Table 3.
Clinical manifestation, transmission routes and detection of human coronaviruses (HCoVs).
| SARS-CoV-2 | MERS-CoV | SARS-CoV | HCoV-HKU1 | HCoV-NL63 | HCoV-229E | HCoV-OC43 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission | Fomites, faecal-oral, respiratory droplets. | Fomites, respiratory droplets. | Fomites, faecal-oral, respiratory droplets. | Fomites, respiratory droplets. | Fomites, respiratory Droplets. |
Fomites, respiratory droplets. | Fomites, respiratory droplets. |
| Incubation period (days) | 3–14 | 2–13 | 4–6 | 2–4 | 2–4 | 2–5 | 2–5 |
| Clinical manifestation | High fever, Malaise, Dry cough, Sore throat, Fatigue, Sneezing, body pain, Myalgia, Headache, Diarrhoea, Difficult breathing |
Cough, Sore throat, Shortness of breath, Malaise, Fever, Dyspnea, Chills, Myalgia, Arthralgia, Pneumonia, Diarrhea and vomiting, Rhinorrhea, Acute renal Impairment. |
Fever, Headache, Malaise, Dyspnea, Myalgia, Dry cough, Respiratory, distress Diarrhoea, Hypoxemia, Pneumonia. |
Fever, Dyspnea, Cough, Running nose. |
Cough, Fever, Tachypnea, Rhinorrhea, Croup, Hypoxia. |
Headache, Malaise, Sneezing, Nasal Discharge, Fever, Sore throat, Cough. |
Headache, Malaise, Sneezing, Nasal, discharge, Fever, Sore throat, Cough. |
| Epidemiology | 2019–2020 in China, Global spread thereafter |
2012 in the Middle East 2015 in South Korea frequent in Middle East |
2002–2003, in China, Global spread |
Global, climax in winter |
Global, climax in winter |
Global, climax in winter |
Globally climax in winter |
| % case fatality | 3.4 [40] | 34.40 | 11 | - | - | - | - |
| Diagnostic methods | Point-of-care Testing of IgM/IgG, ELISA, STOP, CT scan, Real Time qPCR, deep sequencing [73,87,88,89] |
pan-CoV RT-PCR, EIA, CT, scan, sequencing [20,87,88]. |
Reverse Transcriptase-PCR, EIA, sequencing [20,87,96] |
RT-PCR, sequencing [54,90]. |
RT-PCR, sequencing [65,87]. |
RT-PCR, Sequencing [67,87]. |
RT-PCR, sequencing [9,97]. |
Key: POCT—Point-of-care Testing of IgM/IgG, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CT scan—computerized tomography, RT-qPCR—reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR—reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, STOP—SHERLOCK Testing in One Pot, EIA—enzyme-linked immunoassay or indirect immunofluorescence assay.