa da pressão arterial na raiz da aorta em relação ao método invasivo, o que dispositivos que usam um método automático oscilométrico. Estes possuem maior acurácia e parecem ser mais promissores.

No vigente estudo, foi utilizada a ferramenta de escolha para avalição da densidade mineral óssea conforme recomendação do Consenso Europeu de Sarcopenia para avaliação da MA na prática clínica, mas não há consenso sobre seu uso para a definição de obesidade.30 , 31

A fraca associação encontrada entre rigidez arterial e gordura corporal corrobora a teoria do paradoxo da obesidade no idoso.32 A menor associação de doenças CV com a obesidade pode ocorrer devido um viés de sobrevivência, em que os idosos que chegaram a essa faixa etária não estão suscetíveis aos malefícios metabólicos do excesso de gordura. Contudo, é importante enfatizar que, apesar de não possuir correlação com a mortalidade após os 75 anos, o excesso de gordura corporal aumenta a chance de fragilidade e de perda da funcionalidade, levando à dependência para atividades de vida diária.33

Dentre as limitações do presente estudo, podemos destacar que foi conduzido em centro único, em população de muitos idosos da comunidade, não permitindo generalização dos seus resultados para populações diversas. O tamanho amostral, relativamente pequeno, pode ter sido um importante limitador para os achados. Porém, este é o primeiro estudo específico para a população de 80 anos ou mais que vive na comunidade e não está institucionalizada, cujo acesso para pesquisa clínica é mais limitado, devido às dificuldades inerentes ao envelhecimento.

O desenho deste estudo não permite sugerir um mecanismo ou uma relação de causa e efeito entre as associações encontradas. Não foram levadas em consideração outras variáveis que podem interferir no enrijecimento vascular, tais como: hipertensão, diabetes, síndrome metabólica e dislipidemia. Também não foram avaliadas as medicações em uso, como os anti-hipertensivos, que podem influenciar diretamente os PCC.34

Estudos longitudinais de coorte e ensaios clínicos são necessários para a confirmação das relações apresentadas com os desfechos CV,

Conclusão

O percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial, em idosos longevos, enquanto a quantidade de MM tem associação inversa.

Levando-se em conta que a rigidez arterial pode ter relação direta com o aumento do risco CV, podemos levantar a hipótese de que a massa muscular esteja inversamente associada com o risco de desfechos CV em idosos longevos.

Vinculação acadêmica

Este artigo é parte de dissertação de mestrado de Flávia Veríssimo Melo e Silva pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo.

Fontes de financiamento : O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Jul 7;117(3):457–462. [Article in English]

Association of Body Composition with Arterial Stiffness in Long-lived People

Flávia Veríssimo Melo e Silva 1, Franciellen Bruschi Almonfrey 1, Cinthia Medice Nishide de Freitas 2, Flávia Kurebayashi Fonte 1, Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro Sepulvida 1, Clineu de Mello Almada-Filho 1, Maysa Seabra Cendoroglo 1, Egli Belinazzi Quadrado 1, Celso Amodeo 1, Rui Povoa 1, Roberto Dischinger Miranda 1

Abstract

Background

Arterial stiffness, obesity and sarcopenia correlate with each other and with cardiac outcomes in younger adults. However, there is little evidence of the association between body composition and markers of central arteries stiffness in long-lived people.

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in functionally independent long-lived individuals.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional analysis of the association between markers of arterial stiffness and body composition among participants in a longitudinal cohort of elderly individuals aged 80 years or older who were functionally independent and lived in the community . Body composition measurements were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and central circulation parameters (CCP) obtained by a non-invasive oscillometric method through the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor® device. The central parameters evaluated were: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation Index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi) and central pulse pressure (cPP). These were correlated to total lean mass (LM) and appendicular lean mass (aLM), body fat percentage, and Baumgartner’s Index (BI). The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.

