Table 2.
Tentative quantification of phenolic compounds in the avocado peel and seed extracts by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
| No. | Phenolic Compound | MW (g/mol) | SRM Quantification | Cone Voltage (V) | Collision Energy (eV) | Standard in Which Has Been (Tentatively) Quantified | Peel | Seed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | 1111.54 ± 11.25 | 377.98 ± 111.64 | ||||||
| 1 | p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 138 | 137 > 93 | 30 | 15 | p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
| 2 | Vanillin | 152 | 151 > 136 | 25 | 10 | Caffeic Acid | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
| 3 | Vanillic acid | 168 | 167 > 123 | 30 | 10 | Caffeic Acid | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. |
| 4 | Syringic acid | 198 | 197 > 182 | 30 | 10 | Caffeic Acid | 0.09 ± 0.02 | n.d. |
| 5 | Protocatechuic acid | 154 | 153 > 109 | 40 | 15 | Protocatehuic Acid | 2.20 ± 0.24 | 0.28 ± 0.13 |
| 6 | Protocatechuic acid glucoside | 316 | 315 > 153 | 40 | 20 | Protocatehuic Acid | 26.1 ± 0.27 | 1.95 ± 0.51 |
| 7 | Hydroxytyrosol | 154 | 153 > 123 | 35 | 10 | Hydroxytyrosol | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.18 ± 0.06 |
| 8 | Hydroxytyrosol glucoside | 316 | 315 > 153 | 40 | 20 | Hydroxytyrosol | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.23 |
| 9 | Hydroxysalidroside | 316 | 315 > 135 | 40 | 30 | Hydroxytyrosol | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 5.30 ± 1.08 |
| 10 | Hydroxytyrosol glucoside arabinoside | 448 | 447 > 153 | 40 | 20 | Hydroxytyrosol | 2.54 ± 0.11 | n.d. |
| 11 | Tyrosol glucoside | 300 | 299 > 137 | 40 | 20 | Tyrosol | 8.30 ± 0.52 | 10.40 ± 2.70 |
| 12 | Salidroside | 300 | 299 > 179 | 40 | 10 | Tyrosol | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 148.40 ± 50.30 |
| 13 | Tyrosol glucoside arabinoside | 432 | 431 > 137 | 40 | 20 | Tyrosol | 62.9 ± 1.09 | 0.75 ± 0.30 |
| 14 | p-coumaric acid | 164 | 163 > 119 | 35 | 10 | p-Cumaric Acid | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
| 15 | Coumaric acid glucoside | 326 | 325 > 163 | 40 | 20 | p-Cumaric Acid | 0.33 ± 0.00 | n.d. |
| 16 | Coumaroylquinic acid | 338 | 337 > 191 | 40 | 20 | p-Cumaric Acid | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 3.61 ± 1.35 |
| 17 | Caffeic acid | 180 | 179 > 135 | 35 | 15 | Caffeic Acid | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.14 |
| 18 | Caffeic acid glucoside | 342 | 341 > 179 | 40 | 20 | Caffeic Acid | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| 19 | Caffeic acid glucoside derivative | 546 | 545 > 341 | 40 | 20 | Caffeic Acid | 0.08 ± 0.01 | n.d. |
| 20 | Dihydrocaffeic acid glucoside | 344 | 343 > 181 | 40 | 20 | Caffeic Acid | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.04 |
| 21 | Caffeoylshikimic acid | 336 | 335 > 161 | 40 | 20 | Caffeic Acid | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 2.21 ± 0.77 |
| 22 | 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 354 | 353 > 179 | 40 | 15 | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid | 17.60 ± 0.26 | 176.20 ± 53.40 |
| 23 | 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 354 | 353 > 173 | 40 | 15 | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid | 9.56 ± 0.07 | 10.70 ± 4.12 |
| 24 | 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 354 | 353 > 191 | 40 | 15 | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid | 969.20 ± 9.21 | 11.30 ± 4.26 |
| 25 | Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 516 | 515 > 191 | 40 | 30 | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid | 1.05 ± 0.01 | n.d. |
| 26 | Ferulic acid | 194 | 193 > 134 | 30 | 15 | Ferulic Acid | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
| 27 | Ferulic acid glucoside | 356 | 355 > 193 | 40 | 20 | Ferulic Acid | 4.14 ± 0.12 | 1.52 ± 0.56 |
| 28 | Dihydroferulic acid glucoside | 358 | 357 > 195 | 40 | 20 | Ferulic Acid | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| 29 | 4-O-feruoylquinic acid | 368 | 367 > 173 | 40 | 20 | Ferulic Acid | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.06 |
| 30 | 5-O-feruoylquinic acid | 368 | 367 > 191 | 40 | 15 | Ferulic Acid | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.6 |
| 31 | 3-O-feruoylquinic acid | 368 | 367 > 193 | 40 | 15 | Ferulic Acid | 0.76 ± 0.03 | 2.83 ± 1.57 |
| Flavonoids | 5721.88 ± 51.73 | 1135.77 ± 456.57 | ||||||
| 32 | Catechin | 290 | 289 > 245 | 40 | 15 | Catechin | n.d. | 280.50 ± 148.80 |
| 33 | Epicatechin | 290 | 289 > 245 | 40 | 15 | Epicatechin | 1891.00 ± 75.70 | 360.0 ± 140.60 |
| 34 | Catechin glucoside | 452 | 451 > 289 | 40 | 25 | Catechin | 2.40 ± 0.04 | 3.85 ± 0.08 |
