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. 2021 Sep 10;9(9):1930. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091930

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Gut microbiota-modulated regulation of the damage of pancreatic tissues by adaptive immune cells. The production of cytokines by distinct T helper cells are indicated in components involved in regulating Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg, and B cells. These pro-inflammatory cytokine-producing Th subsets include T-bet/STAT4-mediated Th1 (interferon (IFN)-γ), Rorγt-modulated Th17 (IL-17A, GM-CSF), and BCL-6-mediated Tfh (IL-21), whereas these anti-inflammatory cytokine-secreting Th subsets are Gata3-modulated Th2 (IL-4, IL-13), Foxp3-mediated Treg (IL-10), and Tr1 (IL-10, IFN-γ) cells. The networks of cytokines in pancreatic tissues affected by gut microbiota regulate the development of adaptive immune cells.