Abstract
Purpose
Although helminthiasis have been recognized as health constraints of small ruminants, there was no study conducted to reveal their types and burden in goats and sheep slaughtered at Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Hence, this study is aimed to evaluate the current status of helminth parasites and estimate its burden in study animals.
Methods
The study was carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 to identify the species and also to estimate the burden of small intestinal parasitic helminth in goats and sheep using a standard worm recovery procedure. The study animals were 230 goats and sheep slaughtered at Bishoftu Elfora export abattoir during the study period.
Results
The study revealed that the overall infection rate was 83.5%. Among 105 samples taken from sheep, 87.6% were positive, whereas 100 (80%) of 125 examined samples from goats were positive for helminth parasites. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the species. However, age and animal origin considered as a risk factor indicated statistically significant differences (p<0.05). In sheep, the prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa was 69 (46.9%), 34 (43.6%), and 51 (52.6%), respectively, while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa in goats was 78 (53.1%), 44 (56.4%), and 46 (47.4%), respectively.
Conclusion
This study revealed a high infection with parasitic helminths. Thus, effective control and prevention methods are necessary to minimize their effects on animals as well as the economy.
Keywords: Bishoftu, burden, goat, helminths, nematode, parasite and sheep
Introduction
Ethiopia is one of the countries with the largest number of small ruminants in Africa. The most recent estimate of small ruminant population is 23.6 million sheep and 23.3 million goats.1 Goats and sheep provide about 46% of the national meat consumption and 58% of production of hides and skins. They have more benefits such as lower feeding costs, faster turnaround, ease of use and reasonable size at slaughter compared to large ruminants.2,3
Despite the large small ruminant’s population of Ethiopia, the economic benefits remain minimal due to diseases, management constraints, reproductive efficiency, etc.4–7 Parasitic diseases are a major health constraint for goat and sheep production.8 In Ethiopia, intestinal helminths resulted in decline in production and economic losses. They also have a major impact on rates of mortality and morbidity.9
Helminths in particular nematodes is of great concern in many agro ecological areas of Africa, but the outcome is greatest in Saharan Africa broadly and in Ethiopia in particular because of the availability of a variety of agro-ecological factors and parasite species.10 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Bunostomum trigonocephalum are the most common small intestinal worms of sheep and goats in most of the world, including the tropics, causing significant production losses.11,12
Even though the driving factors of helminth parasitism in ruminants are various and often interactive, the majority of cases have one of the following main reasons: alteration in host susceptibility, an increment in number of infectious stages on pasture, entry of susceptible populations into an infected environment, entry of infections into environment and inefficient elimination of the parasite from host animals due to development of anthelmintic resistance, mismanagement techniques, or incorrect anthelmintic usage.13
Approximately 95% of goats and sheep are infected with helminths, with Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus being the primary species involved. Several authors have reported production losses due to mortality and reduced weight gain.14 Studies on ruminants from different regions of Ethiopia have shown a prevalence of 47.67% to 84.1%.15,16 Although several studies on helminth of the small intestine have been carried out in different areas of Ethiopia, no study has been carried out in the current study area.
Therefore, the aim of this study was:
To identify as well as quantify small intestinal helminth parasites in goats and sheep slaughtered at ELFORA export abattoir (Bishoftu, Ethiopia).
Methods
Study Animals
Sheep (n=105) and goats (n=125) slaughtered at ELFORA export abattoir were examined. The animals brought to the abattoir were from Borana, Somale, and Jinka. Borana is located around 600 km south of Addis Ababa. The climate is semi-arid with an annual mean daily temperature from 19°C to 24°C with moderate seasonal differences.17 Study animals were also from Jinka, South Omo zone of Ethiopia. This area has a temperature range between 15.7°C and 38°C.18 Another source of the slaughtered animals was Somali, which is found in the Eastern part of Ethiopia at 9° 20N. It is one of the semiarid parts of the country.19
Study Design
The study design used was cross-sectional. A total of 105 and 125 respective small intestines of sheep and goats were carefully collected from ELFORA export abattoir during the study period.
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
Worm Recovery
Laboratory work was conducted at Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine (Parasitology laboratory). A classical method20,21 was employed for small intestine worm recovery, counting, and species identification.
Species Identification
Preserved worms were poured into petri dishes for examination using stereo microscope Identification of the species and determination of the degree of infection were done using keys developed by various researchers (Hansen and Perry) and MAFF.