| 35 | Epicatechin glucoside | 452 | 451 > 289 | 40 | 25 | Epicatechin | 7.89 ± 0.16 | 4.81 ± 0.66 |
| 36 | Epigallocatechin | 306 | 305 > 125 | 40 | 15 | Epicatechin | 6.27 ± 0.29 | 1.86 ± 0.67 |
| 37 | Epicatechin gallate | 442 | 441 > 169 | 40 | 20 | Epicatechin | n.d. | 1.39 ± 0.36 |
| 38 | Catechin derivative | 740 | 739 > 289 | 40 | 30 | Catechin | 1.55 ± 0.33 | 2.32 ± 0.27 |
| 39 | Epicatechin derivative | 740 | 739 > 289 | 40 | 30 | Epicatechin | 67.3 ± 9.96 | 1.72 ± 0.17 |
| 40 | Dimer (type A) | 576 | 575 > 285 | 40 | 20 | Dimer B2 | 4.45 ± 0.09 | 6.28 ± 8.88 |
| 41 | Dimer (type B) | 578 | 577 > 289 | 40 | 20 | Dimer B2 | 2262.0 ± 63.00 | 207.7 ± 112.10 |
| 42 | Trimer (type A) | 864 | 863 > 411 | 40 | 30 | Dimer B2 | 9.27 ± 1.21 | 231.4 ± 74.20 |
| 43 | Trimer (type B) | 866 | 865 > 287 | 60 | 30 | Dimer B2 | 383.2 ± 14.90 | 11.6 ± 16.50 |
| 44 | Tetramer | 1154 | 1153 > 865 | 70 | 20 | Dimer B2 | 106.20 ± 4.18 | 9.73 ± 2.91 |
| 45 | Pentamer | 1442 | 1441 > 1028 | 80 | 25 | Dimer B2 | 1.09 ± 0.06 | 0.55 ± 0.12 |
| 46 | Hexamer | 1730 | 1729 > 1153 | 80 | 30 | Dimer B2 | 6.80 ± 0.02 | 1.31 ± 0.15 |
| 47 | Quercetin | 302 | 301 > 151 | 40 | 15 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.00 |
| 48 | Quercetin arabinoside | 434 | 433 > 300 | 40 | 20 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.03 |
| 49 | Quercetin glucoside | 464 | 463 > 300 | 40 | 30 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 20.30 ± 0.76 | 4.51 ± 0.11 |
| 50 | Quercetin rhmanoside | 478 | 477 > 301 | 40 | 25 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 2.07 ± 0.07 | n.d. |
| 51 | Quercetin glucuronide | 478 | 477 > 301 | 40 | 25 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 67.8 ± 0.18 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| 52 | Quercetin acetylglucoside | 506 | 505 > 300 | 40 | 25 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 2.99 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
| 53 | Quercetin arabinoside glucoside | 596 | 595 > 300 | 40 | 30 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 374.40 ± 22.70 | 0.39 ± 0.08 |
| 54 | Quercetin rutinoside | 610 | 609 > 300 | 40 | 30 | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 6.73 ± 0.19 | 0.23 ± 0.11 |
| 55 | Quercetin diglucoside | 626 | 625 > 300 | 40 | 30 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 294.00 ± 13.1 | 1.82 ± 0.17 |
| 56 | Quercetin glucoside rhamnoside | 756 | 755 > 300 | 40 | 35 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 4.98 ± 1.12 | n.d. |
| 57 | Isorhamnetin | 316 | 315 > 300 | 40 | 15 | Isorhamnetin | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. |
| 58 | Isorhamnetin derivative | 316 | 300 > 315 | 40 | 15 | Isorhamnetin | 2.19 ± 0.09 | n.d. |
| 59 | Isorhamnetin arabinoside | 448 | 447 > 315 | 40 | 20 | Isorhamnetin | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.13 |
| 60 | Isorhamnetin glucoside | 478 | 477 > 315 | 40 | 20 | Isorhamnetin | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.02 |
| 61 | Isorhamnetin glucuronide | 492 | 491 > 315 | 40 | 20 | Isorhamnetin | 9.20 ± 0.06 | n.d. |
| 62 | Isorhamnetin arabinoside glucoside | 610 | 609 > 315 | 40 | 30 | Isorhamnetin | 0.11 ± 0.01 | n.d. |
| 63 | Kaempferol arabinoside | 418 | 417 > 284 | 40 | 20 | Kaempferol-3-O-Glucoside | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
| 64 | Kaempferol glucoside | 448 | 447 > 284 | 40 | 20 | Kaempferol-3-O-Glucoside | 4.81 ± 0.18 | 0.65 ± 0.01 |
| 65 | Kaempferol rutinoside | 594 | 593 > 284 | 40 | 30 | Kaempferol-3-O-Glucoside | 13.2 ± 0.27 | n.d. |
| 66 | Kaempferol arabinoside glucoside | 580 | 579 > 284 | 40 | 30 | Kaempferol-3-O-Glucoside | 160.7 ± 2.46 | 0.25 ± 0.03 |
| 67 | Naringenin | 272 | 271 > 151 | 40 | 15 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
| 68 | Naringenin glucoside | 434 | 433 > 271 | 40 | 20 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.86 ± 0.14 |
| 69 | Sakuratetin | 286 | 285 > 199 | 40 | 20 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 0.25 ± 0.01 | n.d. |
| 70 | Luteolin | 286 | 285 > 133 | 40 | 20 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | n.d. | 0.06 ± 0.02 |
| 71 | Luteolin arabinoside glucoside | 580 | 579 > 285 | 40 | 30 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 6.07 ± 0.34 | n.d. |
| Terpenes | 2.82 ± 1.86 | 0.62 ± 0.13 | ||||||
| 72 | Penstemide | 444 | 443 > 119 | 40 | 25 | Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside | 2.82 ± 1.86 | 0.62 ± 0.13 |
| Total phenolic compounds | 6836.32 ± 64.66 | 1514.62 ± 578.33 |
Data are expressed in mg per 100 g of extract as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).