Results

Data from 124 elderly people with a mean age of 87.1 years (SD ± 4.3 years) were analyzed, with 74.2% of women and 57.3% of white. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation of AIx with LM (r = -0.391, p <0.001), aLM (r = -0.378, p <0.001), and BI (r = -0.258, p = 0.004). Also, cPP had an inversely proportional association with LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.003), aLM (r = -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). When assessing the relationship between fat mass and CCP, a statistically significant direct relationship was observed only between AIx and body fat percentage (r = 0.197, p = 0.029).

Conclusion

In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM. These findings may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Keywords: Aged, Fats, Vascular Stiffness, Body Composition, DEXA

Introduction

Aging is a worldwide phenomenon, and the population aged 80 years or older (long-lived people) will experience a threefold increase from 2015 to 2050, with a more accelerated increase in developing countries.1

The prevalence of chronic diseases is higher at older ages. Thus, in addition to age itself, several risk factors increase the rate of cardiovascular (CV) events, which is still the main cause of morbidity and mortality in this age group.2 - 4 Arterial stiffness also contributes to increase the risk of major CV events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, regardless of the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), in adults and younger elderly people.5 - 7 There are few studies correlating arterial stiffness with CV risk among long-lived people.6 , 7

Another factor correlated with CV risk is the distribution and amount of fat and body lean mass. Abdominal visceral fat is associated with increased metabolic syndrome and with CV risk, even in those with adequate weight for their height.8 , 9 This type of fat has a better association with CV risk than body mass index (BMI) in the elderly population.10 - 12 Furthermore, reduction in lean mass is associated with greater overall and CV mortality.13 , 14

Some studies suggest that arterial stiffness contributes to the relationship between body composition and increased CV risk.15 - 17 However, this relationship is not clear, especially with regard to long-lived people, because, although this population has been experiencing exponential growth, they have been little studied.

Therefore, even though the mechanism linking obesity and sarcopenia with vascular damage is not well known, it is believed that there may be an association with arterial stiffness.18 , 19

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in long-lived people from the community.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with a prospective cohort of older adults aged 80 years or older and with functional and cognitive independence (Estudo Longevos). This study consisted of both clinical, cognitive, functional, and nutritional assessments and routine tests of scientific interest. All participants signed a free informed consent to being included in the program.

The study excluded individuals with renal failure undergoing dialysis; with hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drug therapy; with functional class III or IV heart failure; with psychiatric diseases that could compromise the execution of the assessments proposed in the protocol; and with severe diseases and/or cancer with life prognosis of less than a year.

This analysis comprised all individuals who underwent body composition assessment and non-invasive measurement of central circulation parameters (CCP), with an interval of no more than a year between them. The study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de São Paulo (CEP-UNIFESP) under CEP no. 0190/2017 and opinion no. 2.381.489.

CCP were non-invasively obtained using the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor® device (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany) validated to this end, which simultaneously measures brachial arterial pressure and pulsewave form.20 - 22

Blood pressure was taken in all patients on the day of protocol implementation, based on the recommendations of the VII Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension.23 Mean for the valid measurements of the following central parameters were used: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi), central pulse pressure (cPP), and correlated them with data on body composition.

Body composition was assessed by DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiormetry) using a Hologic bone densitometry machine (Model Discovery A, Waltham, USA), which allowed to quantify total lean mass (LM), appendicular lean mass (aLM), and body fat percentage.24 , 25 aLM was calculated by the ratio between the amount of lean mass in arms and legs, expressed in grams, and the squared height in meters (aLM in g/m2). Moreover, DEXA allows calculating the Baumgartner index (BI), which uses aLM in the numerator of the BMI formula instead of total body mass.

Statistical analysis

Since the study used a prospective cohort of very old adults, sample size was chosen by convenience. Initially, data were descriptively analyzed.

Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Numerical continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation.

The linear association between two numerical variables was assessed using the Pearson’s correlation test. Partial correlations adjusted for age were also presented.

