To the Editor:
Complex flow cytometry is widely used in a broad variety of indications for prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy assessment of malignancies, infectious diseases, and immunodeficiencies [1]. In order to provide valid interpretation of flow data, comparison with reference values generated from age- and sex-matched healthy populations is needed.
Significant amount of research has been done to establish reference values of immune cells in healthy donors [2–4]. However, combining those studies into one comprehensive data set is an error-prone task due to variable limitations of these studies: some studies covered only a narrow range of leukocyte subsets analyzed due to low numbers of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) applied [5], while others included only limited numbers of samples for analysis. Furthermore, some studies primarily compared young and old age groups, or lacked the full age coverage. Another limitation of several studies is the lack of separation of γδ from αβ T cells [6]. This distinction would be relevant since there is increasing evidence that γδ T cells play an important role in immunity, cancer, and infections [7]. While Ballester et al. provided reference values for bulk γδ T cells, no reference values for the clinically relevant Vγ9+ subpopulation are provided in that analysis [8]. A recent study [9] has advanced the field by providing reference values for B cells, NK cells, granulocytes and monocytes, but segregation into biologically relevant age groups is still under debate. A recent publication described significant changes in the transcriptome of white blood cells occurring at the age of 40 years and shortly after the age of 60 years [10], raising the need for new age-dependent reference values, as age categories had mostly been defined arbitrarily or solely based on cohort proportions. Moreover, there is a major lack of reference values regarding in-depth profiling of antigen-experienced lymphocytes. Here, CD45RA and CD62L are commonly used markers to discriminate T cells based on their antigen memory phenotype [11]. We and others have shown earlier that higher numbers of antigen-experienced cells are associated with clearance of infection [12, 13]. Hence, standardized reference values for lymphocyte memory subpopulations are a prerequisite for data interpretation in clinical settings. All in all, considering the advances in complex flow cytometry for immune profiling, a set of current reference values of detailed lymphocyte subsets is largely missing. In this study, we used two standardized, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-conforming flow cytometry panels to establish reference values for 12 major lymphocyte subsets, and additional 16 memory subsets of αβ CD4+conv, CD8+, γδ, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood in a cohort of 244 healthy adults. We provide frequencies and absolute values based on certified bead count technology and stratified data based on age and sex categories.
In the present study, a total of 244 healthy adults were recruited at Hannover Medical School between October 28th and November 27th, 2019. Additional 22 volunteers were recruited for the purpose of panel validation prior to October 28th 2019. The study was approved by the local institutional review board (#8606_BO_K_2019) and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
All samples were processed and, as described in the Supplementary Data, stained with two panels of mAb (panels 1 and 2; Supplementary Table 1). Both panels were validated according to German Industrial Norm (DIN) DIN EN ISO 15189:2014 prior to the study and thus concur with GLP criteria. Detailed description of the panel validation process is given in Supplementary Data (Supplementary Tables 2–6).
In panel 1, mAb together with TruCount™ beads (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were used to analyze 12 major lymphocyte populations (Supplementary Fig. 1A). Additional 16 memory populations were assessed using panel 2 mAb (Supplementary Fig. 1B), and absolute numbers were calculated based on the absolute values of CD4conv and CD8+ from panel 1. Importantly, although different processing techniques were applied for panels 1 and 2 (Supplementary Materials and Methods), we observed no difference regarding the frequencies of the major lymphocyte subsets (Supplementary Fig. 2) nor their respective memory subpopulations (Supplementary Fig. 3) when sample processing techniques were interchanged.
Blood samples from 244 healthy adults were analyzed. 120 of them were from females (49.2%) and 124 were from males (50.8%). The age range was 18–69 years and the average age for females was 39 years and for males 43 years of age. Based on recent transcriptomic data addressing age-dependent effects on immune cell subpopulations [10], the cohort analyzed in the present study was split into two groups: young (18–40 years: 61 females, 52 males) and middle-aged (41–69 years: 59 females, 72 males) participants. Age was evenly distributed across both female and male subgroups (Supplementary Fig. 4A). All reference values are given in Table 1 (absolute numbers) and Supplementary Table 7 (frequencies). Moreover, complete blood counts were performed (Supplementary Table 8).
Table 1.
