Table 3.
Susceptibility of different Candida species to clotrimazole; data from the literature.
| Reference | Method | Sample | Number of Strains Tested | Clotrimazole MIC mg/L | % of Non-WT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | GM | MIC50 | MIC90 | |||||
| C. albicans | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1272 | 0.015–32 | 0.05 | - | 0.25 | ND |
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [5] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 420 | 0.008–0.125 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| Theill et al., 2016 [8] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 282 | 0.015–0.12 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Zhou et al., 2016 [9] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 216 | 0.03–4 | 0.046 | <0.03 | 0.25 | ND |
| Diaz et al., 2016 [10] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 126 | 0.03–0.5 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| Choukri et al., 2014 [11] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 113 | 0.015–4 | - | 0.03 | 0.06 | ND |
| Pelletier et al., 2000 [12] | CLSI, M27A | Oral (HIV+) |
87 | <0.06–8 | - | <0.06 | 0.5 | 15 (17%) |
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 84 | 0.01–2 | - | 0.007 | 0.25 | ND |
| Nelson et al., 2013 [14] | CLSI, M27 A2 | Vaginal | 60 | 0.03–16 | - | 0.25 | 16 | 36.7% |
| Mesquida et al., 2021 [15] | EUCAST | Vaginal | 72 | 0.004–0.25 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.06 | 0 |
| Rezaei-Matehkolaei et al., 2016 [16] | microdilution home method | Vaginal | 30 | 0.25–1 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 5 (16.6%) |
| Kiakojuri et al., 2021 [17] | CLSI | Auricular | 16 | 1–16 | 2.484 | 1.5 | 16 | ND |
| C. dubliniensis | ||||||||
| Theill et al., 2016 [8] | CLSI M27-A3 | Vaginal | 4 | 0.015–0.03 | ND | |||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1 | 0.015 | ND | |||
| C. africana | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 49 | 0.15–4 | - | - | 0.06 | ND |
| Farahyar et al., 2020 [18] | CLSI, M27-S | Vaginal | 3 | 0.06–16 | - | - | 1 | |
| Theill et al., 2016 [8] | CLSI M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1 | 0.03 | - | - | ND | |
| C. glabrata | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 267 | 0.015–16 | 0.2 | - | 1 | ND |
| Costa et al., 2016 [6] | CLSI, M27-S4 /EUCAST | Varia | 138 | 0.03–8 | - | 1 | 8 | 89 (64%) |
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [5] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 112 | 0.06–8 | - | 1 | 4 | ND |
| Choukri et al., 2014 [11] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 54 | 0.25–8 | - | 2 | 4 | ND |
| Lotfalikhani et al., 2018 [19] | CLSI, M27 | Vaginal, blood | 41 | 0.1–4 | - | 0.5 | 4 | 15 (30%) |
| Nelson et al., 2013 [14] | CLSI, M27 A2 | Vaginal | 28 | 0.03–16 | - | 0.125 | 0.25 | 10.7% |
| Diaz et al., 2016 [10] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 16 | 0.03–1 | 0.25 | 1 | ND | |
| Zhou et al., 2016 [9] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 13 | 0.03–2 | 0.2466 | 0.25 | 1 | ND |
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 9 | 0.25–2 | 0.5 | 2 | ND | |
| Rezaei-Matehkolaei et al., 2016 [16] | microdilution home method | Vaginal | 3 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | 0 | |
| C. nivariensis | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 9 | 0.03–0.5 | 0 | |||
| C. bracariensis | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 2 | 0.03–0.5 | 0 | |||
| C. krusei | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [7] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 54 | 0.015–0.5 | 0.08 | - | 0.5 | 0% |
| Singh et al., 2002 [20] | CLSI, M27-A | Vaginal | 26 | 0.03–0.5 | - | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0% |
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [7] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 12 | 0.125–1 | - | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 (3.5%) |
| Choukri et al., 2014 [11] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 11 | 0.25–0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0% | |
| Nelson et al., 2013 [14] | CLSI, M27-A2 | Vaginal | 2 | 1–4 | 2 (100%) | |||
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1 | 0.5 | 0% | |||
| C. parapsilosis | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [6] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 76 | 0.015–1 | 0.04 | - | 0.06 | ND |
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [7] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 30 | 0.03–0.5 | - | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0% |
| Choukri et al., 2014 [11] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 11 | 0.03–0.5 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0% | |
| Kiakojuri et al., 2021 [17] | CLSI | auricular | 12 | 1–>16 | 3.364 | 2 | 16 | 12 (100%) |
| Diaz et al., 2016 [10] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 2 | 0.03 | 0% | |||
| Nelson et al., 2013 [14] | CLSI, M27 A2 | Vaginal | 1 | 0.125 | 0% | |||
| C. metapsilosis | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [6] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 20 | 0.03–0.25 | 0.04 | - | 0.06 | 0% |
| C. orthopsilosis | ||||||||
| Kiakojuri et al., 2021 [17] | CLSI | Auricular | 18 | 0.25–>16 | 1.782 | 1 | 16 | |
| Shi et al., 2020 [6] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 6 | 0.03–1 | 1 | |||
| C. tropicalis | ||||||||
| Shi et al., 2020 [6] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 61 | 0.015–0.25 | 0.05 | - | 0.05 | 0 |
| Choukri et al., 2014 [11] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 11 | 0.12–0.25 | - | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0 |
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [7] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 8 | 0.03–0.25 | - | 0 | ||
| Nelson et al., 2013 [14] | CLSI, M27 A2 | Vaginal | 3 | 0.125–2 | 1 (33.3%) | |||
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 2 | 0.007–0.015 | 0 | |||
| Kiakojuri et al., 2021 [17] | CLSI | Auricular | 1 | 4 | 1 (100%) | |||
| Diaz et al., 2016 [10] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1 | 1 | 1(100%) | |||
| C. kefyr | ||||||||
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 2 | 0.007–0.5 | ||||
| Rezaei-Matehkolaei et al., 2016 [16] | microdilution home method | Vaginal | 1 | 0.25 | ||||
| C. auris | ||||||||
| Kiakojuri et al., 2021 [17] | CLSI | auricular | 1 | 8 | ||||
| C. lusitniae | ||||||||
| Rhichter et al., 2005 [7] | CLSI, M27A | Vaginal | 1 | 0.06 | ||||
| Hacioglu et al., 2019 [13] | CLSI, M27-A3 | Vaginal | 1 | 0.5 | ||||
Abbreviations: ND, no data; non-WT, non-wild-type phenotype.