Table 1.
Clinical trials with neural stem cells.
| Cell Type | Disease | ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier | Phase | Location | Starting Year | Dose | Infusion Route | Principal Investigator | Manufacturer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fNSC | Multiple Sclerosis | NCT03269071 | Phase 1 | Italy | 2017 | 0.7–5.7 million cells/kg | Intrathecal | Gianvito Martino | Stefano Verri Laboratory of cellular and gene therapies | Not found |
| fNSC | Multiple Sclerosis | NCT03282760 | Phase 1 | Italy/Switzerland | 2017 | 5–24 million | Intracerebroventricular | Angelo L Vescovi | Laboratorio Cellule Staminali of Terni | Not found |
| fNSC | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | NCT01640067 | Phase 1 | Italy | 2011 | 2.25–4.5 million (unilateral or bilateral) | Intraspinal | Angelo L Vescovi | Laboratorio Cellule Staminali of Terni | [16,17] |
| fNSC | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | NCT01730716 | Phase 2 | United States | 2013 | 2–8 million (bilateral) | Intraspinal | Not detailed | Neuralstem Inc. | [18] |
| fNSC | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | NCT01348451 | Phase 1 | United States | 2009 | 0.5–1 million (unilateral or bilateral) | Intraspinal | Not detailed | Neuralstem Inc. | [18,19,20,21,22] |
| fNSC | Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis | NCT01238315 | Phase 1 | United States | 2010 | 500–1000 million | Intracerebral | Nathan Selden | StemCells, Inc. | Not found |
| fNSC | Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis | NCT00337636 | Phase 1 | United States | 2006 | 500–1000 million | Intracerebral | Robert Steiner | StemCells, Inc. | [23] |
| fNSC | Parkinson Disease | NCT03128450 | Phase 2/3 | China | 2017 | 4 million | Nasal | Jie Li | Shanghai Angecon Biotechnology Cooperate. | Not found |
| fNSC | Ischemic Stroke | NCT03296618 | Phase 1 | China | 2012 | 12–80 million | Intracraneal | Xu Ruxiang | Neuralstem Inc. (currently Palisade Bio, Inc.) | [24,25] |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT02688049 | Phase 1/2 | China | 2016 | 10 million | Not detailed | Jianwu Dai, | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT01772810 | Phase 1 | United States | 2014 | 1.2 million (bilateral) | Intraspinal | Joseph Ciacci | Neuralstem Inc. | [26] |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT02163876 | Phase 2 | United States/Canada | 2014 | Not detailed | Intraspinal | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | [27,28] |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT01725880 | Phase 1/2 | Switzerland | 2012 | Not detailed | Intraspinal | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | [27,28] |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT01321333 | Phase 1/2 | Switzerland/Canada | 2011 | Not detailed | Intraspinal | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | [27,28] |
| fNSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT03069404 | Phase 1/2 | Switzerland/Canada | 2017 | Not detailed | Intraspinal | Armin Curt | StemCells, Inc. | [27,28] |
| fNSC | Ischemic Encephalopathy | NCT02854579 | Not Applicable | China | 2016 | 4 million | Intrathecal | Zuo Luan | Not detailed | [29] |
| fNSC | Age-Related Macular Degeneration | NCT01632527 | Phase 1/2 | United States | 2012 | 0.3–1 million | Subretinal | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | Not found |
| fNSC | Geographic atrophy age-related macular degeneration | NCT02467634 | Phase 2 | United States | 2015 | Not detailed | Subretinal | Joel Naor | StemCells, Inc. | Not found |
| fNSC | Geographic atrophy age-related macular degeneration | NCT02137915 | Phase 1/2 | United States | 2014 | Not detailed | Subretinal | David Birch | StemCells, Inc. | [30] |
| fNSC | Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease | NCT01005004 | Phase 1 | United States | 2009 | 300 million | Intracerebral | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | [31] |
| fNSC | Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease | NCT01391637 | Phase 1 | United States | 2011 | Not detailed | Not detailed | Stephen Huhn | StemCells, Inc. | Not found |