Data Management and Analysis
All collected data were entered into an Excel sheet and later analyzed using SPPS 20 version. Descriptive statistics were computed and χ2 values were used to test the association.
Results
A total of 230 goats and sheep (125 goats and 105 sheep) were examined and 192 (83.5%) were infected with at least one helminth parasite (Table 1). The number of infected sheep and goats was 92 (87.6%) and 100 (80%), respectively. Generally, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa in small ruminant were 147 (63.9%), 78 (33.9%), and 97 (42.2%), respectively. The prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa in sheep was 69 (46.9%), 34 (43.6%), and 51 (52.6%) respectively, while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa in goats was 78 (53.1%), 44 (56.4%), and 46 (47.4%) respectively. Table 1 indicate intestinal helminth parasites identified in sheep and goats.
Table 1.
Helminth Parasites in Sheep and Goats
| Species | Amount (N) | T. colubriformis | B. trigonocephalum | M. expansa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | % | Positive | % | Positive | % | ||
| Sheep | 105 | 69 | 65.7 | 34 | 43.6 | 51 | 52.6 |
| Goat | 125 | 78 | 61.2 | 44 | 56.4 | 46 | 47.4 |
| Total | 230 | 147 | 63.9 | 78 | 33.9 | 97 | 42.2 |
Fifteen (12%) goats were found to be infected with all the three parasites identified, while 53 (42.4%) and 42 (33.6%) were found to be infected with two and one parasite species, respectively. Of these, 78 (74.3%) were harboring nematode parasitic worms. Twenty (19%) sheep were infected with all the three species, while 23 (21.9%) were infected with two helminths . Significant differences were not found in all species of intestinal helminths and body condition categories (Table 2). As indicated in Table 2, the prevalence of ovine and caprine helminths based on origin indicates a significant difference.
Table 2.
Frequency of Helminths in Sheep and Goats
| Factors | Sheep (N=105) | Goat (N=125) | X2 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Examined | Positive (%) | No Examined | Positive (%) | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 6 month-1 year | 52 | 45 (42.8%) | 52 | 43 (34.4%) | 4.175 | 0.0324 |
| 1 year | 36 | 34 (32.4%) | 43 | 33 (26.4%) | ||
| 1–2 years | 17 | 13 (12.4%) | 30 | 24 (19.2%) | ||
| Body condition | ||||||
| Good | 48 | 41 (39%) | 61 | 53 (42.4%) | 2.496 | 0.287 |
| Medium | 57 | 51 (48.6%) | 64 | 47 (37.6%) | ||
| Origin | ||||||
| Jinka | 15 | 10 (9.5%) | 66 | 60 (48%) | 5.252 | 0.042 |
| Borana | 51 | 45 (42.9%) | 29 | 23 (18.4%) | ||
| Somale | 39 | 37 (35.2%) | 30 | 17 (13.6%) | ||
| Total | 105 | 92 (87.6%) | 125 | 100 (80%) | ||
Parasitic Burden
Out of 105 sheep infected with T. colubriformis, 15 (14.3%) were light infection, whereas 49 (46.6%) and 3 (2.85%) were moderately and heavil infected, respectively. Similarly, 18 (14.4%) goats had light infection with T. colubriformis, while only 63 (50.4%) and 2 (1.6%) had moderate and heavy infection, respectively. Of those animals harboring B.trigonocephalum, 22 (56.4%) sheep and 17 (43.6%) goats had a light degree of infection, 24 (36.9%) sheep and 41 (63%) goats had a moderate degree and no goats were found with dense infection (Table 3).
Table 3.
Degree of Helminths Infection in Sheep and Goats
| Degree | Ovine (n=105) | Caprine (n=125) | Sheep+Goat | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tr. c | Bu. t | Tr. c | Bu. t | Tr. c | Br. t | |
| Light | 15 | 22 | 18 | 17 | 33 | 39 |
| Moderate | 49 | 24 | 63 | 41 | 112 | 65 |
| Heavy | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 3 |
| Negative | 38 | 56 | 42 | 67 | 80 | 123 |
| Total (n=230) | 67 | 49 | 83 | 58 | 150 | 107 |
Abbreviations: Tr. c, Trichostrongylus colubriformis; Bu. t, Bunostomum trigonocephalum.