Reference values of lymphocyte populations including memory values in healthy adults.
| Absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | |||||||
| 18–40 years old | 41–69 years old | 18–40 years old | 41–69 years old | |||||
| CD4conv | 623.1 | (286.3–1228.0) | 495.6 | (179.7–1109.0) | 858.3 | (376.7–6027) | 607.7 | (232.8–2227) |
| Tregs | 73.9 | (27.8–166.4) | 71.3 | (36.8–185.8) | 75.6 | (22.2–410.7) | 73.6 | (20.6–163.5) |
| CD8+CD4+ | 4.7 | (1.5–40.7) | 5.2 | (1.2–38.4) | 6.6 | (2.3–40.6) | 7.2 | (0.8–25.2) |
| CD8+ | 393.0 | (202.1–907.7) | 266.8 | (89.8–799.3) | 419.9 | (196.6–4100.0) | 271.8 | (137.8–630.4) |
| γδ T cells | 59.3 | (13.5–473.3) | 30.3 | (4.8–194.3) | 66.2 | (16.5–749.4) | 32.9 | (4.7–180.5) |
| Vγ9+ | 38.6 | (3.9–464.2) | 15.7 | (2.3–120.9) | 47.9 | (8.5–568.3) | 20.8 | (1.3–119.0) |
| Vγ9− | 13.8 | (2.5–113.5) | 6.5 | (1.2–92.7) | 15.2 | (2.6–170.6) | 7.1 | (1.5–106.3) |
| B cells | 231.3 | (88.5–500.5) | 226.7 | (86.9–503.5) | 271.6 | (109.4–1834.0) | 213.1 | (74.3–633.6) |
| CD20+ | 220.6 | (79.7–484.6) | 215.9 | (80.2–473) | 266.7 | (98.8–1805.0) | 204.4 | (69.2–627.0) |
| CD20− | 6.6 | (3.1–18.5) | 5.9 | (3.3–43.7) | 5.00 | (2.3–26.6) | 4.6 | (1.4–13.7) |
| NK cells | 163.5 | (41.3–545.4) | 189.6 | (57.5–611.1) | 217.9 | (28.8–839.3) | 171.3 | (60.9–423.1) |
| NKT cells | 48.1 | (13.8–276.6) | 32.3 | (6.2–503.5) | 55.2 | (11.6–384.3) | 42.3 | (7.6–200.0) |
| CD4conv | ||||||||
| naive | 352.9 | (110.8–777.2) | 201.1 | (46.6–553.1) | 498.4 | (145.5–3184.0) | 300.8 | (60.1–1709.0) |
| cm | 184.4 | (1.6–339.4) | 155.6 | (60.0–363.1) | 235.7 | (8.0–2129.0) | 187.5 | (69.1–535.5) |
| em | 93.8 | (1.3–197.1) | 84.4 | (33.7–268.6) | 121.6 | (5.0–678) | 95.2 | (46.8–203.6) |
| temra | 7.3 | (1.4–137.5) | 6.3 | (1.0–44.4) | 7.9 | (0.7–166.3) | 8.0 | (2.1–37.6) |
| Tregs | ||||||||
| naive | 33.1 | (9.9–82.1) | 19.6 | (3.7–48.6) | 32.1 | (9.2–220.8) | 19.9 | (4.0–64.1) |
| cm | 33.3 | (1.0–76.9) | 46.1 | (19.6–118.0) | 36.4 | (3.3–175.9) | 43.6 | (12.3–106.5) |
| em | 4.2 | (0.4–13.2) | 5.7 | (2.0–18.5) | 4.4 | (0.9–29.4) | 5.3 | (2.0–13.5) |
| temra | 0.3 | (0.1–6.4) | 0.2 | (0.0–0.9) | 0.3 | (0.0–9.3) | 0.2 | (0.0–1.5) |
| CD8 | ||||||||
| naive | 159.6 | (58.0–455.9) | 69.4 | (19.7–192.2) | 227.6 | (59.6–2431.0) | 91.8 | (28.6–297.7) |
| cm | 68.0 | (10.7–169.1) | 58.7 | (13.5–262.6) | 67.0 | (18.6–437.4) | 54.8 | (22.1–183.4) |
| em | 26.8 | (0.1–133.1) | 24.7 | (6.8–153.1) | 24.2 | (0.1–471.1) | 24.9 | (6.3–73.9) |
| temra | 104.6 | (29.0–385.8) | 69.3 | (23.3–390.4) | 79.9 | (29.7–883.2) | 75.2 | (18.1–322.3) |
| γδ T cells | ||||||||
| naïve-like | 6.8 | (1.1–218.2) | 1.7 | (0.3–19.1) | 9.0 | (1.5–129.5) | 3.3 | (0.6–25.3) |
| cm-like | 24.5 | (0.1–209.1) | 9.3 | (1.7–92.8) | 33.1 | (0.5–498.9) | 13.0 | (0.9–72.3) |
| em-like | 11.2 | (0.2–134.7) | 7.1 | (1.3–53.0) | 11.3 | (0.4–105.2) | 5.9 | (0.8–81.1) |
| temra-like | 6.0 | (0.5–90.3) | 3.5 | (0.5–84.0) | 3.7 | (0.3–98.1) | 4.2 | (0.3–93.7) |
| N = 52 | N = 72 | N = 60 | N = 60 | |||||
Data are presented as median (2.5–97.5%) percentile. Values are expressed as per µl of blood.
