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. 2021 Sep 16;26(18):5629. doi: 10.3390/molecules26185629

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Illustration of the principle of adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Cells are exposed to a toxic substance that causes them to grow sub-optimally. Selection leads to strains that can revert to rates and extents of growth shown by the wild type when inoculated into fresh cultures. The stress level is increased and the process continued. Sampling and growth rate measurement can be completely automated.