Discussion
In this study an overall prevalence of 83.5% has been found. The recorded prevalence is lower in comparison with the 92% found in sheep and goats10 in Ogaden region and 100% in sheep22 from Hawassa. The higher prevalence recorded in the current study during the period from November 2016 to April 2017 might be attributed to unfavorable temperature and rainfall for development of free living stages of helminths on pasture during the study period.10
Between species the prevalence was 80% in goats and 87.6% in sheep. There was a higher prevalence of small intestinal helminths both in sheep (87.6%) and goats (80%). This is low when compared to the 97.4% (sheep) and 94.4% (goat) prevalence recorded in Hawassa town. The difference might be attributed to the effect of year and site on helminth prevalence.23
There was no significant difference in prevalence of small intestinal helminth parasites between goats and sheep. Even though the prevalence of M. expansa and B. Trigonocephalum tended to be high in sheep, it failed to be statistically significant. In contradiction to our observation, Bitew et al24 reported a higher prevalence of intestinal nematodes in sheep than in goats from the same study area. Kumsa et al25 also reported a higher prevalence of Moniezia in sheep than in goats from central Ethiopia through coprological examination.
The prevalence of T. colubriformis in sheep (65.7%) and goats (61.1%) was lower compared to the 83.5% and 77.5% prevalence reported for sheep and goats respectively, by Aragaw and Gebreegziabher23 from Hawassa town. It was much higher when compared within the prevalence of 14.7% and 24.4% recorded for T. colubriformis in sheep and goats, respectively, in the Sudan26 and 16% for sheep in Iran.27 The prevalence of B. trigonocephalum in sheep (43.6%) and goats (56.4%) was lower compared to 50.9% for sheep but higher when compared the 38% prevalence reported for sheep and goats by Aragaw and Gebreegziabher23 from Hawassa town. Much lower prevalences of 70% and 60% were recorded for T. colubriformis in sheep and goats, respectively, in the same area.22 The prevalence of M. expansa in sheep (52.6%) and goats (47.4%) was in agreement compared to the 69% and 54.9% prevalence reported for sheep and goats, respectively, by Aragaw and Gebreegziabher23 from Hawassa town. There was a much higher prevalence when compared within 13% and 29.2% recorded for T. colubriformis in sheep and goats, respectively, in the same area.22
The degree of infection of T. colubriformis between species was 63.8% and 68% in sheep and goats, respectively. There was agreement when compared within 64.6% and 67.6% in sheep and goats in studies by Aragaw and Gebreegziabher23 and Bitew et al.24 at hawassa town. The degree infection of B. trigonocephalum between species was 46.7% and 46.4% in sheep and goats, respectively. It is in disagreement when compared to the degree of infection (0%) in both sheep and goats study at hawassa town by Aragaw and Gebreegziabher23 and Bitew et al.24 in which the majority of T. colubriformis infections were light and all of the B. trigonocephalum infections were moderate.
A significant difference (p>0.05) was not observed in the prevalence of the parasite on different age groups. Sheep and goats at the age of 6 months–1 year had higher prevalence than those aged 1–2 years (Table 2). The study found that the prevalence decreased as age increased. This is in agreement with the research done by Bitew et al.24 Though the reasons behind age resistance are not well known, it might be because of the development of acquired immunity and immune-competence that increase as age increases due to the high rate of exposure to parasitic infestations. Young animals are highly susceptible due to immunological immaturity and immunological unresponsiveness.13,14
Conclusion
The post-mortem examination revealed the presence of small intestine helminths infection in the study areas. The findings of this study indicated that helminths of sheep and goats is prevalent in the area. T. colubriformis, B trigonocephalum, and M. expansa were identified from the small intestine of goats and sheep. Species and age were considered, indicating sheep were more infected than goats. Six months up to 1 year old animals were more infected than greater than 1 year. Thus, appropriate control methods such as strategic vaccination with more detailed investigation is necessary to minimize further losses associated with helminth infections.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank ELFORA abattoir as well as the college of veterinary medicine of Addis Ababa University for their cooperation during the study. All authors participated equally from the conception to realization of the study.
Funding Statement
No specific funding is associated with this work.
Abbreviations
Bu. T, Bunostomum trigonocephalum; CACC Central Agricultural Census Commission; MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; M.E, Moniezia expansa; SOZAO, South Omo Zone Agricultural Office; SNNP, South Nation Nationality and People; Tr. C, Trichostrongylus Colubriformis.
Data Sharing Statement
All data collected, then analyzed for this study are incorporated in this article.
Ethics Consideration
The best practice guidelines for Sample collection and transport (OIE Manual) were followed. Permission to visit the study sites and to collect the samples were conducted as to the purpose of the study.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest for this work.
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