First, we compared the general frequency and numbers of lymphocyte amongst all white blood cells between sexes. We observed a marginal increase in frequencies and numbers of lymphocytes and leukocytes in women compared to men (Supplementary Fig. 4B, C). Next, we compared the numbers of 12 lymphocyte subsets in men and women and only found significantly higher absolute numbers of CD4conv cells in women (Supplementary Fig. 4D). In addition, frequencies of CD4conv cells were also increased significantly in women whilst frequencies of regulatory T, NK, and CD19+CD20− B cells were significantly increased in males (Supplementary Fig. 5). Next, we analyzed the impact of age on lymphocyte numbers. We detected a significant reduction of CD4conv with advancing age in both women and men (Fig. 1A). A similar but markedly stronger reduction effect was observed in the CD8+ T-cell compartment, also both in women and men (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, γδ T cells, including the Vγ9+ fraction within this population, were also inversely correlated with age (Figs. 1C, D). Exceptions amongst the T-cell compartment were Treg cells and CD4+CD8+ T cells where we observed no impact of age on cell counts (Figs. 1E, F). Of note, we detected a minor decrease in NKT cells with age (Fig. 1G). This finding however was only observed in women. No correlation was found between age and cell numbers for NK cells (Fig. 1H), CD19+ B cells (Fig. 1I) and the CD19+CD20− B-cell subset (Fig. 1J).
Fig. 1. Age effect on absolute cell counts of lymphocyte populations.
Lines represent linear regression. Dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals for the linear regression line. Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed by Spearman’s correlation test. rs = Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
Based on previous antigen experience, CD4conv cells and CD8+ αβ T cells are classically addressed as naive (Tnaive), terminally differentiated effector memory (Ttemra), effector memory (Tem), and central memory (Tcm) cells [11, 14, 15]. To test for a possible effect of age on the distribution of memory lymphocyte subsets, we correlated the frequency of the different lymphocyte subpopulations in our cohort with age. Out of the major T-cell subsets, we noticed a pronounced reduction in frequencies of CD4naive cells and a corresponding increase of CD4temra, CD4em, and CD4cm cells in women (Supplementary Fig. 6A) and men (Supplementary Fig. 7A). A decrease of CD4naive cells, but not memory subsets cells were also observed in absolute cell counts (Supplementary Figs. 6B and 7B). Similar, but more pronounced effects were also observed in CD8+ memory subsets (Supplementary Figs. 6C, D and 7C, D). The effect of age on the distribution of T-cell subtypes was, however, most pronounced within the Treg compartment. While naïve Treg cells inversely correlated with age in both frequencies and numbers, we observed a strong positive correlation of Tcm–Treg cells with age (Supplementary Figs. 6E, F and 7E, F). Furthermore, both naïve-like and Tcm-like γδ T cells inversely correlated with age in both frequencies and numbers, whereas Ttemra-like γδ T cells correlated in frequencies, but not in numbers, with age (Supplementary Figs. 6G, H and 7G, H).
In this study, we used two state-of-the-art clinical grade GLP-conforming staining panels to establish reference intervals for 12 major lymphocyte subsets and 16 memory subpopulations in a large cohort of non-elderly healthy adults. The general frequencies and absolute numbers of B and T cells in our cohort were comparable with the ranges described in previous publications [2–6, 9], confirming the validity of our data. Following recent findings on age-dependent transcriptional changes in immune cells [10], we allocated 28 lymphocyte subpopulations in frequencies and absolute numbers to young (18–40 years) and middle-aged (41–69 years) adults. Employing these transcriptional-based age categories, we observed decreasing numbers of circulating CD4conv, CD8+, and γδ T cells with age both in men and women (Fig. 1) as well as a shift from naive T cells toward cells showing central memory and effector memory phenotypes in the middle-aged subgroup (Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7). A clear limitation of our study is the lack of elderly healthy adults (70 years and older) and the lack of delineation of early, mature, and terminally differentiated NK cells. Thus, future studies should also assess lymphocyte subpopulation changes in elderly healthy adults and establish reference values for NK cell subsets. Moreover, inclusion of a myeloid cell marker could further increase the purity of the lymphocyte population. Taken together, we provide age- and sex-specific ranges of frequencies and absolute numbers of immunological relevant subpopulations in a large cohort of healthy adults.
Supplementary information
Acknowledgements
We thank all healthy volunteers for their participation in the study. We thank Jolanta Adolf, Christine Garen, Ellen Hebold, Bianca Krüger, and Kerstin Schantl for their support with the experiments. We thank Elena Hillmann for her support with obtainment of written informed consent and clinical data from the healthy volunteers.
Author contributions
IO and CRS-F designed the study, LG obtained written informed consent and clinical data from all healthy adults, CRS-F performed experiments, IO and EC analyzed and interpreted the experimental data, IO and CRS-F wrote the manuscript, EC, LG, RB, AG, IP, RF, and CK reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (DFG, German research Foundation) Excellence Strategy EXC 2155 “RESIST” to RF and IP (Project ID39087428) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Projektnummer 158989968—SFB 900 (Projects B1 to RF and B8 to CK and IP). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41375-021-01348-5.
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