The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at 5%.

Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software.

Results

A total of 124 long-lived people were assessed, of which 74.2% were women and 57.3% were white, with a mean age of 87.1±4.3 years, minimum of 80 years and maximum of 100 years.

Mean time elapsed from blood pressure measurements and DEXA assessments was 43.4 days. Of the total participants, 41.9% had normal weight, according to the Lipschitz classification (BMI from 22 to 27 kg/m2) and 41.1% were obese (BMI>27 kg/m2). With regard to the distribution of body fat percentage as assessed by DEXA and divided into tertiles, 1/3 of the sample was shown to have more than 42.9% fat mass in their body composition, whereas 1/3 had from 36.4 to 42.9% of fat mass and 1/3 had less than 36.4% of fat mass.

There was an inverse association between lean mass, either appendicular or total, and arterial stiffness ( Figure 1 ). A statistically significant association was observed between two CCPs (cPP and AI) and lean mass ( Table 1 ).

Figure 1. – Dispersion graph showing the inverse relationship (r= 0.378; p<0.001) between AI (%) and appendicular lean mass (g).

Figure 1

Table 1. – Pearson’s correlation between variables of arterial stiffness and body lean mass after adjustment for age.

  LM (g) Appendicular lean mass (g) Baumgartner index (kg/m2)

r p r p r p
cPP (mmHg) -0.267* 0.003 -0.283* 0.002 -0.263* 0.003
AI (%) -0.393** <0.001 -0.382** <0.001 -0.260** <0.004
PWV (m/s) -0.052 0.571 -0.082 0.369 -0.102 0.263
PPAi (%) 0.168 0.063 0.147 0.106 0.128 0.159

* p<0.01; ** p<0.001. N=124 LM (total lean mass); cPP (central pulse pressure); AI (augmentation index); PWV (pulse wave velocity): PPAi (pulse pressure amplification index)

An inversely proportion association was found between AI and the variables LM (r=-0.391, p<0.001), aLM (r=-0.378, p<0.001) and BI (r=-0.258, p=0.004). There was also a statistically significant inverse relationship between cPP and LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.030), aLM (r= -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). PWV did not show any statistical significant association in this analysis.

A direct relationship, but with no statistical significance, was found between PPAi and LM ( Table 1 ).

These correlations between variables of arterial stiffness and body composition were adjusted for age, yielding similar results ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). Thus, AI still had an inverse relationship with LM and IB. This also occurred in the age-adjusted comparison between cPP and LM. ( Table 1 )

An assessment of relationship between body fat and parameters of arterial stiffness showed a statistically significant direct relationship between AI and body fat percentage, but not between AI and total body fat (r= -0.029, p= 0.746). This association remained after adjustment for age, as shown in Table 2 . The other analyzed parameters (PWV, PPAi and cPP) did not have a statistical relationship with body fat. None of the analyzed parameters of arterial stiffness (cPP, AI, PWV, PPAi) exhibited a relationship with BMI ( Table 2 ).

Table 2. – Pearson’s correlation between variables of arterial stiffness and body fat after adjustment for age.

  FM (g) Body fat percentage

r p r p
cPP (mmHg) -0.004 0.962 0.174 0.054
AI (%) -0.042 0.642 0.197* 0.029
PWV (m/s) 0.005 0.952 0.048 0.601
PPAi (%) 0.064 0.479 -0.042 0.647

* p<0.05; N=124; FM (fat mass); cPP (central pulse pressure); AI (augmentation index); PWV (pulse wave velocity); PPAi (pulse pressure amplification index)

Discussion

This is the first study to assess the association between arterial stiffness and body composition in long-lived people. This assessment found a relationship between body composition and arterial stiffness, showing that the greater the amount of muscle mass, the lower the wall stiffness of central arteries. This result may be explained by the association of AI and cPP with total and aLM, with statistical significance (p<0.001), even after correction for age.