| fNSC | Retinitis Pigmentosa | NCT04284293 | Phase 1 | United States | 2020 | 0.2–1 million | Subretinal | David Liao | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC? | Cerebral Palsy | NCT03005249 | Not Applicable | China | 2016 | Not detailed | Not detailed | Jing Liu | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC expressing GDNF | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | NCT02943850 | Phase 1 | United States | 2017 | Not detailed | Intraspinal | Robert H. Baloh | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC v-myc inmortalized loaded with an oncolytic virus | Malignant Glioma | NCT03072134 | Phase 1 | United States | 2017 | Not detailed | Intracerebral | Maciej S Lesniak | Not detailed | [32] |
| fNSC v-myc immortalized NSC expressing CD | Glioma | NCT01172964 | Phase 1 | United States | 2010 | 10–50 million | Intracerebral | Jana Portnow | City of Hope | [33] |
| fNSC v-myc immortalized expressing CD | Gliomas | NCT02015819 | Phase 1 | United States | 2014 | 50–150 million | Intracerebral | Jana Portnow | City of Hope | [34] |
| fNSC v-myc inmortalized expressing CE | Gliomas | NCT02192359 | Phase 1 | United States | 2016 | Not detailed | Intracerebral | Jana L Portnow | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC v-myc inmortalized expressing CE | Glioma | NCT02055196 | Phase 1 | United States | 2014 | Not detailed | Intracerebral | Jana Portnow | Not detailed | Not found |
| fNSC c-myc inmortalized (inducible) | Ischemic Stroke | NCT03629275 | Phase 2 | United States | 2018 | 20 million | Intracerebral | Richard Beckman | ReNeuron Limited | Not found |
| fNSC c-myc immortalized (inducible) | Stroke | NCT02117635 | Phase 2 | United Kingdom | 2014 | 20 million | Intracerebral | Keith W Muir | ReNeuron Limited | [35] |
| fNSC c-myc immortalized (inducible) | Stroke | NCT01151124 | Phase 1 | United Kingdom | 2010 | 2-million | Intracerebral | Not detailed | ReNeuron Limited | [36,37] |
| fNSC c-myc immortalized (inducible) | Peripheral Arterial Disease | NCT01916369 | Phase 1 | United Kingdom | 2014 | 20–80 million | Intramuscular | Jill JF Belch | ReNeuron Limited | Not found |
| ESC-NSC | Spinal Cord Injury | NCT04812431 | Phase 1/2 | Republic of Korea | 2021 | Not detailed | Intrathecal | Dong Ah Shin | S.Biomedics Co., Ltd. | Not found |
| ESC-NSC | Ischemic Stroke | NCT04631406 | Phase 1/2 | United States | 2021 | Not detailed | Intracerebral | Gary K Steinberg | Not detailed | Not found |
| pPSC-NSC | Parkinson Disease | NCT02452723 | Phase 1 | Australia | 2016 | 30–70 million | Intracerebral | Andrew Evans | International Stem Cell Corporation | [38] |
| iPSC-NSC | Parkinson Disease | NCT03815071 | Phase 1 | China | 2019 | Not detailed | Not detailed | Not detailed | Allife Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd. | Not found |
Terms “neural progenitor”, “neural precursor” and “neural stem cell” were used to look for clinical trials at ClinicalTrials.gov, by the US National Library of Medicine (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ last accessed on 14 May 2021). Molecular studies with no NSC transplant have been excluded. More differentiated cells derived from NSC such as oligodendrocyte precursor cells or interneuron progenitors have not been included in this review although it is worthy to note that these studies can be also relevant when designing an NSC therapy as the limit between NSC and more committed progenitors is difficult to stablish. Clinical cases or clinical trials registered in other databases such as Korean Clinical Research Information Service (https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/info/introduce.do?search_lang=E&lang=E, accessed on 14 May 2021) have not been included in this table. fNSC: fetal neural stem cells; GDNF: Glial derivate neurotrophic factor; CD: cytosine deaminase; CE: carboxylesterase; ESC: embryonic stem cells; pESC: parthenogenetic stem cells; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cells.