A direct relationship was observed between body fat percentage and arterial stiffness as assessed by AI (p= 0.029).

These results were consistent with those found in some studies with middle-aged adults. Wohlfahrt et al. assessed 136 volunteers with mean age of 45 years, non-obese, and without CV diseases.19 They concluded that individuals with greater LM and lower fat percentage had more elastic arteries and also observed a stronger association between aortic stiffness and LM compared with fat mass. Schouten et al.26 followed healthy adults and found that increased abdominal fat or loss of aLM was related to greater arterial stiffness.26

Conversely, Benetos et al.,27 when analyzing 169 older adults, found that LM associated with body fat, but not with PWV. However, the sample of this study only included men of a younger age (60 to 85 years), of which 90% were aged below 75. Furthermore, other markers of arterial stiffness, such as cPP and AI, were not assessed.

Tanaka et al.,28 in turn, evaluated a population consisting exclusively of diabetic women with mean age of 65 years and showed the association of arterial stiffness, as measured by PWV, both with body fat percentage and with LM.28

In the present study, there was no statistical relationship between PWV and body composition, contrary to above mentioned articles. However, the PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population) study, conducted with 1,126 elderly individuals aged 80 years or older, i.e., with similar age than that of participants of the present study, did not observe a correlation between PWV and CV outcomes and overall mortality.7 In the PARTAGE study, PPAi showed to be the best risk marker for these events, which may suggest that other parameters should be analyzed to measure arterial stiffness among long-lived people, in addition to PWV. It is necessary to highlight that the study presented here assessed older adults from the community, whereas the PARTAGE study assessed older adults who were institutionalized, although also independent for basic activities of daily living.

Central arterial parameters were measured using Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor®, a non-invasive equipment that uses a validated oscillometric method. A recently published systemic review with meta-analysis compared the commercially available equipment for indirect measurement of CCP.29 It concluded that there is no sufficient evidence to recommend a non-invasive technique to estimate a central blood pressure as a gold-standard. Although the technology of SphygmoCor® has been more studied and validated so far, it shows a greater number of errors in blood pressure estimation on the aortic root with regard to the invasive method, more than devices that use an automatic oscillometric method. These devices have greater accuracy and seem more promising.

The present study used the tool of choice for bone mineral density as recommended by the European Consensus on Sarcopenia for the assessment of appendicular muscle mass in clinical practice, but there was no consensus on its use to define obesity.30 , 31

The weak association between arterial stiffness and body fat found in this study corroborates the theory of the obesity in the elderly.32 The lower association between CV diseases and obesity may be explained by a survival bias, in which individuals who reach old age are not susceptible to the metabolic hazards of excess fat. However, it is important to emphasize that, although there was excess body fat is not correlated with mortality after the age of 75, it increases the likelihood of frailty and loss of functionality, leading to dependency for activities of daily living.33

One of the remarkable limitations of the present study is the fact that it was conducted in a single center, with a population of many older adults from the community, which does not allow for the generalization of its results to diverse populations. Moreover, the relatively small sample size may be an important limiting factor for its findings. However, this was the first study to specifically assess the population aged 80 years or older living in the community and not institutionalized, whose access to clinical research is more limited, due to difficulties inherent to aging.

The design of this study does not allow suggesting a mechanism or a cause and effect relationship between the found associations. Other variables that may interfere with vascular hardening were not considered, such as: hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the present study did not assess medications currently used, such as anti-hypertensive, which could have a direct influence on CCP.34

Cohort longitudinal studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the relationships presented with CV outcomes.

Conclusion

In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM.

Considering that arterial stiffness may have a directly relationship with increased CV risk may lead to the hypothesis that muscle mass is inversely associated with risk of CV outcomes in long-lived people.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Flávia Veríssimo Melo e Silva , from Universidade Federal de São Paulo.

Sources of Funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.


Articles from Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia are provided here courtesy of Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia

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